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85. File 4880/1913 Pt 1-2 'Turco-Persian Frontier Commission'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence, reports and maps concerning the Turco-Persian Frontier Commission of 1913.Part 1 concerns arrangements for an Anglo-Russian loan to the Persian Commission, to provide for the cost of erecting boundary pillars.Part 2 concerns negotiations over and arrangements for the Turco-Persian Frontier Commission, and the eventual production of the Protocole relative à la Délimitation turco-persane, signé à Constantinople le 4 (17) Novembre, 1913.It also contains maps of the Turco-Persian frontier at Hawizeh [Howeyzeh], Shatt-Al-'Arab, Bahmanshir [Rūdkhāneh-ye Bahmanshīr], Muhammareh [Khorramshar] and Abbádán I [Ābādān].Each part includes a divider which gives the subject, part number, the year the file was opened, subject heading, and a list of correspondence references found within that part, listed by year. These are placed after the last piece of correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 316; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located at the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-313; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
86. File 252/1910 Pt 2 Persian Gulf: lighting and buoying; buoyage of Shatt al-Arab
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains letters, reports and memoranda concerning the lighting and buoyage of the Shatt al-Arab. Correspondence discusses the poor state of the buoys and need for repainting; a re-survey of the Shatt al-Arab in order the prevent the Germans from gaining influence. Also discussed is the need to establish which British maintained-buoys are in Turkish or Persian waters and the dispatch of a British naval force to the area where British buoys had been laid.Correspondents include: Viceroy of India; Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department; Director, Royal Indian Marine, and the Vali of Basra.The volume is part 2 of 2. Each part includes a divider which gives the subject and part numbers, year the subject file was opened, subject heading, and list of correspondence references contained in that part of the year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 327; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
87. File 1846/1912 Pt 1-2 'Turkey in Asia: Shatt al Arab Riverain Commission'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence and draft agreements relating to the establishment of the Shatt al Arab Riverain Commission in Ottoman Iraq. The files discuss the Commission's proposed functions on regulating trade and traffic at the Shatt al Arab estuary, but mostly discuss the governing conventions of the Commission and its independence from local Turkish Authorities.The correspondence is mainly between British authorities at the India Office and various British diplomatic missions writing from the capitals of the various European powers involved in talks on the establishment of the Commission in question. Significantly, the papers discuss the possibility of internationalising the Shatt al Arab waterway. However, in view of the fact that the Ottoman claim to the waterway was indisputable, British authorities opted for stronger Imperial Ottoman rather than local Ottoman control over the Commission's activities so as to ostensibly ensure fair treatment of international vessels navigating the Shatt al Arab.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 323; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
88. File 3136/1914 Pt 1 ‘German War. Situation in Turkish Arabia & Persian Gulf’
- Description:
- Abstract: Papers concerning diplomatic tensions between the British and Ottoman Governments at the outset of the First World War, including social unrest and military/naval movements in Baghdad, Basra, and the Shatt al-Arab. The volume’s papers were produced prior to the Ottoman Ruler Sultan Mehmed V’s declaration of war on Britain, France and Russia on 11 November 1914. The papers cover:The activities of Seyyid Talib [Saiyid Talib ibn Saiyid Rajab], former Governor (Wali) of Basra, in June 1914, including his attack on Basra and occupation of Zobeir [Zubayr].Reports of growing anti-British sentiment at Basra and Baghdad, and proposals to evacuate British women and children from the area in the event of war with Ottoman Turkey.Diplomatic exchanges between the British and Ottoman Governments, over the presence of British vessels (in particular HMS Odin) in the Shatt al-Arab, and in international waters off the coast of Mohammerah [Khorramshahr].Interruptions to British steamship services at Basra and Baghdad, particularly those of the Euphrates & Tigris Steam Navigation Company, as a result of Ottoman actions that include the requisitioning of coal at Basra.British officials’ concerns over the status of Anglo-Persian Oil Company’s operations at Abadan, including the reluctance of vessels to travel up to the head of the Persian Gulf to Abadan, and the British Government’s assurances that vessels travelling to Abadan and Mohammerah would be covered by War Insurance.British officials’ concerns over rumours that the Ottoman Navy plans to mine the Shatt al-Arab.The file’s principal correspondents include: the India Office (John Evelyn Shuckburgh; Edmund George Barrow; Arthur Hirtzel); the Foreign Office (Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe; Louis du Pan Mallet); the Viceroy of India (Charles Hardinge); the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Major Stuart George Knox).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 330; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The front and back covers, along with the leading flyleaf and ending flyleaf, have not been foliated.
