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1. 'Summary of Principal Events in 1907.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of one volume containing a summary of principal events in 1907 by Wilfrid Malleson, Assistant Quartermaster-General, Intelligence Branch, Division of the Chief of Staff in Simla.It covers the following: Russia in Asia, North China, China, Assam, Bhutan, Burma, Indo-China, Japan, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands Indies, Philippines, Siam, Sikkim, Tibet, Persia, Turkey in Asia, Arabia, Somaliland, Abyssinia, Afghanistan, North-West Frontier, Baluchistan.Topics include: Political, Foreign and Internal Relations, Military, Communications, Commercial, Climate, Health, Resources, Harbours, Shipping, Telegraphs, Naval, and Geography.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 76; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
2. 'Summary of Principal Events. 1908'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of one volume containing a summary of principal events in 1908 by Wilfrid Malleson, Assistant Quartermaster-General, Intelligence Branch, Division of the Chief of Staff, Simla.It covers the following: Russia in Asia, Northern China, Bhutan, Burma, China, Indo-China, Japan, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands Indies, Siam, Sikkim, Tibet, Eastern Bengal and Assam, Persia, Turkey in Asia, Arabia, Somaliland, Abyssinia, Afghanistan, North-West Frontier, Baluchistan, and unrest in India.Topics include: politics - foreign and internal relations, military, communications, commercial, climate and health, resources, harbours, shipping, telegraphs, naval matters, and geography.Also includes one map on folio 28: 'SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN CHINA IN 1908'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 76; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
3. 'File 3/1 Local affairs'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence about local affairs in Trucial Oman. These mainly focus on the hostile relations between the Shaikhs of Trucial Oman, and the involvement of some rulers in the restriction of local activities. The file also contains reports sent between the Bahrain Agency, the Sharjah Residency and the Political Residency in the Persian Gulf when any trouble, meeting or peace agreement took place between the local rulers. The reports focused on demands for reforms raised by locals, notables and merchants. These were asking for various reforms including budget, education, health and sanitation, peace and order, removal of all sorts of corruption in the various departments, and the grant of justice and freedom to the inhabitants in trade and other crafts.The representatives of the British Government in the Gulf raised their concerns to the Shaikhs of Trucial Oman regarding the safety of British subjects, and employees. The file also contains petitions raised by the notables and merchants of Iranian and Indian communities living in Trucial Oman to the British authorities. These were also concerned about their own safety.The main correspondence is between the Residency Agent in Sharjah, the Political Agent in Bahrain, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, the British Agency in Trucial Oman, as well as the various Shaikhs of Trucial Oman including Shaikh Said bin Maktum, Ruler of Dubai and Shaikh Sultan bin Salim, Ruler of Ras al-Khaimah.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the back cover with 263; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional incomplete foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 2-238; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
4. ‘File XXIX/4 THE IMAM’S RISING 1913-1920. RISING of IMAM of NIZWA JAN. 1915 & ATTACK ON BAIT-al-FALAJ JAN. 1915’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, memoranda, and a considerable number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs and members of al-Bu Sa‘id ruling family. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi, and the former’s attack on Muscat in 1915. The Imam’s coalition included Omani tribal leaders, Himyar bin Nasir al-Nabhani, and ‘Isa bin Saleh al-Harthi, who were rising against the existence of the British forces in Muscat and the Sultan’s reliance on the British in his rule. The Imam’s forces met at Sama'il and led their way from there to attack the British forces’ garrison at Bait al-Falaj. Upon the attack, British officials, the Political Agent, Muscat and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, in particular reported on the number of casualties from both sides. The attack has raised concerns of more attacks to take place in the future.Among other issues raised in the volume are:current situation in various regions including Sama'il, Nizwa, Sib and othersprevious rising led by the Imam, Azzan bin Qaisthe communication made with the Government of India about the possibility of sending more troops to Muscat in order to assist the existing ones, and the expenses involved in such a stepthe position of the French in Muscat'Isa bin Saleh’s efforts for peacethe suggestion that the Political Agent, Muscat, could act as a mediator between the two sidesthe possible peace negotiationsthe Imam’s conditions for making peace, including: the full recognition of the Sharia Law as practiced by the Imam in the interior, the settlement of the financial claims due to the inhabitants in the interior, and the absolute prohibition of the import of wines, spirits and tobaccosnews of the First World Warthe influence the Imam has on his followers and his anti-British propaganda, seeing the British as enemies of Islamthe spread of pro-German feelings among the tribes of the Sharqiyya regionnews that the Emperor of Germany has converted to IslamThe majority of the correspondence in the volume is dated 1915.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 407; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 8-398; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The file has one foliation anomaly, f 241A.
