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157. File 978/1917 Pt 1 'Mesopotamia: administration; occupation of Baghdad; the proclamation; Sir P Cox's position'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence, reports, telegrams and minutes regarding negotiations and administration, largely between the India Office, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Cox, and the Government of India, after the occupation of Baghdad (Fall of Baghdad) on 10 March 1917. The negotiations concern the administrative organisation and political control of Mesopotamia, as well as the external and internal boundaries of Iraq (also spelled Irak in the volume).Related matters of discussion include the following: the text of the Baghdad proclamation; the future administration of the territory by the Foreign Office instead of the Government of India; the regulation of the new territory; the responsibilities of the Chief Political Officer in the new territory; the Turco-Persian frontiers. The correspondence in the volume is internal correspondence between British officials. The principal correspondents are as follows: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Cox; Lieutenant-General Sir Stanley Maude; the War Office; the Secretary of State for India; the Political Department, India Office; the Under-Secretary of State for India; the Viceroy of India; the Government of India’s Foreign and Political Department; the Foreign Office; the Government of India.In addition to this correspondence, the volume contains reports of the War Cabinet's Mesopotamia Administration Committee, as well as the following documents: memoranda on external frontiers and internal boundaries of Iraq (ff 17-18) (ff 20-25); a map of Arabia and the Persian Gulf (f 28);The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the front of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 197; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-195; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
158. The Mission of Mehedi Ali Khan in Persia, Appointment of John Malcolm as Envoy in Persia, and Other Matters
- Description:
- Abstract: The correspondence includes copies of letters, translated letters, and secret and political consultations related to the following:‘Deputation of Mehedi Ali Khan [Mīrzā Mahdī ‘Alī Khān, several spellings appear in this part] to the Court of Persia [Iran] for the purpose of counteracting the designs of Zeman Shah [Zamān Shāh Durrānī, Amīr of Afghanistan, also spelled Zemaun] against Hindostan [Subcontinental India]’The progress of Mehedi Ali Khan’s negotiations with Persian officials at Tahiran [Tehran, also spelled as Teheran] including the Grand Vizier, Hajy Mirza Ibraheem Khan [Ḥājī Ibrāhīm Khān Zand Kalantar Shīrāzī, Eʿtemād al-Dawlah, Persian Prime Minister], and the King of Persia [Fatḥ ʻAlī Shāh Qājār, also called Bābā Khān]Appointment of Captain John Malcolm to the office of Envoy from the British Government to the Court of Persia on 12 October 1799The British offer of supplies of arms to the Persian GovernmentExchange of letters with Hajy Mahomed Kheleel Mullik Ettijar, native of Hazbin [Qazwin] [Ḥājī Muḥammad Khalīl Qazwīnī, Malik al-Tujjār of the Persian Empire, various spellings of his name and title feature] related to his help with the execution of the Company’s charges in Bushire [Bushehr]A list of superfine broad cloth to deliver in PersiaThe trading activities of the Governor of Bushire, Sheikh Naser Khan [Shaikh Naṣr Āl Madhkūr, son of Shaikh Nāṣir Āl Madhkūr, also spelled as Nusser]The rebellion of the Governor of Fars, Hussan Kully Khan [Ḥasan Qulī Khān]Notes on the King of Persia, his family and wealthExchange of letters between Sheikh Naser Khan of Bushire and Jonathan Duncan, the Governor at Bombay, regarding Mehedi Ali Khan’s position in BushireThe efforts of Mehedi Ali Khan to send the two princes, Mahomed [Maḥmūd Shāh Durrānī] and Ferouze [Fayrūz Shāh Durrānī] brothers of Zeman Shah, towards Herat [also spelled as Huraut] and Candahar [Kandahar] via Khorassan [Khorasan]Account of Abdur Reheem [‘Abd al-Raḥīm Khān Shīrāzī, Beglerbegi of Iraq] from the Royal Residence in Tahiran in relation to the happenings at the Persian Court; Mehedi Ali Khan’s personality