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1. ‘Aden – Affairs’
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The main correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, British Political Agent at Aden; Lieutenant Charles Cruttenden, Assistant Political Agent at Aden. It is the second in a series of five items concerning Aden (the others are IOR/F/4/2100/98226, 98228, 98229, and 98230).The item concerns British fears that the large force Sherriffe Hussain ibn Ali Hyder [Sharif Hussain bin 'Ali Haydar, Governor of Mocha] has collected at Mocha will be used to attack Aden.The majority of the item is made up of the report of Lieutenant Charles Cruttenden of his tour of the Horn of Africa, including a description of:The state of affairs at Shoa [Shewa]Zeyla [Saylac], which is experiencing civil unrestBerbera, where contentious fortifications are under constructionBurnt Island [Maydh Island]The state of the wreck of the Memnonoff Cape Guardafui, which had its copper removed and sold contrary to British injunctionsMaculla [Al Mukalla], where he inquired into a complaint by a Banian merchant that his house had been plundered.The item includes a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft 683, P.C. [Previous Communication] 4878, [Season 18]45’, ‘Vol: 2’, ‘Collection No 7 of No 10’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 216 and terminates at f 237, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
2. ‘Aden. Mr. Wheatley and others regarding the fate of.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, dated 19 June and 15 November 1847.The item relates to investigations by Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, Captain in the Indian Navy and Political Agent at Aden, into the disappearance of crew members and passengers belonging to the schooner, Highflyer. Captain Alcock, Master of the Highflyer; Mr Wheatly, a passenger; and two seamen were last seen on a dinghy near Zeyla [Saylac]. Lieutenant Charles John Cruttenden, Assistant Political Agent at Aden, reports on his discussions with Hadj Shermarkhi [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, Shaikh of Saylac, also rendered in text as Sheermarka]. Cruttenden and Haines’s opinions on the fate of the missing persons are included.Correspondents include: Haines; Cruttenden; the Government of Bombay; and the Court of Directors.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft N. 345/48’, ‘Collection No. 4 of No. 86’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 711, and terminates at f 722, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
3. Yemen, Zeila and Tadjoura Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 10 of 1841, dated 28 February 1841. The enclosures are dated 21 January to 26 February 1841.The enclosures mainly consist of copies of correspondence relating to events in Aden, Mocha (also spelled Mokha in this item), Hodeida [Al Hudaydah], Zeila (also spelled Zeyla), and Tadjoura (also spelled Tajoura and Tedjoura).The main correspondent is the Political Agent at Aden (Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines). Letters from Haines to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay (John Pollard Willoughby) also include enclosed letters from the following: the Imaum of Senna [Imam of Sanaa], Said Mahomed [Al-Hadi Muhammad]; Lieutenant-Colonel G Wilson, Commanding the troops at Aden; and Charles Tilstone Beke.The enclosures relate to matters including:The postponement of the modification of the Treaty with the Chief of Zeila by Haines, due to the unsettled state of affairs at MochaThe minerals and soil of TadjouraHaines having requested the services of the East India Company’s brig of war Euphratesand schooner of war ConstanceCaptain H Stiles, the Bazaar Master, having been shot at by a Bedouin of the Yahmany [Yemeni] division of the Abdali tribe outside the Field Works at Aden, while riding out with several other officers beyond the prescribed limitsThe sanction of the Governor-General of India in Council to the appointment of Mr J Hatchatoor as British Agent at Tadjoura, on a salary of 300 Rupees per month.Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-9, on folios 1-2. These numbers are repeated for reference on the last verso of each enclosure.
4. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 92 of 1840, dated 31 October 1840. The enclosures are numbered 3-42 and are dated 1 September to 27 October 1840. They mostly consist of correspondence relating to Aden affairs.The enclosures concern matters including:The Political Agent at Aden, Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, reporting the arrival at Aden of the Honourable Company’s sloop of war Elphinstone, brig Euphrates, and steamer Victoriacarrying the mail, and forwarding the reports of the Commanders of the Elphinstoneand the Euphratesto the Government of BombayThe proposed appointment by Haines of Mr Hatchatoor as Agent at TadjouraThe amount of reward to be paid to the Commander, Captain Warden, and crew of the barque Arielfor assistance provided at Aden over several days in November and December 1839, and the Political Agent at Aden paying Warden 200 German Crowns on account of the two brass guns which he suppliedThe approbation of the Government of India of the ‘gallantry’ with which the attack on Aden by ‘a large body of Arabs’ on 5 July 1840 was repulsedHaines reporting that he has ordered the Elphinstoneto return to Aden for subsequent despatch to the Persian Gulf, and the Government of Bombay referring him to previous instructions for the detention of the Elphinstoneat Mocha during the ‘present settled state of affairs’, for the protection of British interests in that areaThe crediting of money raised from the sale of goods recovered from the barque Duria Dowlut, which was wrecked at Aden in 1837, to the Government of MadrasThe political state of affairs in the neighbourhood of AdenMeasures taken by the Political Agent at Aden to counteract attempts to establish French influence on the eastern coast of AfricaOvertures from the King of Shoa [Shewa] to establish friendly relations with the British Government, and the question of whether or not it would be advisable to send a British mission to ShoaHaines’s opinion on the strength and description of the force required to proceed into the interior from AdenThe Government of Bombay informing the Government of India that it is impossible at present for it equip a force of the strength and description considered necessary by the British authorities at Aden, for an attack on Lahedge [Lahej].The correspondence is mainly between Haines and the Government of Bombay, and between the Government of Bombay and the Officiating Secretary to the Government of India.Other correspondents include: Captain Sanders, Commander of the Honourable Company’s sloop of war Cliveand Senior Naval Officer at Aden; Lieutenant Richard Ethersey, Commander of the Elphinstone; Lieutenant W Barker, Commander of the Euphrates; the King of Shoa; and Reverend F L Karff.The enclosures also include copies of commercial treaties entered into, in September 1840, between the East India Company and the following: the Governor of Zeyla [Zeila], Syed Mahomed bar [Sayyid Muḥammad Barr]; and the Governor of Mocha, Sherriff Hussein bin ali bin Hydar al Hassenee [Sharīf Ḥusayn bin 'Alī bin Ḥaydar].Physical description: 1 item (106 folios)
5. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 20 dated 19 March 1856. The enclosures are dated 15 January-19 March 1856.The correspondents are: Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Acting Political Resident and Commandant, Aden; the Secretary to the Government, Bombay; and Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating HC [Honourable Company] Agent at Juddah [Jeddah]. The item also includes enclosures to correspondence and one Resolution of the Board.The papers cover the following matters:Coghlan’s decision to continue the British blockade of Berbera, and to disregard the confession (ff 310-311) of a prisoner named ‘Ali Mahomed’ [‘Alī Muḥammad] who has been brought to Aden on the Mahi, since he is not considered to have been the ‘ring leader’ of the attack on the Somali Expedition of Lieutenant Richard Burton and has been repudiated by the Elders [of the Habr Awwal tribe]Events relating to Zailah [Zeila, also spelled Zeylah in this item], including: the attempt by the Haj Shermarki [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, also spelled Sheumarki and Shermarkie in this item] to retake his position as Governor, from which he was lately ousted by the [Ottoman] Turkish authorities; Coghlan’s attempt to prevent Shermarki blockading Zailah and potentially disrupting British supply chains by sending the Assistant Resident to liaise between Shermarki and the Turkish authorities; Coghlan’s efforts to ascertain the effect of the [Ottoman] Sultan’s proclamation prohibiting slavery at Zailah, considering news of the arrival there of a ‘large slave Caffilah [caravan]’ from the interior (ff 314-315)News obtained from Mocha that cholera has broken out in the camp of the Asseer [‘Asīr tribe] apparently causing the death of their leader and causing the force's retirement from their putative campaign to attack the Red Sea ports of YemenRelations in Aden between the Abdali [al-‘Abdalī] and Oulaki [al-‘Awlaqī]] ‘chiefs’ regarding their mutual