Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, extracts from Bombay [Mumbai] Political Consultations. The papers contained in this item are partial enclosures to a Political Letter sent from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 10 June 1845. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2122/100076, alongside details of further enclosures.The item relates to tension between the Chaab [Banū Ka‘b] tribe and the Beniyas [Banī Yās] tribe. Commodore John Croft Hawkins, Commander of the Indian Naval Squadron in the Persian Gulf, informs Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, that he recently prevented Beniyas subjects from stealing a Chaab bugla [baggalah], which they said was in retaliation for the seizure of one of their ships by Shaik Faris [Shaikh Fāris bin Ghayth], Acting Governor of Chaab, in early 1845. Concerned that this dispute may develop into warfare, Hennell wishes to pass on a firman from the Shah of Persia [Iran] and letter from the Prime Minister [of Persia], both of which instruct Sooleyman Khan, the Persian Sirteep at Mohumrah [Sulaymān Khān, Sartīp at Khorramshahr], to facilitate the restitution of the Beniyas vessel. Hennell instructs Hawkins to send the Company ship,
Constance, to Bussorah [Basra] to deliver the letter and firman and, if their instructions are accepted, superintend the return of the Beniyas vessel to Bussorah. Hennell also requests Major Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia, to permit Parseigh Johannes, Native Agent at Bussorah, to assist the crew of the
Constancewith this task.Correspondents: Hennell; Hawkins; the Government of Bombay; and Justin Sheil, HM Minister at the Court of Persia.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5061, Draft 29/46, Coll[ection] 23, Vol: 2’, ‘Collection No. 1 of No. 62’ and ‘Examiner's Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 451, and terminates at f 461, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, minutes, and consultations cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. These political letters appear in IOR/F/4/2302/118727. The correspondents are the Government of Bombay and Major Samuel Hennell, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf. It is the forty-seventh in a series of fifty-one items on the Persian Gulf.The item concerns Hennell’s orders that the East India Company schooner
Constanceproceed to Bombay [Mumbai], as it is not required in the Gulf. He also directs that the East India Company brig
Euphratesvisit Shargah [Sharjah] and then the ports between Amulgavine [Umm al-Qaywayn] and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi].The item contains a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Collection No 11 of No 4’, ‘Coll[ection]: 17’ and ‘Draft no 465 of 49’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 702, and terminates at f 706, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence, minutes and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] to the East India Company Court of Directors. The item relates to attempts by the Government of Bombay to suppress the trade in enslaved people in the Gulf and on the coasts of Cutch, Kattywar and Karachi [Kachchh, Kāthiāwār and Karāchi]. In particular, the item relates to:A report in 1837 by Abdoola bin Awaz [Abdullah bin ‘Awaz] that 233 young women were abducted from the Burburra Coast [Berbera] by the crews of Joasmee [al-Qawāsim] boats to be sold at the principal ports on the Arabian side of the GulfConcerns expressed by Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, in 1837-38 regarding the difficulty in persuading the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat and the principal Arabian chiefs to prohibit their subjects from participating in the trade in enslaved people and his fear that reducing this trade conducted by these rulers would simply result in the trade being carried on by others from the Ottoman Porte [Ottoman Empire] and Persia [Iran]Hennell’s success in obtaining agreements in 1838-39 with several rulers on the Arabian peninsula, the contents of which: extend the boundary line beyond which it is prohibited to carry enslaved people from between Cape Delgado and Diu Head to between Cape Delgado and Pussein [Pasni]; authorise the British Government to search any vessels belonging to the rulers’ subjects found eastward of this boundary line which may be suspected of carrying enslaved people and to liberate the enslaved people on board; confirm that Soomalee [Somali] people are to be considered as ‘hoor’ [ḥurr] or ‘free’, therefore the selling of them as enslaved people is to be considered an act of ‘piracy’.The above agreements being signed by: Seed Said bin Sultan, the Imaum of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd]; Shaik Sultan bin Suggur of Rasel Khymah [Shaikh Sulṭān I bin Ṣaqr al-Qāsimī of Ra’s al-Khaymah and Sharjah]; Shaik Mukhtoom bin Butye of Debaye [Shaikh Maktūm I bin Buṭṭī Āl Bū Falāseh of Dubai]; Shaik Abdoollah bin Rashed of Amulgaveen [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Rāshid al-Mu’allā of Umm al-Qaywayn]; Shaik Rashid bin Humeed of Ejman [Shaikh Rāshid I bin Ḥumaid al-Nu‘aymī of ‘Ajmān]; and Shaik Khuleefa bin Shakboot of Aboothabee [Shaikh Khalifa bin Shakhbūṭ Āl Nahyān of Abu Dhabi]Discussions of how these agreements differ from previous treaties, including the 1820 General Maritime Treaty [General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf] and the 1822 treaty signed between the Imaum and Captain Moresby of HMS ship
