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25. File 4500/1920 Pt 1 ‘Persia: Situation 1920 (Jan-June)’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains papers on the military situation in Persia [Iran] from January to June 1920. The majority of the papers consists of dispatches from the British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and instructions from the Foreign Office to the Minister in Tehran. The correspondence contains material relating to the following matters:The plan by Mushir-ed-Dowleh [Ḥasan Pīrnīyā, Mushīr al-Dawlah] to form a cabinet, and address a telegram to Kuchik Khan [Mīrzā Kuchak Khān Jangalī] to submit to the central governmentThe hesitance of Mushir-ed-Dowleh, possibly on the advice of the Shah [Aḥmad Shāh Qājār], not to form a government, due to perceived lack of support from the BritishThe discontinuation of the monthly allowance to the Shah, the possible return of Vossugh-ed-Dowleh [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Vusūq al-Dawlah] as Prime Minister, the expenses incurred by the Shah in Europe, and the subsidy for maintaining the Cossack Division [Cossack Brigade]The inclusion by Mushir-ed-Dowleh of Mukhbar-es-Sultaneh [Mahdī Qulī Khān Hidāyat, Mukhbir al-Salṭanah] in the cabinet to obtain the support of nationalistsThe likelihood of a Bolshevik takeover if British forces at Meshed [Mashhad] were withdrawn, and the possibly ‘fatal’ danger to India of a Bolshevik presence in KhorasanThe assurance that the British Government was prepared to give Mushir-ed-Dowleh a ‘fair trial’, and the latter’s consent to accept the Premiership based on that assumptionThe Jangali and Bolshevik takeover of the district of Tunekabun [Tonekabon], and the Persian Government’s proposal to ‘make use of Shahsevens [Shāhsivans] and people of Talish [Talesh]’, who are already armed and ‘anxious to attack Bolsheviks and Jangalis’The proposals of the Prime Minister of Persia, Mushir-ed-Dowleh, to dispatch a mission to Moscow to demand the ‘recall of Bolshevik troops’ and ‘cessation of propaganda’ in Persian territories, as well as a secret mission to religious authorities in Mesopotamia [Iraq], to persuade them to issue a fatwa condemning Bolshevism for being contrary to IslamThe urgent instructions to General Hugh Frederick Champain at Menjil [Manjil] to cover not only Kasvin [Qazvin], but also Tehran against an invasion from the north, and if necessary cover the withdrawal of the Persian Government and European community southwardsThe tensions between the Shah and Vossugh-ed-Dowleh, the breakdown of the working relationship between them, and the fall of Vossugh-ed-Dowleh’s governmentThe discussion between the British Minister in Tehran, Herman Norman, and Vossugh-ed-Dowleh, about the latter’s possible successors as Prime Minister, including Mushir-ed-Dowleh, Sipadar-Itapazan [Fatḥ Allāh Khān Akbar, Sipahdār-i A‘ẓam], and Mustaufi-ul-Mamalek [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Āshtīyānī, Mustawfī al-Mamalik]The Shah’s acceptance of Vossugh-ed-Dowleh’s resignation, and his summoning of Mushir-ed-Dowleh to form the new cabinet and government of PersiaA meeting between Herman Norman and Prince Firuz [Fīrūz Mīrzā Fīrūz Nuṣrat al-Dawlah III] and the latter’s views on Mushir-ed-Dowleh and the Anglo-Persian AgreementThe necessity of including a date of termination in the Anglo-Persian Agreement, the absence of which would ‘gravely prejudice’ its adoption by the Persian ParliamentA discussion between Herman Norman and Mushir-ed-Dowleh about the possible inclusion of Motamin-ul-Mulk [Ḥusayn Pīrnīyā, Mu’tamin al-Mulk], Samsam Sultane [Najaf Qulī Khān Bakhtīyārī, Ṣamṣām al-Salṭanah], Amiri Mufakham [Luṭf ‘Alī Khān Bakhtīyārī, Amīr Mufakham], and Nosrat-ed-Dowleh [Nuṣrat al-Dawlah III] in the new governmentThe recommendation by Herman Norman that Britain should come to terms with the Persian statesmen singled out to be punished for their conduct during the War, since they were ‘well looked upon by the people’ and hostility towards them would be counter-productiveThe determination of the British to single out the Persian statesmen Nizam-es-Sultaneh [Rizā Qulī Khān Nizām Māfī, Nizām al-Salṭanah], Mukhbar-es-Sultaneh, Mustaufi-ul-Mamalek, Mustashar-ed-Dowleh [Mīrzā Ṣādiq Khān Ṣādiq, Mustashār al-Dawlah] and Samsam for retribution on account of their ‘hostile actions’ against Britain during World War IThe report on the ‘internal military problems in Persia at present’, including: ‘1. Disorder in Luristan, 2. Rebellion in Azerbaijan, 3. Rebellion of Kuchik Khan in Gilan and 4. Rebellion in Mazandaran’The ‘external military problems in Persia at present’, including the ‘Bolshevik menace in North and North East Persia’ and ‘possible Turkish or Bolshevik incursions into Persian Azerbaijan’A raid carried out by Persian Democrats on the Iskandari Press, discovery of a ‘large quantity of Bolshevik literature’, and ‘abundant proof’ linking it to the German ConsulThe definition of the role of Norperforce [North Persia Force] as a military ‘outpost’, intended to act as a deterrent