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1. ‘Bushire. Application from Messrs Campbell Dallas & Co of Bombay for License to export a quantity of Gunpowder to-.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, an extract from a Political Letter, dated 31 March 1846. The Political Letter is most likely to have been sent to the East India Company Court of Directors from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai].The item relates to a request made to the Collector of Customs by Campbell Dallas & Co, merchants at Bombay, for a licence to export gunpowder to Bagdad [Baghdad] via Bushire [Bushehr]. After receiving more details on the request, the Governor of Bombay declines on the basis that affairs in the Pachalic [Pashalik] of Bagdad are currently in an ‘unsettled state’.The correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; H H Glass, Collector of Customs, Bombay; and P P Campbell Dallas & Co.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5287, Draft 503/46’, ‘Coll[ection] 9’, ‘Collection N. 11 of N. 41’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 243, and terminates at f 249, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
2. 'LETTERS FROM THE RESIDENT BUSSARAH 31. JAN. 1793 TO 21. JUNE 1803 VOL 8'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume chiefly comprises letters to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company from the Resident and Factor at Bussora [Basra], Samuel Manesty. The letters are dated 31 January 1793-21 June 1803 and the date each letter was received is recorded on the back of it.From 31 January 1793 to 2 August 1794 (ff 1-38), many letters are also signed by Harford Jones, who acted as Assistant Resident and co-Factor up to 1794. Between 3 January and 25 September 1796 (ff 51-192) there are letters which overlap with Manesty’s, written by [George] Nathan Crowe and Peter LeMessurier [Le Mesurier], who were appointed to run the Bussora Residency and Factory following the suspension from office of Manesty by the Court of Directors on 1 January 1796. The suspension was in connection with Manesty’s dispute with the Ottoman authorities originating in 1791, which had led him to remove the Residency to Grain [Kuwait] in 1793. Manesty had actually re-established himself in Bussora by September 1795, before Crow and LeMessurier arrived from Bombay [Mumbai], and he was officially reinstated in July 1796. However, Crow and LeMessurier only transferred back control of the Residency when they received orders to return to Bombay in September 1796.Letters dated 31 January to 27 April 1793 are written from Maghil [Al Maqal] ‘near Bussora’. Manesty left the city at the end of April 1793 and from 18 July 1793 to 5 March 1795 he writes from Grain (ff 2-43). From 9 October 1795 (f 45), following Manesty’s return in the previous month, his letters are written from Maghil or Bussora.The enclosures Manesty refers to are mostly not included in the volume, although his letters regularly incorporate extracts of his communications to the President in Council, Political Department [Bombay] and the Governor-General in Council [Bengal]. Manesty occasionally writes to individual members of the Court of Directors, lobbying for an increase in his pay and allowances and lamenting his pecuniary difficulties and unsettled claims upon the Company (see ff 356-359, ff 478-482, and ff 524-525).The letters concern matters including:The re-establishment of the Bussora Residency, notably Manesty’s detailed account, dated 28 August 1796 (ff 80-184), of his negotiations between February and October 1795 with the Bacha [Pāshā] of Bagdat [Büyük Sulaymān Pāshā of Baghdad] for the restoration of the Factory and Residency at Bussora and re-establishment of relations. The negotiations were via their respective mediators, Coja Cawork Doud [Khawājah Kevork Dāwūd], the Company’s ‘broker and linguist’ (f 82) at the Bussora Residency, and the Mussaleem of Bussora [Mutasallim, Ottoman Governor of Basra]. The account details Manesty’s dispute with the Ottoman authorities, which developed following the murder in Bussora of a wealthy Jewish merchant in March 1791, the arrest of an Armenian subject, protracted sectarian clashes between Jews and Christians in Bussora, and the Ottoman authorities’ rebuttal of Manesty’s claims that Armenians came under British protectionManesty’s objections to Crow and LeMessurier, regarding control