5. 'File XXIX/7-A Rising of Oman 1913-1920 Imam’s Rising 1917-1918.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of letters and reports between British officials and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi. The correspondence is related to the Imam’s rising and the news of his forces besieging the Rustaq region. The file includes reports on the history of the Imamate in Oman, the Hinawi/Ghafiri fraction, the relations between the local Omani leaders and the British authorities in Muscat, and the history of the rising of the Imam against the Sultan. In one of his reports, the Political Agent, Muscat provides statements showing the estimated income of the Sultan of Muscat and his debts.The file includes correspondence related to the arrangement of a meeting between Shaikh Isa bin Saleh al-Harthi and the Political Agent, Muscat to negotiate settling the issue between the Imam and the Sultan. It also includes correspondence regarding the situation and requirements at Muscat, the question of whether the British Government should employ Baluch or Arabs in the Sultan troops, and the news of the possible attack of the Imam and his followers on Buraimi.Among other correspondents in the file are the Political Resident, Bushire, and the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 130; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
6. ‘File XXIX/2 THE IMAM’S RISING 1913-1920. RISING of IMAM of NIZWA in MAY 1913 & 1914’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, telegrams and a number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi between November 1913 and December 1914.The volume contains news about the following:the Sultan’s efforts to raise money and enlist foreign aids to help him defend the region from the attack of the Imam’s forcescertain Omani shaikhs including Himyar bin Nasir al-Nabhani and ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi and Omani tribes including Bani Battash and the Hijriyyin who are part of the Imam’s forcesthe meetings held by the 'rebel' leaders at Nizwah, and the outcomes of those meetingsBritish officials’ concerns about the Sultan corresponding with any foreign government unrepresented at Muscat except through the British authoritythe British Government’s promise to bear the costs of expedition to re-establish the Sultan’s authority in Samailthe present situation in various regions including Barka, Nakhl, Muscat and Matrahthe fear of any attack on Muscat or Matrahthe number of troops on both sidesthe number of casualties on both sidesthe British keeping the garrisons in the area to protect Muscat and MatrahThe main correspondents in the volume are the Political Agent, Muscat, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, and the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 239; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 4-236; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
7. ‘File XXVIII/1 Internal Politics & Relations with Oman. Narrative of Muscat Affairs 1872-1893’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains printed narrative reports of the Government of India concerning internal politics and relations with the Muscat Government (also called Maskat) between 1869 and 1892. The reports are signed by Assistant Political Residents in the Persian Gulf and others. Each report is preceded by a table of contents. The reports are as follows:Muscat Affairs, October 1869 to March 1872Muscat Précis which contains papers up to proceedings, Political A., June 1873Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, June 1873 to July 1874Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, Jul 1874 to July 1875Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, August 1875 to December 1880Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1881 to December 1884, (pages 179-180 of the report are missing, these have an account of the Khojas settled in Oman)Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1885 to December 1888Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1889 to December 1892Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 158; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-155; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
8. ‘File XXVIII/10 REPORT ON PRESENT CONDITIONS IN MUSCAT AND DEALINGS OF THE STATE WITH THE TRIBES NOMINALLY UNDER IT.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of reports and diaries circulated between British Officials. The reports are concerned mainly with internal affairs in Muscat and Oman. The British Political Agent and Consul at Muscat reports to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, on the present conditions in Muscat and the situation of failure between the state and the tribes nominally under it. The Political Agent also provides half-yearly statements of the revenue of the Muscat State finance along with comments on Bertram Sidney Thomas’ financial reports.Among other issues included in the reports are:the news of collecting zakat(alms) money from various regions in Oman and Muscat and people’s reaction to thatShaikh ‘Isa bin Salih’s diplomacy in bringing conflicting tribes togetherthe clashes between the two main Omani factions, the Hanawi and the Ghafirithe Wahhabis’ occupation of al-Buraimi in the1800s, and how they influenced some of the tribes of al-Dhahira region who still identify themselves as Wahhabisthe relation between the Sultan of Muscat and Shaikh 'Isa bin Salih al-Harthi and his father Shaikh Salih bin Ali before himthe issue of succession of Sultan Taimur bin Faisalthe need of the British to protect al-Buraimi from the Wahhabisa summary of the history of Oman, its Ibadhisect, the establishment of the Imama(religious leadership) and the ruling family founded in 1744the rebellions of 1895 and 1913The last report in the file is of the visit of the Senior Naval Officer to the Trucial Coast in May 1931, and his notes on the internal affairs in Ras al-Khaimah and Dubai.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 59; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