against the Bolshevik naval forces currently stationed at Enzeli [Anzali]The initiation of a plan for Turkish forces in Anatolia to cross northern Persia, and collaborate with the Bolshevik Government of Baku in attacking ArmeniaThe bombardment of Enzeli by Admiral Fyodor Raskolnikov, and the destruction of the remnants of General Anton Denikin’s fleet and the White Russian NavyThe departure of Sultan Kazim Khan for Astara to establish communication with the Persian Government, and departure of Halil Pasha and Dr Fuad Sabit-Bek for MoscowThe transfer of the Cossack Division, South Persia Rifles and Gendarmerie into the Regular Army of Persia and ‘disposal’ of General Starosselski [Vsevolod Staroselsky].’The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: The foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 332; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The volume also contains multiple original foliation sequences.
26. File 4500/1920 Pt 2 ‘Persian Situation, July-December 1920’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence on the political situation in Persia [Iran] from July to December 1920. The correspondence is primarily formed of exchanges between HM Minister in Tehran and the Foreign Office and includes material relating to:The accusations of Sepahdar [Muḥammad Valī Khān Tunikābunī, Sipahdār-i A‘ẓam] against Vossough-ed-Dowleh [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Vusūq al-Dawlah], Sarem-ed-Dowleh [Akbar Mīrzā Qājār, Ṣarim al-Dawlah] and Prince Firouz [Fīrūz Mīrzā Fīrūz, Nuṣrat al-Dawlah III] of having received large sums of money in bribes to support the Anglo-Persian AgreementThe recent defeat suffered by the Armenians, the Bolshevik threat posed to the Persian Province of Azerbaijan [Azarbaijan], the possibility of having to evacuate the provincial capital Tabriz, and the belief of General [William Edmund] Ironside that the Bolsheviks and Turks were ‘acting in conjunction’The discussion of the terms of the proposed Soviet-Persian Treaty between HM Minister in Tehran [Herman Cameron] Norman, the Persian Prime Minister and Mīrzā ‘Īsá KhānThe take-over of the Meshed [Mashhad]-Seistan [Sistan] telegraph line by the Indo-European Telegraph Company, the demand of the Persian Government for its restoration, and the Company’s reasons to retain possessionThe proposals of the Soviet Government to that of Persia for an anti-British alliance, conveyed through the Khan of Maku [Murtazā Qulī Khān Bayāt]The dismissal and departure of Colonel [Vsevolod] Staroselsky [Starosselsky], and suppression of demonstrations against the Anglo-Persian AgreementThe demands of the British Government that the Persian Medjliss [Majlis or Parliament] convene as soon as possible to approve the Anglo-Persian Agreement, and refusal to provide additional financial support to the Persian GovernmentThe departure of the Persian Ambassador in Constantinople [Istanbul] for Moscow, with the Persian Government’s demands that the Soviet Government abstain from ‘all interference in Persian affairs [,] provision of moral or material support to Persian insurgents, [and] all propaganda in Persia’The advance made on Resht [Rasht] by the Persian Cossack Brigade, its victory over a Bolshevik detachment and the capture of a cache of documents allegedly proving the deliberate planning of an invasion of Persia by the Soviet Government of AzerbaijanThe victory of the Bolsheviks over the Cossack Brigade at Enzeli [Anzali], the deployment by the British of Norperforce [North Persia Force] to Menjil [Manjil] to hold the line behind the retreating Cossacks, and reports that Kuchik Khan [Mīrzā Kuchak Khān Jangalī] had rejoined the BolsheviksThe departure of Agha Sheikh Mohammed Amin [Āqā Shaikh Muḥammad Amīn] and Seyyid Ahmed Behbaham [Sayyid Aḥmad Bihbahānī] with letters and presents from the Shah [Aḥmad Shāh Qājār] for the Mujtehids [Mujtahids] of Kerbela [Karbala] to issue a Fetva [fatwa] condemning the BolsheviksThe understanding reached between the Persian Government and Kuchik Khan, involving the latter’s submission if a strong force is sent to retake Resht from the BolsheviksThe attack by Persian rebels, supported by Bolsheviks, on the positions of Norperforce, led by General [Hugh Bateman-] Champain, and the latter’s retreat from MenjilThe dispatch of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Beville Prideaux to Khorasan to assist the Governor-General in defending the province against the incursions of BolsheviksThe appointment of Colonel Starosselsky as commander of all the forces in the Caspian Provinces, and the consequent fall in prestige of British officers in PersiaThe activities of Khudduverdikhan [Khudā Virdī Khān], a Kurdish ex-brigand from Kuchan [Quchan] and prospective future Bolshevik Commissary of Khorasan.Physical description: The foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 356; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