Menai, and whether parts of the treaties are too ambiguousA complaint in 1840 by Captain A H Nott, Commanding the Company ship
Tigris, that despite the new agreements he is unable to interfere with vessels found with enslaved people on board because he cannot prove that the people have been kidnapped directly by the crews of the vesselsMinutes by the Board of the Government of Bombay lamenting the apparent ineffectiveness of the new agreements and suggesting further measures to be taken.The item contains a copy of the Bombay Government Gazette (folios 1015-1022) from 21 May 1840, which, amongst other notifications, announces the new agreement with the Imaum of Muscat in English, Arabic, Persian, Gujarati and Marathi. In addition, Captain Nott’s reports (folios 1030-1031 and 1041-1044) provide details on the number of enslaved people being trafficked annually, how they come to be enslaved, and at which prices they are sold.There are numerous copies of the 1838-39 agreements at: ff 935-936; 943; 945-946; 991; 994-995; 999-1000; 1008-1009; and 1050.Principal correspondents include: Hennell; Nott; Thomas MacKenzie, Acting Assistant in charge of the [Persian Gulf] Residency; the governments of Bombay and India; and agents at Muscat and Shargah [Sharjah].The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 3075, Draft 431, 1841’, ‘Collection No. 5’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 929, and terminates at f 1078, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and resolutions, cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 29 August 1854. A copy of this letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2586/154786, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the sixth in a series of nine items on events in the Persian Gulf 1853-54.The item relates to two reports forwarded by Commodore George Robinson, Commanding Persian Gulf Squadron, to Captain Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Resident in the Persian Gulf. The first report, written by Lieutenant Robert Austice Stradling, Commanding the Company schooner
Constance, mentions:Expedition to Sohar [Suhar] by Ahmed ben Saidaree [Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Sudayrī], a Wahabee [Wahhābī] LieutenantDetails of the subsequent amicable settlement reached between Syed Thweeny [Sayyid Thuwaynī bin Sa‘īd Āl Bū Sa‘īd], Governor of Muscat, and Abdullah ben Fysul [‘Abdullāh bin Fayṣal], Wahabee commanderPlans of Abdullah ben Fysul to return to Nedjd [Najd] once Ahmed ben Saidaree returns to Brymee [Buraymī].The second report, written by Lieutenant David Rose Dakers, Commanding the Company ship
Tigris, provides an update on the same situation. It also mentions:Action taken by Hajee Yacoob [Ḥājjī Ya‘qūb], Government Agent at Shargah [Sharjah], to retrieve indigo previously stolen the year before from the British ship,
CentaurCurrent tensions between the sheikhs [shaikhs] of Debaie [Dubai] and ShargahConcerns that once the Wahabee 'chieftain' departs the region, the tensions will develop into conflict and that the Sheikh of Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi] would be expected to join the Sheikh of DebaieMoney restored to Mahomed ben Fullah [Muḥammad bin Falāḥ], previously involved in a 'piratical attack', because of his 'good behaviour'.Kemball forwards the reports, alongside his own comments, to the Government of Bombay who in turn forward them to the Government of India.The item contains multiple spellings for multiple personal and place names.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Bombay Political Department', Draft Number '20 1855', 'Collection No. 5 of No. 58 of 1854', 'Vol: 5' and 'Examiner's Office'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 867, and terminates at f 878, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, minutes, and consultations, cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. These political letters appear in IOR/F/4/2235/112011. It is the third in a series of five items on the Persian Gulf.The correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf; Captain William Lowe, Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf; and Commodore Sir Robert Oliver, Superintendent of the Indian Navy.The item concerns: the seizure, in the Gulf, of eleven vessels belonging to subjects of the Imam of Muscat and carrying enslaved people; the conveying of five of the boats and the enslaved people to Bombay [Mumbai]; and the question of what should now happen to the vessels, their crews, and the enslaved people. It includes a table containing details of the vessels seized (f 179), and five declarations of seizure completed by Lieutenant James Tronson, commanding the Honourable Company’s schooner