9. ‘File XXVIII/2 INTERNAL POLITICS & RELATIONS WITH OMAN MAJOR SADLER'S DIARY DURING REBELLION OF 1895.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains a diary written by the Political Agent at Muscat, Major James Hayes Sadler. The diary is 95 pages in length and it was sent to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire. The Political Agent narrates the events in connection with the Omani tribes’ rising in 1895 which was led by Shaikh Saleh bin Ali al-Harthi of the Hanawi tribal confederation against the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faysal bin Turki Al Bu Sa‘idi, and the action taken by the Political Agency at Muscat, in reference to this.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 52; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
10. ‘File XXVIII/3 Internal Politics and Relations with Oman Correspondence re rebellion of 1895 and subsequent warning to shaikhs against any further attack on Muscat.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains letters regarding the threat of attacks on Muscat and Mutrah (also called Matrah). The Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, requested that the Sultan of Muscat issue a notification to the Omani shaikhs not to attack these towns, or to otherwise hinder the trade undertaken by British subjects. Drafts of the notification are passed between the Sultan, the Political Agent, Muscat, and the Political Resident. The letters also discuss the Sultan’s health, his probable visit to Bombay, his inability to protect Muscat and Mutrah during his absence, and his payment of debts.The volume also contains correspondence related to the declaration of a British protectorate over Oman, the rebellion of Shaikh Salih bin Ali al-Harthi and his followers and their attack on British subjects in the areas under the Sultan’s control.The majority of the correspondence is between 1895-1896, apart from (f 61) which is dated 1900.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 62; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 56-62; these numbers are also written in pencil, are circled, and have been superseded and therefore crossed out.
11. 'File 8/62 III PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES of OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman. The bulk of the file consists of an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (ff 9-33), which provides written summaries of each of the main tribes and tables with further details including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The correspondence, which mainly consists of letters from the Political Agent to the Political Residency in Bahrain, discusses rumours that the Imam of Oman, during a spell of ill health in 1948, recommended his successor to an assembled group of leading tribal chiefs. Also discussed is the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] attempts to obtain the allegiance of the Omani tribal leaders, and his hope of persuading them to discard the Imamate altogether when the present Imam dies.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 35; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
12. 'File 8/62 IV PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES OF OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman, and also to the Imam of Oman's administration. It largely consists of copies of (and various amendments to) two reports. The first of these is an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (full versions found at folios 11-37 and folios 90-116, the latter of which includes an enclosed map). This account provides written summaries of the main tribes, plus tables with further details, including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The second report is entitled 'A Note on the Imam's Administration in the interior of Oman' (ff 3-9 and ff 38-44). It includes details on the extent of the Imam's administration, a list of the tribes that currently support the Imam, and a list of walis appointed by the Imam.The correspondence, most of which is between the Political Agent and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, mainly concerns details from, and revisions to, the Political Agent's aforementioned account on the tribes of Muscat and Oman.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 139; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence between ff 95-138, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
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