27. File 4500/1920 Pt 3 ‘Persia Situation, Dec 1920-May 1921’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence relating to the political situation in Persia [Iran] from December 1920 to May 1921. The correspondence is largely formed of exchanges between HM Ambassador in Tehran and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The correspondence in the volume contains material relating to the following matters:The plan for the amalgamation of the three schools of officers, the possible abolition of the ‘Cossack Division’ [Cossack Brigade] and Gendarmerie, and the appointment of the Military Governor of Tehran, Colonel Kazimkhan [Colonel Kāzim Khān Sayyāḥ], as Chief of StaffThe appeal of Farmanfarma [‘Abd al-Ḥusayn Mīrzā Farmānfarmā], through his son, for the British Government to intervene for a settlement with the Persian Government, which would allow Farmanfarma to leave the country immediately, following the overthrowing of the Qajar dynasty in PersiaThe clashes between the Bolsheviks and the Cossack Brigade in Gilan, and the protest made by the Persian Ambassador in Moscow Mushaver-ul-Mamalek [‘Alī Qulī Khān Mas‘ūd Ansārī, Mushāvir al-Mamālik] to the Soviet GovernmentThe march of Bolshevik troops from Julfa to Ordubad in Azerbaijan, aimed at preventing the retreat of the Armenian Army from Zangezur to Persia, and the apparent departure of the Ottoman Turkish and Kurdish allies of Simko [Ismā‘īl Āqā Shakāk, Simkū]The determination of Kuchik Khan [Mīrzā Kuchak Khān Jangalī] to resist any Persian Government advance towards Resht [Rasht], with a combined force of Gilanis, Azerbaijanis, Caucasians, Turks and KurdsThe application of the Persian Prime Minister to the United States Government for advisors with administrative powers, and the possible appointment of William Morgan Shuster as manager of an ‘Agrarian Bank to be turned eventually into a National Bank’The promise of employment from Vosugh-ed-Dowleh [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Vusūq al-Dawlah] to Lieutenant-Colonel [Thomas Wolseley] Haig, the postponement of the contract under the government of Mushir-ed-Dowleh [Ḥasan Pīrnīyā, Mushīr al-Dawlah], and the possibility of obtaining a ‘suitable indemnity’ for Haig from the Persian GovernmentThe arrest of Sarem-ed-Dowleh [Akbar Mīrzā Qājār, Ṣarim al-Dawlah], Governor-General of Kermanshah and son of Zill-es-Sultan [Sulṭān Mas‘ūd Mīrzā Qājār, Zill al-Sulṭān]The withdrawal of Norperforce with the exception of a number of officers, and the takeover of certain positions by Persian forces to hold the front against the BolsheviksThe arrest of the Governor-General of Khorasan, Kavam-us-Sultaneh [Aḥmad Qavām, Qavām al-Salṭanah] and some of the notables of Meshed [Mashhad] by the GendarmerieA clash between the forces of Simko, apparently carrying the Turkish flag, and a force of Persian Cossacks, reinforced with a body of gendarmes and horsemen, and the order of the Government at Angora [Ankara] for all Turkish forces to withdraw from Persian AzerbaijanThe request of the Shah of Persia [Aḥmad Shāh Qājār] from the Prime Minister to agree to his early departure for Europe on grounds of illnessThe treaty between the Soviet Government and the Government of Persia, negotiated by Mushaver-ul-Mamalek and the President of the Council [Muḥammad Valī Khān Tunikābunī, Sipahdār-i Aʿẓam]The decision of the Persian Government to allow the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 to lapse, because the drastic changes in the political situation had made it counterproductiveThe proposals for the reconstruction of the Persian Army, including the provision of surplus hardware and ammunition, and British officers for training and leadershipThe coup d’état carried out by the President in Council and Reza Khan [Rezā Khān Savādkūhī] (Persian Cossack Commander), and the arrest of officials suspected of corruption including Farmanfarma ‘pending disgorgement [of] all ill-gotten gains’A proposal for the establishment of a Perso-British-Azerbaijani commission to arrange the simultaneous withdrawal of British and Bolshevik forces from PersiaThe formation of a new government by Sipahdar, including Mohtashem-es-Sultani [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Isfandīyarī, Muḥtasham al-Salṭanah] as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the retirement of Vahidul Mulk [Mīrzā ‘Abd al-Ḥusayn Shaybānī, Vaḥīd al-Mulk]The pilgrimage of Nosret ed Dowleh [Fīrūz Mīrzā Fīrūz, Nuṣrat al-Dawlah III] to Kazimain [Kazimayn], Kerbela [Karbala] and Najaf, and his procurement of a fatwa from the Chief Mujtahide [Mujtahid] pronouncing Bolshevism to be incompatible with IslamThe diplomatic activities of Sir Percy [Zachariah] Cox and the perception of an opportunity for Britain to transform and restore the authority of the Persian Government.The volume also contains a memorandum on the withdrawal of British forces from North-West Persia and its possible ramifications to inform future policy (ff 443-447).The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: The foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 510; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The volume also contains multiple original foliation sequences.
