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25. PZ 1058/1939 'Persian Gulf'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence relating to the Standard Oil Company of California's oil concession in Bahrein [Bahrain]. The correspondence is concerned with whether or not it would be appropriate for Imperial Airways to assist the Californian company in developing aerial infrastructure in Arabia. In particular, the company feels it would be useful to be able to employ the use of aircraft between Bahrein and the area in which they are drilling, and between Bahrein and Jedda [Jeddah], where their main office is located. The possibility of the company forming an alliance/partnership with Germany is discussed by British officials. Copies of the letters were forwarded to the India Office and are included in the file (f 11 is a copy of f 5 and ff 12-13 are copies of ff 6-7).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at inside back cover with 14; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
26. PZ 2791/33 'Arabia: Wakf properties in Saudi-Arabia for the use of Indian pilgrims'
- Description:
- Abstract: The discussion in the file relates to the use of wakf properties [waqf] (property donated by Islamic rulers for pious uses) in Jeddah and Mecca intended for Indian pilgrims. The British had information which led them to believe such properties were being used as private property but that they could be restored to the use intended by the donors.The Government of India's recommendation led to updated lists (ff 78-80; f 73) being compiled by the British Consul at Jeddah. Included in the file is a copy (ff 51-52) of the memorandum 'Indian Waqfs and analogous properties in the Hejaz' by HM Minister, Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan).The principal correspondents in the file are: the British Consul, Jedda; the Viceroy; and the Government of India, Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 40, and terminates at f 80, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 41-80; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
27. PZ 6888/34 History of British Representation in Jedda
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence regarding the personal enquiry of Sir Andrew Ryan, Foreign Office, to John Gilbert Laithwaite, India Office, about the history of British representation in Jedda [Jeddah].The correspondence consists of: a letter to Laithwaite from Ryan, referring to Ryan’s previous enquiry about whether the India Office could provide any information on the history of the connection between the British government and/or the East India Company with the Red Sea area, and more particularly the Hijaz [Al-Ḥijāz or Hejaz], and enclosing a note about British representation in Jedda [Jeddah] up to 1830; a letter in reply from Laithwaite to Ryan, stating that Laithwaite is sending Ryan’s letter and a copy of his note to William Thomas Ottewill, Superintendent of Records, India Office; a further letter from Laithwaite to Ryan stating that Laithwaite is enclosing a note from Ottewill to Ryan, regarding the results of Ottewill’s search of the India Office records for relevant information; and the note from Ottewill to Ryan itself.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 9; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 1-9; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
28. PZ 7079/31 'Arabia: location of archives of the British Consulate Jeddah, 1913-16'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises telegrams, correspondence, memoranda, and notes, relating to the location of the archives of the British Consulate, Jeddah, relating to the period 1909-16. Correspondence between the Government of Bombay and the Government of India describes how the archives were deposited with the Government of Bombay for safekeeping in 1913.The file lists the contents of the archives and effects (ff 587-592).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 584, and terminates at f 598, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
29. Juddah and Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 58 of 1856, dated 9 August 1856. The enclosures are dated 17 June-26 July 1856.The enclosures comprise:A report by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident in Aden, to the Government of Bombay, concerning his efforts to mediate peaceful relations between the Abdali [al-‘Abdalī], Foudelie [Faḍlī] and Azaiba [a sub-tribe of the ‘Abdalī], following disputes over tribute money for drawing water from the wells at Shaik Othman [Shaykh Uthman]A general report by Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating Honourable Company’s Agent at Juddah [Jeddah, also spelled Judda in this item], to the Government of Bombay, notably regarding the flourishing trade in enslaved persons there, including his views that: despite the firman of the Ottoman Sultan, the local Ottoman authorities never really intended to stop the trade; the reading of the firman at Mecca generated anti-Christian and