89. File 3136/1914 Pt 2 ‘German War. Situation in Turkish Arabia & Persian Gulf’
- Description:
- Abstract: Papers concerning events in Mesopotamia and in the Persian Gulf, leading up to and immediately after the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey. The file is a chronological continuation of File 3136/1914 Pt 1 ‘German War. Situation in Turkish Arabia & Persian Gulf’ (IOR/L/PS/10/462). Subjects covered include:Concerns amongst British officials that Turkey will lay mines in the Shatt al-Arab.Reports of the spreading of anti-British and pro-German propaganda by Turkish officials, including an undated manifesto (translated into English from Arabic) issued by an organisation called the Moslem Committee of Learned Men (ff 139-143).British intelligence on the movements, actions and correspondence exchanged between the region’s most prominent rulers and key figures, including the former Governor (Wali) of Basra, Seyyid Talib [Saiyid Talib ibn Saiyid Rajab], the Emir of Najd and Al-Aḥsā, Bin Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] and the Turkish Minister of War, Ismail Enver Pasha.Reports on public opinion amongst the Arab populations of the Persian Gulf, and proposed British propaganda measures, including plans to distribute copies of the Illustrated War Newsto the various rulers in the Persian Gulf (ff 199-203).The breaking-off of diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Turkey on 30 October 1914.Reports, submitted by Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Zachariah Cox, Chief Political Officer of Indian Expeditionary Force D (IEFD), on the progress of IEFD at Basra, including reports of military action at Fao [Al-Fāw], (f 56, f 65, ff 67-68, ff 116-120, f 123).The death of Captain Richard Lockington Birdwood, Assistant Political Officer to Cox, at Basra, on 17 November 1914 (ff 90-91).Reports of anti-British propaganda and activities at Erzeroum [Erzurum], as reported by the city’s British Consul (ff 84-89, ff 103-104).Proposals, including those set out in a letter written by Captain Arnold Talbot Wilson of the Indian Political Department, to the British Consul at Mohammerah [Khorramshahr], dated 28 November 1914 (ff 14-17) for Mesopotamia to become an Indian colony after the war.The file’s principal correspondents include: the India Office (John Evelyn Shuckburgh; Edmund George Barrow; Arthur Hirtzel); the Foreign Office (Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe; Louis du Pan Mallet); the Chief Political Officer of IEFD (Percy Zachariah Cox).The file includes a small number of copies of diplomatic exchanges between the British, Ottoman and Persian Governments ( notes verbale), which are written in French.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 248; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
90. File 50/1914 Pt 5,6,7, & 8 'Persian Gulf Buoying and Lighting'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence between the Political Agency in Kuwait, the Residency in the Persian Gulf, and Trinity House in London about lighting and buoying operations in the Gulf near the Shatt al Arab waterway. Most of the correspondence relates to the placement of maritime lighting indicators to facilitate the navigation of the northern reaches of the Gulf.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 357; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
91. File 50/1914 Pt 1 'Persian Gulf: Lighting & Buoying; General Arrangements'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains papers relating to the instalment and maintenance of lighting and other navigation facilities in the Persian Gulf, and particularly around the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. Most of the papers pertain to the capital expenditures of the new navigation aids for ships. A minority of the papers document some geo-political concerns regarding the presence of Turkish ships in the Persian Gulf, and the Ottoman State's possible intention to maintain a permanent presence in the Gulf.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 196; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
92. File 50/1914 Pt 10 'Persian Gulf: Lighting and Buoying; Supply of Lighthouse Tender; the Nearchus'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains papers relating to the instalment and maintenance of lighting and other navigation facilities in the Persian Gulf, and particularly around the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, and waters around Kuwait, Bushire, and Bahrain. Most of the papers pertain to the capital expenditures on the new navigation aids for ships.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 233; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