claims over the fort of Bir Ahmed [Bir Ahmad], including: a letter sent by the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, to the Resident in Hyderabad asking him to gather information about the apparent influence of one ‘Sirdar Abdulla bin Ali Oulaki’ [Sirdār ‘Abdullāh bin ‘Alī al-‘Awlaqī] a ‘jemadar [jamadar] in the service of His Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad’ (f 322); and Coghlan’s decision to abstain from interference provided that the dispute causes no interruption of tradeIntelligence relating to the state of affairs in Massowah [Massawa, also known as Mitsiwa], including a letter from Raffaello Barroni, Agent to Mr Plowden [Walter Chichele Plowden], HM Consul in Abyssinia [now Ethiopia], reporting the promise of the Naib of Massawa to re-establish order but that the current absence of any governor renders Massawa ‘without soldiers and without protection, and the population … left to herself and committed to fortune’ (f 318)Report by Stephen Page describing the state of affairs in Juddah and its vicinity since the unsuccessful insurrection led by Abu Montallib [Sharif ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib bin Ghālib bin Musā‘ad], including Page’s: description of the recent engagement at Tayf (to where Abu Montallib had retreated) between ‘Bedouins’ and [Ottoman] Turkish soldiers; concern regarding the delayed arrival of the newly appointed [sharif?] Ebu Aonan [Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Mu‘īn bin ‘Awn]; Page’s belief that the arrival at Juddah of the Elphinstonewas effective in preventing further disturbance and his request that it may return there by April to avoid potential attacks by ‘Bedouin’ if Ebu Aonan has not yet arrived; and opinion that Abu Montallib’s rebellion was not properly quashedReports on the prevalence of smallpox and typhoid in the town of Aden.Physical description: 1 item (22 folios)
6. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 36 of 1856, dated 12 May 1856. The enclosures are dated 9 April-10 May 1856.The papers concern events on the north east coast of Africa, as reported to the Government of Bombay by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident at Aden. They specifically cover the following matters:Reports by Raffaello Barroni, Agent to Walter Chichele Plowden, HM Consul in Abyssinia [now Ethiopia], of disorder alleged to be fostered by the Governor of Mussowah [Massawa] and the resultant plunder carried out by Egyptian soldiers in nearby Abyssinian provinces, and the trafficking of prisoners taken by Egyptian troops on the ‘slave market’ at MussowahProceedings relating to Haj Shermarkie [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, also spelled Shermarkay and Shurmarkie in this item], the deposed Governor of Zailah [Saylac, or Zeila, Somalia, also spelled Zeylah in this item], including: Coghlan’s deputation of his assistant, Lieutenant Robert Lambert Playfair, to travel on the HC [Honourable Company’s] steam vessel Queento investigate Shermarkie’s alleged ‘piracy’ and attempts to blockade and re-take Zailah; Playfair’s account of his visits to the coastal ports of Zailah, Ain Tarad [El Darad, or Ceel Dhaarand], Berbera and Tajourah [Tadjoura], including a description of the mediation he conducted on board the Queenbetween the mutually hostile Shermarkie and the new Governor of Zeylah, Haj Aboo Bekr bin Ibrahim [Ḥājjī Abū Bakr bin Ibrāhīm, also spelled Aboo Bukur Dunklee in this item]; and the offer of asylum at Aden to Haj Shermarkie on condition that he does not leave without permission from the Political Resident or use Aden as a base to organise further attacks on ZailahThe trade in enslaved persons in Zailah and Tajourah and Playfair’s opinion that it will never be suppressed unless British vessels have permission to search Turkish [Ottoman] vessels at sea and land enslaved persons on shore.Coghlan also reports on the water shortages at Aden, reduced water allowances, and continuing efforts to improve the water supply.The principal correspondents are Coghlan and the Government of Bombay. Coghlan’s despatches contain numerous enclosures including letters and reports from: Playfair; Barroni; the Governor of Yemen; and Haj Shermarkie (letters written in September 1855, in which Shermarkie complains of his recent deposition and reminds Coghlan of his previous acts of loyalty towards Britain).Physical description: 1 item (24 folios)
7. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 33 of 1856, dated 28 April 1856. The enclosures are dated 14-26 April 1856.The enclosures comprise copies of reports and correspondence relating to the deployment of the HC [Honourable Company’s] sloop of war Elphinstoneand steamship Queento the Arabian and African Red Sea coasts, targeted at intimidating insurgent forces and quelling disturbances in: Mecca and Juddah [Jeddah, also spelled Jedda and in this item]; Hodeida [Al Hudaydah, also spelled Hodeidah in this item]; Mussowa [Massawa, also spelled Massowah and Massowa in this item]; and Zeylah [Saylac, or Zeila, Somalia].The papers notably include:Letters and reports by Captain John James Frushard, Indian Navy, Senior Naval Officer, Aden, on the Elphinstoneto: Stephen Page, HM Acting Vice-Consul and Officiating Agent at Judda, requesting Page to forward any proclamation made by the British Government and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire abolishing the trade in enslaved persons in the Hedjaz [Hejaz]; Camil Pacha [Muḥammad Kāmil Pāshā, also written Mehmed Kiamil Pacha in this item] Governor of the Hejaz, announcing his arrival at Juddah to assist in quelling the disturbances in Mecca; William Marcus Coghlan, Political Resident, Aden, describing proceedings of the Elphinstoneand Queenat Hodeida and with Mahmud Pasha, Governor of Hodeida, against the Assyr [‘Asīr tribe], and reporting the small French presence in the Red Sea portsLetters and reports by Lieutenant G N Adams, Indian Navy, Commanding the Queen, to Coghlan and Rear Admiral Sir Henry John Leeke, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Navy, reporting his proceedings at Mocha and Hodeida, Juddah, and Mussowa, including conditions on board ship and running aground on the way to AdenLeeke’s commendation of Frushard and Adams, notably for their ‘zeal and energy’ which saved Hodeida from being ‘cruelly murdered and robbed’ (f 146) by the AssyrCoghlan’s instructions that the Queenconvey the Assistant Political Resident, Lieutenant Robert Lambert Playfair, to Zeylah to investigate reports that Haj Shermarkay [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ], former Ruler of Zeylah, has blockaded the port and committed acts of ‘piracy’ in the vicinity, and to take any necessary action to prevent the interruption of supplies.The principal correspondents are: Coghlan, Frushard, Adams and Leeke.Physical description: 1 item (19 folios)
8. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 144 of 1846, dated 2 December 1846. The enclosures are dated 20 April-26 November 1846.The enclosures relate to affairs in Aden, as follows:The approval by the Secret Committee of the vigilance shown by Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, Political Agent, Aden, regarding a contemplated attack on Aden, and refusal to sanction his ‘plan for punishing the Arab Chieftains by an inland expedition to destroy their Castle’ (f 279)Measures to be put in place for the prevention of steamer passengers from India, en route to Suez and Europe, landing at Aden during the prevalence at that place of cholera or other epidemic diseases which are likely to cause the apprehension of the Egyptian authorities, including: the reasons for the Bombay Medical Board suggesting the measure; the drafting of a Notification for the Indian public and subsequent decision not to publicise the decision; notification to Haines, HM Consul-General in Egypt and the Superintendent of the Indian Navy to instead alert passengers of the landing prohibition as and when circumstances require (ff 282-302)The report by Lieutenant MacDonald of the HC [Honourable Company’s] schooner Mahi, on his investigation into the fate of the persons missing from the schooner High Flyerwhile off the coast of Zeyla [Zeila], and the conclusion of Haines and the Government of Bombay that the boat capsized in a squall and those on board perished, and that local people were not in any way connected to their disappearance (ff 303-310)An estimate of the probable cost of repairing the roads and pier at Aden, supplied by Captain James Kilner, Executive Engineer, Aden, and the Military Board’s request that Kilner supply a more detailed report on the requirements and the proposed methods of works (ff 311-316)The extent of building ground granted in the new town of Aden and the amount of quit rent [tax or land tax imposed on occupants of freehold or leased land in lieu of services to a higher landowning authority, usually a government or its assigns] that will be payable when the Government of Bombay orders Haines to levy it, including the question of rate of the levy and a statement showing the grants of ground and the leviable amounts (ff 318-323)The request that the Kilner arrange the repair of the sea wall and road near Ras Sheik Ahmed [Ra’s Shaykh Aḥmad] (coal point) which was washed away in several places by the violence of the sea (ff 324-326)Haines’s request for authorisation to employ two labourers to tend and water the ‘Government Experimental Garden at Aden’, his explanation to the Government of Bombay of its utility in supplying vegetables to the military hospital during times of scarcity due to road closures, and the latter’s decision to transfer responsibility from the Political Department to the Military Department (ff 327-334)Haines’s authorization for his assistant, Lieutenant Charles John Cruttenden, to proceed to sea (travelling to Ceylon [Sri Lanka], Bengal and back to Aden) for three months for the benefit of his health, including a copy of a medical certificate signed by the Civil Surgeon, Aden (ff 335-339).The principal correspondents are: Haines; the Government of Bombay; the Medical Board, Bombay; and the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (69 folios)