of the Bussora Residency and Factory in 1796The movement of, and events concerning, Company ships and private merchant vessels trading to, from and via Bussora, and the conveyance and landing of their cargoes, notably woollens imported to Bushire [Bushehr] and Bussora from BengalThe marine conveyance, via Bussora, of mail packets (official Despatches to and from to the Court of Directors in London and British government in India, and other mail), including: routes taken; delays; lost or missing items; and packets captured or stolenThe overland transmission of mail packets, via Aleppo, notably matters concerning: routes; security; couriers; and Manesty’s communications with the Company’s agents at Aleppo, including Louisa Abbott, who took on duties of the Agent (f 368) following the death of her husband Robert Abbott in 1799 until the appointment of John BarkerManesty’s management of the Residency and Factory, including: communications with the British embassy at Constantinople [Istanbul] and relations with Peter Tooke, Company Agent there; increasingly fractious relations with Harford Jones (appointed first Company Resident in Bagdat in September 1798) notably over the latter’s official status; and relations with the Ottoman authorities in Bussora and BagdatVarious events, and Manesty’s activities, within Ottoman territory and the seas between Bussora and India, in relation to the wars with France [French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802], notably: the monitoring of French ships, and intelligence communications with British naval officers; surveillance of French emissaries such as Abbé Beauchamp [Pierre-Joseph de Beauchamp]; efforts to combat French influence in the Ottoman Empire and Persia [Iran], especially after the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 headed by General Buonaparte [Napoleon Bonaparte]; the activities of John Lewis Reinaud (former Assistant Resident at Bussora) to influence the Bacha of Bagdat against the French; Manesty’s highlighting of the potential threat to British dominance in India and recommendation that an English military force be despatched to protect British interests; the defeat of French forces by a British fleet at the Battle of the Nile, August 1798; the unsuccessful French siege of St Jean d’Acre 1799 [Akko or Acre]; the British fleet and army sent against the French in Egypt, March 1801; and the Convention for the Evacuation of Egypt and the Definitive Treaty of Peace between Britain and France [Treaty of Amiens, signed 25 March 1802]Affairs in the Persian Gulph [Gulf], notably trade relations with Muscat and efforts to avert the establishment of a French presence there, and Manesty’s proposals for stationing intelligence officers at Muscat and Bushire (f 373)Internal Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] affairs, including: political conflicts; relations with local tribes; and the Bagdat Bacha’s expeditions against the Whahabee Shaik [Wahhābī Shaikh] Abdul Aziz [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin Muḥammad Āl Sa‘ūd, Emir of Diriyah]Intelligence relating to the Company’s campaign in India against Tippoo Sultan [Tīpū Sulṭān, Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore], including reports of Tippoo’s defeat in May 1799 (f 406)The spread of plague in Ottoman Turkey from 1800 and Manesty’s actions in July 1802 to secure the British establishment at Bussora and preserve communications and trade between India and Europe following the arrival of plague at Bagdat, including requisition of the Teignmouthas a floating Factory and removal of Bussora Factory staff to Maghil (ff 556-606)Harford Jones’s deteriorating relations with the Bacha of Bagdat in July 1801, and Manesty’s apparent efforts to restore the British reputation and the position of the Bagdat Residency (ff 498-516)The death of the Bacha of Bagdat (f 568) in 1802 and arrangements for his successor, Ali Bacha [‘Alī Pāshā]Manesty’s temporary embarkation of the Bussora establishment on the Furyin June 1803, following a rupture with the Ottoman authorities [he does not elaborate, however the incident arose over the apparent ‘violation’ of the ‘honour’ of an allegedly Egyptian Christian woman] (ff 606-607).Physical description: The foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 608; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.The sequence contains one foliation anomaly, f 16a.
3. Affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 34 of 1846, dated 24 March 1846. The enclosures are dated and contain correspondence relating to affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik]. Contents relate to: Ottoman ad valorem taxes imposed on Shia [Shīʿah] pilgrims from Qajar [Qājār] Persia [Iran]; a description of the trade of manufactured goods and commodities in 1845; and political interventions sought by English Christian missionaries against the large Jewish community in Bagdad. This item commences with an abstract of contents (folio 377). Correspondence from Her Majesty’s Consul and Honourable Company’s Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] addressed to the Government of Bombay copying correspondence with the Secretary to the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (22 folios)
4. Affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 28 of 1846, dated 12 March 1846. The enclosures are dated and contain correspondence relating to affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik], describing Ottoman orders to remove from Bagdad exiled Qajar [Qājār] Persian [Iranian] princes under British protection. This item commences with an abstract of contents (folio 306). Correspondence from Her Majesty’s Consul and Honourable Company’s Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] addressed to the Government of Bombay copying correspondence with Her Majesty’s Ambassador at Constantinople.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
5. Affairs in Turkish Arabia
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume contains an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 46 of 1854, dated 29 August 1854. The enclosure is dated 22 June 1854.The enclosure contains correspondence from Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], concerning affairs in the Bagdad Pashalic [Baghdad Pashalik].Physical description: 1 item (11 folios)
6. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 117 of 1846, dated 14 October 1846. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 8 August 1846.The enclosure consists of a letter from HM Consul and Honourable Company’s Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Political Department, forwarding under a flying seal a letter to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department enclosing copies of three despatches addressed by Rawlinson to HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], Sir Stratford Canning, relating to Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik] affairs.The despatches include an enclosed copy of a letter received by Rawlinson from Messrs Hector & Co, merchants of Bagdad, containing suggestions for the promotion of British trade in the Bagdad Pachalic, accompanied by general remarks by Rawlinson on the operation of the Treaty of Balti Liman [Balta Liman, signed in 1838], the commercial treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Porte [the Government of the Ottoman Empire], in the Baghdad Pachalic, under the headings exports, internal traffic, and imports.Physical description: 1 item (34 folios)
7. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 152 of 1846, dated 30 Dec 1846. The enclosures are dated 27 October 1846.The two enclosures consists of: a copy of a despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], to Henry Wellesley, HM Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople [Istanbul], relating to affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik, also spelled Baghdad in this item] (the despatch is copied to the Governor and President in Council, Bombay, and the Governor-General of India, for information); and a copy of a despatch from Rawlinson to the Government of India.The papers cover the following matters:The assurances received from Colonel Justin Sheil, HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Tehran, of the Persian [Iranian] Government’s intention to meet the wishes of the Governor of Baghdad with regard to measures to be taken against ‘Kurdish chiefs’ Ahmed Pasha of Sulimanieh [Aḥmad Pāshā of Sulaymaniyah], Russool Pasha [Rasūl Pāshā] of Rewanduz [Ruwandiz or Rawandiz] and Abdullah Beg Sharaf Baini [‘Abdullāh Beg of the Sharaf Baynī tribe], and Rawlinson’s report that as the former two have moved to different territories action may no longer needed against themThe refusal of the Persian Consul at Bagdad to carry out the instructions of the Governor of Kermanshah to explain and apologise to Ottoman authorities for the delay in reparation owed by Persia for the violent incident at Kurbela [Karbala]The cholera in Bagdad, which Rawlinson reports is said to have and carried off at least 5000 persons but now appears to have abatedThe Governor of Bagdad’s concentration on maintaining order in the Pachalic, partly due to the reappearance of the Anizeh [Anezī] tribe outside the cityThe concern expressed to Rawlinson in a letter from British merchants in Bagdad at the temporary withdrawal of the steamer Nitocrisfrom the rivers of Mesopotamia. The letter is signed by Stephen Lynch & Co, Arrathon Brothers, Alexander Hector & Co, John Taylor and Co, and Messrs Mills and Co.Physical description: 1 item (12 folios)
8. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay, Secret Department, to the Secret Committee, Number 2 of 1850, dated 3 January 1850.The enclosed papers, dated 10 October to 15 November 1849, concern the affairs of the Ottoman Pachalic [Pashalik] of Bagdad [Baghdad]. They comprise correspondence between Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq]; Henry Rawlinson, British Consul, Bagdad; Stratford Canning, British Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul]; Viscount Palmerston [Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston], Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; and the Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department.The papers cover several matters, including:The arrival in Bagdad of Namik Pasha [Mehmed Emin Namık Pasha, or Muḥammad Amīn Nāmiq Pāshā], Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Irak [Iraq] and military operations around Hindieh [Al-Hindiyah] to combat an uprising of the local Arab populationRelations between Namik Pasha and Abdi Pasha [Abdul-Karim Pasha, or ‘Abd al-Karīm Pāshā], the Ottoman Governor of BagdadPolitics and morale within the Ottoman Army and GovernmentThe costs of the military operations in the PachalicPolitical affairs in Sulimanieh [Sulaymaniyah].Physical description: 1 item (16 folios)
9. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay, Secret Department, to the Secret Committee, Number 15 of 1850, dated 16 March 1850.The enclosed papers, dated between 15 and 17 January 1850, concern affairs in the Ottoman Pachalic [Pashalik] of Bagdad [Baghdad]. They comprise a despatch sent by Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] to the Government of India, Foreign Department, enclosing copies of Kemball's letters to Sir Stratford Canning, British Ambassador to the Ottoman Government, Constantinople [Istanbul].Several matters are covered by the papers, including:The alleged financial malpractices of Nijib Pasha [Mehmed Necib Pasha, or Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā], former Ottoman Governor of BagdadThe perceived apathy and indolence of the current Governor, Abdi Pasha [Abdul-Karim Pasha, or ‘Abd al-Karīm Pāshā]Administration of the tribes in the Hindieh [Al-Hindiyah] districtRequired repairs for the Hindieh dike [dyke].Physical description: 1 item (9 folios)
10. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 54 of 1850, dated 17 October 1850. The enclosure is numbered 3 and dated 15 August 1850.The enclosure includes copies of despatches from the Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] to HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], connected to affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Pashalik of Baghdad], sent, for information, to the Secretary to the Government of India.Topics discussed include:The arrival in the vicinity of Bagdad of the Ottoman Commissioner for the demarcation of the Turco-Persian [Ottoman Turkish-Iranian] frontierThe defeat of Turkish forces under Namik Pasha [Nāmiq Pāshā] by a group of Kurds led by by Azeez Beg [‘Azīz Beg] and intelligence as to whether Ali Beg [‘Alī Beg] was in support.Physical description: 1 item (13 folios)
11. Affairs of the Bagdad Pachalic
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 96 of 1848, dated 11 November 1848.The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 18 September 1848. It consists of copies of two despatches from HM Consul in Bagdad [Baghdad] and Political Agent in Turkish Arabia (Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson) to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Viscount Palmerston), dated 18 September 1848, forwarded under flying seal to the Secretary to the Government of India.The despatches concern affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Pashalik] and Persia [Iran] following news of the death of the Shah of Persia [Mohammad Qajar], including a confidential agent of Assef-ed Dowlah [Allahyar Khan Asif al-Dawlah Qajar Davallu, also spelled Assef-ed Dawlah in this item] visiting Rawlinson and informing him of Assef-ed Dowlah's aspirations to be the new Shah of Persia.Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-2, on folio 151. The number 2 is repeated for reference on the verso of the last folio of the enclosure.
12. Affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 3 of 1853, dated 13 January 1853. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 4 November 1852.The enclosure consists of a despatch from HM Consul General at Bagdad [Baghdad] and Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, addressed to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, forwarded under flying seal to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Political Department. This despatch contains copies of two despatches from Rawlinson to HM Chargé d'Affaires at Constantinople [Istanbul], Colonel Hugh Rose, dated 19 October and 3 November 1852 (the latter despatch includes enclosed correspondence between Rawlinson and HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia [Iran], Colonel Justin Sheil). These despatches concern the opposition of Namik Pasha [Mehmed Emin Namık Pasha, Governor or Viceroy of Baghdad] to the entry of Prince Abbas Mirza ['Abbās Mīrzā Mulk Ārā Qājār] into Turkish [Ottoman] territory; Namik Pasha's objection being overruled by the Ottoman Ambassador at Teheran [Tehran], and the latter sanctioning the Prince's residence in the Baghdad Pashalic [Pashalik, also spelled Pachalic in this item].Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-3, on folio 37. The number 3 is repeated for reference on the verso of the last folio of the enclosure.
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