93. File 4480/1923 Pt 1 ‘Persian Gulf: Ownership of the Shatt-el-Arab’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains papers relating to the right of navigation in the Shatt-el-Arab (also referred to as the Shatt-al-Arab).It includes correspondence relating to the following: the alignment of the Perso-Iraq frontier at the mouth of the Shatt-al-Arab; the right of Persian [Iranian] vessels to navigate the Shatt-al-Arab and to anchor in Iraq waters; the proposal that the Shatt-al-Arab should be treated as an international waterway, and that an international commission should be appointed to look after it; the proposed establishment of a Conservancy Board to control the navigation in the Shatt-al-Arab, and the proposal that the Conservancy Board should also be charged with the superintendence of lighting and buoying throughout the Persian Gulf.The main correspondents are as follows: the India Office; the Foreign Office; Sir Robert Henry Clive, HM Minister, Tehran; the Admiralty; the High Commissioner for Iraq; the Colonial Office; the Air Council (Air Ministry); and the Government of India Foreign and Political Department.The volume includes correspondence in French between Sir R H Clive and Mirza Abdul Hussein Khan Taimourtache (also spelled Teymourtache in the file) [Abdolhossein Teymūrtāsh], Minister of Court, Persia, dated 19 April 1928 (folios 353-354) and 26 July 1930 (folio 31).The volume includes a map and three charts of the Shatt al-Arab [IOR/L/PS/10/1098, f 131; IOR/L/PS/10/1098, f 163; IOR/L/PS/10/1098, f 262; and IOR/L/PS/10/1098, f 263].The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 357; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
94. Manuscript copies of correspondence between Pelly and the Political Department, Bombay.
- Description:
- Abstract: Copies of official correspondence to and from Lewis Pelly, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Charles Gonne, Secretary to the Government of Bombay; the Political Agent at Muscat (Colonel Herbert Disbrowe, Captain George Andrew Atkinson) and the Secretaries to the Government of India (Charles Girdlestone, William Muir). There is also enclosed correspondence on behalf of the Secretary of State for India (Sir Stafford Northcote, The Duke of Argyll, The Marquess of Salisbury, and the Viscount Cranbrook) and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (the Earl of Clarendon).The correspondence covers there main areas in relation to affairs in the Persian Gulf:The situation in Muscat including the dispute between the Sultan of Muscat and the Wahabees [Wahhabi]; threats to the Sultanship from Ibrahim bin Qais and Azzan bin Qais; and the attempts by Sayyid Turki bin Said al-Said to overthrow his nephew Sayyid Salim II bin Thuwaini al-Said.The resolution of affairs in relation to Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi] following acts of plunder and aggression undertaken by members of their tribes against Persian and Arabian towns and villages. The correspondence refers to Bahrein and Aboothabee's reaffirmation of their commitment to the maritime peace treaty and the signing of the treaty by Mahommed ben Sanee [Muhammad bin Thānī] of Guttur, as well as decisions in regard to the sanctions against Mohammed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah], the orchestrator of the acts of aggression.Questions regarding the sovereignty of Bahrein and Guttur. The correspondence includes details of both Persia and Turkey's claims to the sovereignty of Bahrein and includes translations of letters from Mahommed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] in which he recognises Persia's sovereignty of Bahrein and its peoples and concerns over Turkish claims of sovereignty following the death of a Turkish General on the mainland near Bahrein.The question of the sovereignty of Guttur relates to its recognition by Lewis Pelly in 1868 in signing the maritime peace treaty and arrangements made by Pelly for the tribute paid by Guttur to Bahrein to be paid through the Political Residency, which the British Government viewed as simply an arrangement to pay tribute to protect both states frontiers against the Naim [Āl Na‘īm] and Wahabee [Wahhabi] tribes, rather than a statement of Guttur's independence.Physical description: Foliation: The contents of the file have been foliated using a pencil number enclosed in a circle located in the top right hand corner of the recto of each folio.