Mahi(ff 188-190).The item contains a table of contents (ff 172-173), and the title page (f 171) contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft N. 294/48’, ‘Vol: 3’, ‘Collection No. 1 of No. 135’, and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 171 and terminates at f 195, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 31 January 1848. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the forty-sixth in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item relates to news from the Arabian and Persian [Iranian] coasts of the Gulf, as reported to the Government of Bombay by Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf. In particular, Hennell mentions:The relations between rulers of: Rasel Khymah [Ra’s al Khaymah]; Debaye [Dubai]; Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi]; Amulgavine [Umm al-Qaywayn]; and Bahrein [Bahrain]The consequences of the hostility between the sons of the late Beniyas chief, Khuleefa ben Shackboot [Shaikh Khalīfah bin Shakhbūṭ Āl Nahyān, Ruler of the Banī Yās], and Sheik Saeed bin Tahnoon of Aboothabee [Shaikh Sa‘īd bin Ṭaḥnūn Āl Nahyān, Ruler of Abu Dhabi]The ‘disturbed’ state of the southern coast of Persia due to the feud between the people of Charrack [Bandar-e Charak] and Mogoo [Moghuyeh]The hostility between the former ruler of Bahrein, Sheik Abdoollah ben Ahmed [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah], and his ally, Sheik Esai bin Tareef of Bidda [Shaikh ‘Īsá bin Ṭarīf, Ruler of al-Bid], on one side and the current ruler of Bahrein, Sheik Mahomed ben Khuleefa [Shaikh Muḥammad bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah], on the other sideThe intervention of Captain William Lowe, Commanding [Naval Squadron] in the Persian Gulf, in the dispute between the former and current rulers of Bahrein and Hennell’s suggested course of action in this matterThe dispute between Sheik Sultan bin Suggur [Shaikh Sulṭān I bin Ṣaqr al-Qāsimī] and his sons Ibrahim [Ibrāhīm] and Abdullah [‘Abdullāh] following their attempt on Shargah [Sharjah].To a lesser extent, the item's contents also mention:The actions taken by Ul Ajajee, Wahabee agent at Brymee [Muḥammad bin Sayf al-‘Ajjājī, Wahhābī agent at Al Buraymi], following the expulsion of Kheilela [Khalīlī?] and the Mootawah [Muṭawwa‘] from Sohar [Suhar]An act of ‘atrocity’ committed by six Bedouins of Brymee against a vessel from ShargahBrief details on the recent tour of the Gulf undertaken by Lowe, including: shipwrecks; the seizure of a ship carrying enslaved people; and his communications with sheiks [shaikhs] at the ports he visited during his tour.Correspondents include: Hennell; Lowe; Sheik Mahomed ben Khuleefa; Sultan bin Selamah [Sulṭān bin Salāmah]; Sheik Esai bin Tareef; and the Government of Bombay.The item contains multiple spellings for individuals and places.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48, Coll: 2, Vol: 46’, ‘Collection No. 2 of No. 21’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 513, and terminates at f 537, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 13 November 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the thirty-third in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item contains several letters from the Government of Bombay, all dated 7 October 1847. The letters comprise:Three letters to Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, acknowledging receipt of his letters regarding: the Company ships
Elphinstoneand
Mahi; the peaceful state of the Gulf; and the recent peace between Sheikh Mahomed bin Khuleefa [Shaikh Muḥammad bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah, Shaikh of Bahrain] and Ameer Fysul, the Wahabee ruler [Amīr Fayṣal bin Turkī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Sa‘ūd, leader of the Wahhābī]One letter to Commodore Sir Robert Oliver, Superintendent of the Indian Navy, forwarding him an extract of Hennell’s letter regarding the outbreak of cholera on-board the
Mahi(Hennell’s letter not present)One letter to the Medical Board, Bombay, forwarding a letter from Hennell regarding the outbreak of cholera in Arabia, Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] and Persia [Iran] (Hennell’s letter not present)One letter to Commander Edward Peirse, HM sloop
Cruizer, acknowledging receipt of his letter regarding the recent proceedings of the
Cruizerin the GulfOne letter to the Government of India, transmitting copies of several of Hennell’s letters as well as Peirse’s letter (Hennell’s letters not present).The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48’, ‘Collection No. 2 of No. 139, Vol: 33.’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 429, and terminates at f 434, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 30 September 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the thirty-second in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item contains a letter from Edward Peirse, Commander,