anti-English feeling; the recalled Sherrif of Mecca, Abu Moutallib [Sharīf ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad] exploited local anger to generate support for an uprising by which he hoped to regain his position; and the only way to reduce the trade is for British agents to supply intelligence to Indian Navy steam vessels employed in the Red Sea with permission to seize vessels carrying enslaved personsA report by Page to the Government of Bombay, notably concerning: complaints by British subjects over their treatment by local trade and customs officials and the salt monopoly; the attempt by a consulate guard to assassinate Mr Lawless, the sailing master of the British barque Futtay Sultan, who was a guest in the consulate, the guard’s trial by the Ottoman authorities and the requirement of Page to choose his punishment; and the non-cooperative business policies and general ill-feeling of the local Mooshir [mushīr, advisor or senior minister] towards the British and French at Juddah particularly since the uprising by Abu Moutallib.Physical description: 1 item (13 folios)
30. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 20 dated 19 March 1856. The enclosures are dated 15 January-19 March 1856.The correspondents are: Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Acting Political Resident and Commandant, Aden; the Secretary to the Government, Bombay; and Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating HC [Honourable Company] Agent at Juddah [Jeddah]. The item also includes enclosures to correspondence and one Resolution of the Board.The papers cover the following matters:Coghlan’s decision to continue the British blockade of Berbera, and to disregard the confession (ff 310-311) of a prisoner named ‘Ali Mahomed’ [‘Alī Muḥammad] who has been brought to Aden on the Mahi, since he is not considered to have been the ‘ring leader’ of the attack on the Somali Expedition of Lieutenant Richard Burton and has been repudiated by the Elders [of the Habr Awwal tribe]Events relating to Zailah [Zeila, also spelled Zeylah in this item], including: the attempt by the Haj Shermarki [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, also spelled Sheumarki and Shermarkie in this item] to retake his position as Governor, from which he was lately ousted by the [Ottoman] Turkish authorities; Coghlan’s attempt to prevent Shermarki blockading Zailah and potentially disrupting British supply chains by sending the Assistant Resident to liaise between Shermarki and the Turkish authorities; Coghlan’s efforts to ascertain the effect of the [Ottoman] Sultan’s proclamation prohibiting slavery at Zailah, considering news of the arrival there of a ‘large slave Caffilah [caravan]’ from the interior (ff 314-315)News obtained from Mocha that cholera has broken out in the camp of the Asseer [‘Asīr tribe] apparently causing the death of their leader and causing the force's retirement from their putative campaign to attack the Red Sea ports of YemenRelations in Aden between the Abdali [al-‘Abdalī] and Oulaki [al-‘Awlaqī]] ‘chiefs’ regarding their mutual claims over the fort of Bir Ahmed [Bir Ahmad], including: a letter sent by the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, to the Resident in Hyderabad asking him to gather information about the apparent influence of one ‘Sirdar Abdulla bin Ali Oulaki’ [Sirdār ‘Abdullāh bin ‘Alī al-‘Awlaqī] a ‘jemadar [jamadar] in the service of His Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad’ (f 322); and Coghlan’s decision to abstain from interference provided that the dispute causes no interruption of tradeIntelligence relating to the state of affairs in Massowah [Massawa, also known as Mitsiwa], including a letter from Raffaello Barroni, Agent to Mr Plowden [Walter Chichele Plowden], HM Consul in Abyssinia [now Ethiopia], reporting the promise of the Naib of Massawa to re-establish order but that the current absence of any governor renders Massawa ‘without soldiers and without protection, and the population … left to herself and committed to fortune’ (f 318)Report by Stephen Page describing the state of affairs in Juddah and its vicinity since the unsuccessful insurrection led by Abu Montallib [Sharif ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad], including Page’s: description of the recent engagement at Tayf (to where Abu Montallib had retreated) between ‘Bedouins’ and [Ottoman] Turkish soldiers; concern regarding the delayed arrival of the newly appointed [sharif?] Ebu Aonan [Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Mu‘īn bin ‘Awn]; Page’s belief that the arrival at Juddah of the Elphinstonewas effective in preventing further disturbance and his request that it may return there by April to avoid potential attacks by ‘Bedouin’ if Ebu Aonan has not yet arrived; and opinion that Abu Montallib’s rebellion was not properly quashedReports on the prevalence of smallpox and typhoid in the town of Aden.Physical description: 1 item (22 folios)
31. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 17 dated 16 February 1856. The enclosures are dated 5 December 1855-16 Feburary 1856.The primary correspondents are Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Acting Political Resident and Commandant, Aden; the Secretary to the Government, Bombay; and Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and the HC [Honourable Company] Officiating Agent at Juddah[Jeddah, also spelled Judda and Jiddah in this item]. The item also includes three related Resolutions of the Board.The papers cover the following matters:The ‘tranquil’ state of affairs in Aden, including relations between the Oulaki [Awlaki] and Abdali [‘Abdali] ‘chiefs’ and the gathering of supporters by the Foudheli ‘chief’ [Aḥmad bin Abdullāh al-Faḍlī] regarding his stipend (from the British authorities)News from Mocha and Hodeida [Al Hudaydah] relating to the serious state of affairs in Yemen, notably with regard to a force of the Aseer [‘Asir] tribe, rumoured to be 30,000-40,000 strong, allegedly advancing to take the sea ports of Yemen, including copies of: a letter from the principal merchants of Mocha appealing for British protection; Coghlan’s instructions to the Commander of the HC [Honourable Company] steam frigate Queen, to proceed to Mocha and Hodeida and if necessary assist the ‘subjects of the allied powers living there’, or proceed to Juddah as previously ordered; and Coghlan’s report to Bombay regarding the strength of Ottoman defences at Mocha and HodeidaThe prevalence of smallpox in Aden, including: the possible origins of its introduction to the peninsula by commercial steamships from Calcutta [Kolkata], most probably the Hindustan; a ‘Daily statement of smallpox prevailing amongst the several corps and departments at Aden’, 1 February 1856, by the Medical Department Superintendent, Aden (f 252); and measures taken to stop further spread including the use of the island of Seerah [Sirah] as a quarantine station and the commencement of a vaccination programmeIntelligence, conveyed by the commander of the Queen, regarding the successful suppression by Ottoman authorities and forces of the rebellion in Mecca and Juddah, but their subsequent defeat ‘by Bedouins’ in their attempt to capture Taif [Ta’if] to where the rebel leader Sheriff Abdul Min Tulab [Sharif ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad, also spelled abd-el Mutalib and Abn Mootallib in this item] had fledThe political situation in Mussowah [Massawa, also known as Mitsiwa] following the rebellion against the Governor of Massawa, including a copy of a letter to Coghlan from Raffaello Barroni, Agent to Mr Plowden [Walter Chichele Plowden], HM Consul in Abyssinia [now Ethiopia], reporting that the Governor has left in order to summon the support of Egyptian troops; and Coghlan’s later report to Bombay that since the situation is less critical than that in Yemen the commander of the Queenhas left that place for HodeidaTwo letters from Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and HC [Honourable Company] Officiating Agent at Juddah, relating to the ‘disturbance in Mecca’: citing the Firman of the Sultan [ruler of the Ottoman Empire] prohibiting slavery as the cause of the rebellion; reporting that the route between Juddah and Mecca is closed; requesting a HC vessel to protect British and British Indian property which is at risk; and reporting that rebel leader Abn Mootallib has fled to Tayf [Ta’if] with 4-5,000 followers.Physical description: 1 item (20 folios)
32. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 18 dated 5 March 1856. The enclosures are dated 13-27 February 1856.The item comprises a report by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Acting Political Resident and Commandant, Aden, to the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, on the situation in the Aden and the Red Sea coast region of Yemen, enclosing five letters conveying intelligence from: Captain John James Frushard, Indian Navy, Senior Naval Officer at Aden and the Red Sea Station; Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating HC [Honourable Company] Agent at Juddah [Jeddah, also spelled Jedda in this item]; Mahmoud Pasha [Maḥmūd Pāshā], Governor of Yemen; Khajia Georgie Kastandi (Teoffani) [Georgie Kostanti Theofani] of Hodeida [Al Hudaydah]; and Haji Abd-er-Rassool [‘Abd al-Rasūl] of Mocha.Coghlan’s report and enclosures chiefly relate to the varying rumours of the advance of a force of between 30,000 and 50,000 of the Asseer [‘Asir, also spelled Aseer in this item] tribe southwards to Yemen with the intention of attacking and capturing Hodeida and other Red Sea ports of that country, and Lahedj [Lahej]. There is particular reference to:The arrival of the Elphinstoneand the Queenat Hodeida and the arrangements put in place by their commanders for the protection of the governor of the town and his familyDetails of the strength of the defences and fortifications at HodeidaThe apparent gratitude of Mahmoud Pasha, Governor of Yemen, for the arrival of the British vessels, his departure north to