28. File 4500/1920 Pt 4 ‘Persia: Situation (June 1921-December 1921)’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence on the political and military situation in Persia [Iran] from April to December 1921. The correspondence is primarily formed of dispatches from HM Minister in Tehran to the Foreign Office, along with instructions from the Foreign Office to the Minister. It includes material relating to the following matters:The arrest of Zahir-ul-Islam [Sayyīd Javād Imāmī, Ẓahīr al-Islām] and other prominent politicians by the Persian Minister of War [Rezā Khān Savādkūhī, Sardār-i Sipah], under the charge of having conspired against the life of the Prime Minister [Aḥmad Qavām, Qavām al-Salṭanah] and himself, and the escape of the former Minister of Court, Mushar al-Mulk [Mīrzā Ḥasan Khān Mushār al-Mulk]The ratification of the Russo-Persian Treaty in the Persian Medjliss [Majlis, Parliament], despite the concessions granted to Standard Oil Company, and differences over certain articles of the Treaty, and the steps taken to ensure the passage of the Treaty by Soviet Ambassador Theodore RothsteinThe ‘lingering mistrust’ of Persians towards the British on account of their attitude to Islam and their aims in the country, and ‘maladministration and local causes of discontent’ as two major factors in favour of the Bolsheviks in PersiaA memorandum by the British Military Attaché in Tehran, Major Edward William Charles Noel, on the threat posed by the Bolsheviks to Persia, based on conversations with Mr Hildebrandt, the last ‘White Russian’ in charge of the LegationThe recovery of Resht [Rasht] and Enzeli [Anzali] from Soviet occupation, the death of Kuchik Khan [Mīrzā Kūchak Khān Jangalī] leader of the Jangalis, the redeployment of Persian Government forces to Azerbaijan against Kurdish leader Simko [Ismā‘īl Āqā Shakāk, Simkū], and the dismissal of Swedish officers from positions in command of the GendarmerieThe British plan to remove Arbab Kai Khosro [Kaykhusraw Shāhrukh, also known as Arbāb Kaykhusraw] as head of the Zoroastrian community and deputy in the Medjliss for his perceived anti-British views and communication with the Russian LegationThe attempts of the British Legation in Tehran to dissociate Britain from the rebellion of Colonel Mohammed Taqi [Colonel Muḥammad Taqī Khān Pisyān], despite the presence of as many as 1000 Barbaris [Hazaras] among the Colonel’s followersThe rebellion of Colonel Mohammed Taqi against the government of Kavam-us-Sultaneh [Qavām al-Salṭanah], the appointment of himself as Governor-General of the Province of Khorasan, and his eventual defeat and death at the hands of tribal forces in northern Khorasan, at the instigation of the Central Government of PersiaThe success of the Minister of War and the Shah of Persia in forcing the Prime Minister, Zia-ed-Din [Sayyid Ziyāʾ al-Dīn Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī] out of office, supported by ‘courtiers, priests, officials and other corrupt elements’, whose interests had been threatened, and the formation of a new government by Kavam-us-Sultaneh.The volume also includes a ‘Memorandum on England and Russia in Persia’ by W A Smart, Oriental Secretary of the British Legation at Tehran, 21 June 1921 (ff 174r-176r).Physical description: The foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 311; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
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