Cruizer, to Commodore Sir Henry Martin Blackwood, dated 20 September 1847. Peirse reports on the Cruizer’s recent tour which included stops at: Muscat; Bunder Abbass [Bandar-e ʻAbbas]; Bassadore [Basaʻidu]; Bushire [Bushehr]; and Shargah [Sharjah]. His letter relays news from the region, particularly the recent advance into Nedgd [Najd] by the Shirreef of Mecca [Sharīf of Mecca] and the impact of this on the influence of the Wahabee [Wahhābī]. He also notes the various reactions to this news amongst the rulers of: Bahrein [Bahrain]; Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi]; Debaye [Dubai]; Amulgavine [Umm al-Qaywayn]; and Shargah and Rasel Kymah [Ra’s al-Khaymah]. Peirse’s letter also touches on activities connected to the ‘slave trade’ [trade in enslaved people].The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48’, ‘Collection No. 2 of No. 118, Vol: 32.’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 424, and terminates at f 428, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The correspondents are Captain Robert Oliver, Superintendent of the Indian Navy and the Marine Department of the Government of Bombay. It is the nineteenth in a series of twenty items on the Persian Gulf (the others are IOR/F/4/2180/106055, IOR/F/4/2180/106056, IOR/F/4/2180/106057, IOR/F/4/2180/106058, IOR/F/4/2180/106059, IOR/F/4/2180/106060, IOR/F/4/2181/106061, IOR/F/4/2181/106062, IOR/F/4/2181/106063, IOR/F/4/2181/106064, IOR/F/4/2181/106065, IOR/F/4/2181/106066, IOR/F/4/2181/106067, IOR/F/4/2181/106068, IOR/F/4/2181/106069, IOR/F/4/2181/106070, IOR/F/4/2181/106071, IOR/F/4/2181/106072, and IOR/F/4/2181/106074).The item concerns the departure of the steam frigate
Sesostrisfrom Bombay to the Persian Gulf.The item contains a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft 282/47, P.C. [Previous Communication] 5573, Coll[ection]: 10, Collection No 15 of No 11’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 117, and terminates at f 120, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 31 August 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the fifteenth in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item relates to the offer made by Commander Edward Peirse, HM’s Sloop
Cruizer, to transport any despatches that the Government of Bombay may wish to send to the Gulf, as he has been ordered to proceed to that region. Letters addressed to Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Gulf, are subsequently taken on board the
Cruizer.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48’, ‘Collection No. 2 of No. 107, Vol: 15.’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 347, and terminates at f 350, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 31 August 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the seventeenth in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item relates to arrangements put in place in the event that Commodore John Croft Hawkins, Commander of the Squadron in the Persian Gulf, may be obliged to leave his station on account of poor health. Robert Oliver, Captain in the Royal Navy and Superintendent of the Indian Navy, reports that Captain William Lowe can act as a suitable replacement in this situation were to arise. The item includes the Government of Bombay’s order that the relevant correspondence should be forwarded to Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48’, ‘Collection No. 2 of No. 107, Vol: 17.’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’. The title page also contains a note that relevant correspondence can be found in Collection No. 7 accompanying despatch from the Government of Bombay, 30 January No. 11 of 1847.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 354, and terminates at f 358, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 31 January 1848. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2238/112322, alongside details of further enclosures. The item is the fifty-ninth in a series of fifty-nine items on events in the Persian Gulf.The item relates to the issue of whether vessels from the ‘Persian or Arabian’ Gulfs require passes in order to obtain the privilege of paying single duties on the goods they import to Bombay [Mumbai], as opposed to the double duties charged for ‘foreign bottoms’ [goods carried on foreign vessels]. Henry Young, the Collector of Customs at Bombay, notes that not all vessels from the Gulfs have carried such passes. Young cites several cases where merchants and leaders have petitioned for refunds after being charged double duties. An audit of such a claim is present at folios 630-631.The item also relates to a pass granted to the bugla,
Sad-ool Barree [Sa‘d al-Barī], by the Governor of Judda and Hubusha [a province under the Ottoman Empire with Jeddah as the principal city] and discussions about whether this document needs to be countersigned by a British officer in order to be considered valid.Correspondents include: Young; Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf; Charles Augustus Murray, Her Majesty’s Consul General in Egypt; and the Government of Bombay.Judda is also rendered as Djeddah in the text.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 345/48, Coll: 2, Vol: 59’, ‘Collection No. 15 of No. 21’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’. The title page also contains a note that relevant correspondence can be found in Enclosures N[umber]s 16 [and?] 19 accompanying despatch from the Government of Bombay, 6 August No. 70 of 1847.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 627, and terminates at f 639, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.