Lohea [Al Luhayyah] to reassure that town’s inhabitants, enrolment of additional soldiers, and impression that additional military assistance is on its way from Bombay.Coghlan’s report also covers news on the situation in Mecca and Juddah following the recent rebellion, including that: both cities are now tranquil; the rebellion led by Abd-el-Mutalib [Sharif ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad] has largely petered out since the military engagement at Tayf [Ta’if, also spelled Taif in this item] between ‘Bedowins’ [Bedouin] and [Ottoman] Turkish soldiers; and that a new Seriff [Sharif] is soon arriving in Mecca.Also included in the item is a Resolution of the Board indicating that the Governor in Council wants the number of volunteers from the Sind Irregular Horse for service at Aden to be raised to a full complement of one hundred men.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
33. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 33 of 1856, dated 28 April 1856. The enclosures are dated 14-26 April 1856.The enclosures comprise copies of reports and correspondence relating to the deployment of the HC [Honourable Company’s] sloop of war Elphinstoneand steamship Queento the Arabian and African Red Sea coasts, targeted at intimidating insurgent forces and quelling disturbances in: Mecca and Juddah [Jeddah, also spelled Jedda and in this item]; Hodeida [Al Hudaydah, also spelled Hodeidah in this item]; Mussowa [Massawa, also spelled Massowah and Massowa in this item]; and Zeylah [Saylac, or Zeila, Somalia].The papers notably include:Letters and reports by Captain John James Frushard, Indian Navy, Senior Naval Officer, Aden, on the Elphinstoneto: Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating Agent at Judda, requesting Page to forward any proclamation made by the British Government and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire abolishing the trade in enslaved persons in the Hedjaz [Hejaz]; Camil Pacha [Muḥammad Kāmil Pāshā, also written Mehmed Kiamil Pacha in this item] Governor of the Hejaz, announcing his arrival at Juddah to assist in quelling the disturbances in Mecca; William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident, Aden, describing proceedings of the Elphinstoneand Queenat Hodeida and with Mahmud Pasha, Governor of Hodeida, against the Assyr [‘Asīr tribe], and reporting the small French presence in the Red Sea portsLetters and reports by Lieutenant G N Adams, Indian Navy, Commanding the Queen, to Coghlan and Rear Admiral Sir Henry John Leeke, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Navy, reporting his proceedings at Mocha and Hodeida, Juddah, and Mussowa, including conditions on board ship and running aground on the way to AdenLeeke’s commendation of Frushard and Adams, notably for their ‘zeal and energy’ which saved Hodeida from being ‘cruelly murdered and robbed’ (f 146) by the AssyrCoghlan’s instructions that the Queenconvey the Assistant Political Resident, Lieutenant Robert Lambert Playfair, to Zeylah to investigate reports that Haj Shermarkay [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ], former Ruler of Zeylah, has blockaded the port and committed acts of ‘piracy’ in the vicinity, and to take any necessary action to prevent the interruption of supplies.The principal correspondents are: Coghlan, Frushard, Adams and Leeke.Physical description: 1 item (19 folios)
34. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 40 of 1856, dated 27 May 1856. The enclosures are dated 19 April-24 May 1856.The enclosures relate to affairs in Aden, Berbera, Juddah [Jeddah] and Mecca, as reported to the Government of Bombay by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident in Aden, and Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating Honourable Company’s Agent at Juddah. They specifically cover and include the following:The consent of ‘Sheik’ Shermarki [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, also spelled Shurmarkey in this item], the deposed Governor of Zailah [Saylac, or Zeila, Somalia] to the terms on which Coghlan states he can reside in Aden, and Shermarki’s arrival at that placeDiscussions between Coghlan, the Government of Bombay and the Government of India regarding the possible terms to be demanded from the Habr Awal [Habr Awwal] tribe for the removal of the British blockade of Berbera, including: the amount of monetary compensation to be paid by the Habr Awal; the probability of the murderer of Lieutenant Stroyan (during an attack on Lieutenant Richard Burton’s Somali Expedition) not being found or brought to justice; the possibility of stationing a vessel of war at Berbera harbour and a government agent during the commercial season; and the demand for the cessation of the export of enslaved persons from Berbera and the coastal vicinityPage’s reports from Juddah, covering: the unsuccessful attack on Mecca by the former Scerriff Abu Montallib [Sharīf ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad, also spelled Mutallib in this item] and his withdrawal to Tayf [Taif]; Page’s relief at the arrival at Juddah of the HC [Honourable Company’s] ships Elphinstoneand Queen; the arrival of the new Scerriff of Mecca, Ebu Aonan [Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Mu‘īn bin ‘Awn] on the HC frigate Feroozfrom Suez; Page’s concern that Abu Montallib may make another attempt on Mecca and then proceed to Juddah on hearing of the arrival at Mecca of his successor; and the abatement of the threat to Juddah.The principal correspondents are Coghlan, Page and the Government of Bombay.Physical description: 1 item (18 folios)
35. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 43 of 1856, dated 10 June 1856. The enclosures are dated 1 May-10 June 1856.The enclosures principally relate to the British blockade of Berbera as reported to the Government of Bombay by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident in Aden. They specifically cover the following:Rumours that the Turkish [Ottoman] authorities plan to occupy Berbera when the blockade is withdrawn, Coghlan’s view that this could affect trade to Aden and other British places and lead to increased trade in enslaved persons, and Coghlan’s suggestion that the settlement with the Habr-Owel tribe [Habr Awwal] therefore include a clause on the independence of Berbera portProceedings conducted by Lieutenant Robert Lambert Playfair, Assistant Political Resident, Aden, regarding the recent evasion of the blockade of the Berbera coast by the nacoda [nakhuda] of the Aden bugaloo [baghlah, also spelled bugla in this item] Mahmondich(ff 331-335)Coghlan’s suggestion that in order to end the blockade and avoid British humiliation, modified terms should be offered to the Habr Awal, which would take into account: Coghlan’s views that there is no point demanding the surrender of the murderer of Lieutenant Stroyan (during an attack on Richard Burton’s Somali Expedition) as the possibility of locating him is so remote and that the Habr Awal have been punished enough; that one of the ‘actors in the outrage’ (f 338) is already in British custody; and that the alleged murderer would be punished if he fell into British hands in future.Also included in this item is a letter from Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating Honourable Company’s Agent at Juddah [Jeddah] to the Government of Bombay, reporting: the arrival of the HC [Honourable Company’s] ship Elphinstone;the tranquility now prevailing at Juddah and Mecca; the continued presence of the insurgent Abu Montallib [‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad] (former Sharīf of Mecca) at Tayf [Taif] and his desertion by his followers.The principal correspondents are Coghlan, the Government of Bombay and Page.Physical description: 1 item (19 folios)
36. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, [Bombay Secret Letter] No. 12 dated 2 February 1856. The enclosures are dated 10-25 January 1856.The papers comprise three letters from Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Acting Political Resident and Commandant, Aden, to the Secretary to Government, Bombay, covering the following matters:The general peaceful state of affairs in Aden, including relations between tribes of the vicinity and lack of any ‘aggressions’ by the ‘Foutheli chief’ [Aḥmad bin Abdullāh al-Faḍlī]The report by HM Agent and Consul-General in Egypt that an order has, in fact, been given ‘for the emancipation of slaves within the Egyptian territory’ (f 161) but it has been very generally put into execution and has not yet met with any resistance by the ‘mussulman [Muslim] population’. Coghlan notes that the Consul-General’s letter indicates he has not yet heard of the recent disturbance in the Hejaz [also spelled Hedjaz in this item]Reports, from Hodeida [Al Hudaydah] that [Ottoman] Turkish troops have suppressed the insurrections in Jedda [Jeddah, spelled Judda in this item] and Mecca and intend to march on Taif [Ta'if] to where rebel leader Shereef Abd-el-Mutalib [Sharif ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad] has fled from MeccaNews of a violent rebellion in Massowah [Massawa, also known as Mitsiwa] against the Governor of Massawa, reported by Raffaello Barroni, Agent to Mr Plowden [Walter Chichele Plowden], HM Consul in Abyssinia [now Ethiopia], including Barroni’s urgent request to Coghlan to send a vessel to save the ‘lives, merchandise and money of all the Indians, Banyans and Europeans who are here’ (f 164).Also included are: three Resolutions of the Board including a Resolution to despatch the vessel Queenfor the protection of British subjects at Jedda, and the Elphinstoneto afford relief and protection at Mussowah on the proviso it does not prevent the restoration of peace in Jedda; and a letter from the Secretary to the Government of India agreeing that Lieutenant Richard Burton’s ‘negligence’ does not excuse the actions of the [Habr Awwal] tribe and that until reparation is received the blockade of Berbera should remain in place.Physical description: 1 item (13 folios)