and achievements; and the issue of Zeman ShahGovernor General, Lord Mornington [Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley of Norragh], honouring Mehedi Ali Khan and Hajy Mahomed Kheleel with a ‘khilaut’ [ khil'a, distinction] for their good conduct in PersiaA translated copy of a firmaun [farmān] from the King of Persia regarding the relations of his country with the EnglishDetails of the internal affairs of MuscatFrench activities in the GulfThe activities of Armenian vesselsNews of correspondence being established between Tippo Sultaun [Sulṭān Fātiḥ ‘Alī Ṣāḥib Tīpū, Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore] and Zeman Shah, and their shared feelings against the English presence in IndiaZeman Shah’s anti Shea [Shi‘a] policyCommunication with Soliman Basha [Büyük Sulaymān Pāshā, also spelled as Soleyman] of Bagdad [Baghdad, also spelled as Bagdat]The French siege of Akkah (Acre, also spelled as Akka), and the response of the Ottoman and the BritishThe Ottomans and Wahabies [Wahhābīs] reaching an agreement regarding the governing of Lehesa [Al-Ahsa]Instructions and information to Captain Malcolm about his trip to PersiaThe movements of the Ottoman troops in SyriaThe possibility of the British establishing relations with Zeman ShahOttoman-Persian relationsOttoman-British relationsRussian-Persian relationsFrench-Arab relations.Physical description: 1 item (126 folios)
159. Copy of a Letter from Brigadier-General John Malcolm, Head of Mission to Persia, to Captain Charles Pasley
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Brigadier-General John Malcolm to Captain Charles Pasley, sent from Bombay [Mumbai] and dated 29 December 1808, concerning the planned occupation of Karrack [Khārg] island as part of a new defence strategy in the region. The letter requests that Pasley prepare to join Malcolm on Kharrack; gather information regarding the size of the Persian [Iranian] garrison on Kharrack and the possibility of its commander defecting to Britain; inform Claudius Rich, Resident in Bagdad [Baghdad], of the new policy and seek his opinion; establish contact with and collect information on the Wahabees [Wahhabis]; and make arrangements for supplying troops on Kharrack.Physical description: 1 item (2 folios)
160. Copy of a Letter from Lord Minto, Governor-General of Bengal, to Sir Harford Jones, Envoy to Persia
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Lord Minto, Governor-General of Bengal, to Sir Harford Jones, British Envoy Extraordinary to Persia [Iran], sent from Fort William and dated 31 October 1808. The letter: reprimands Jones for leaving for Persia without communicating with Minto; outlines the political situation in Persia, in particular the ascendant French influence in the country and prospects for Anglo-Persian relations; describes a new defence strategy against France in the region, including the establishment of a presence on Kharrack [Khārg], support of independence for Baghdad in the event of the Ottoman Empire falling into the French orbit, and planned overtures to the Wahabees [Wahhabis]; and exhorts Jones to return from Persia.Physical description: 1 item (12 folios)
161. Copy of a Letter from Captain John Malcolm, Representative of the Government of India to Persia, to the Secret Committee
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Captain John Malcolm, Envoy of the Supreme Government of India to Persia [Iran], to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company, sent from Baghdad and dated 28 March 1801. The letter reports Malcolm's arrival in Baghdad and reception by the Governor Solymaun Pasha [Sulaimān Pasha Al Kabīr] and the British Consul Sir Harford Jones, and Malcolm's onward plans.Physical description: 1 item (2 folios)
162. Copy of a Letter from Jean Raymond to Govenor-General of Isle de France, Capitaine Général De Caen
- Description:
- Abstract: Copy of a letter in French from Jean Raymond to the Governor-General of the Isle de France [Mauritius] Capitaine Général De Caen [Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen], of 31 January 1809. This letter was part of the papers seized from French courier Jean Robbio at Bushire by Stephen Babington, in charge of the Residency at Bushire (see IOR/L/PS/9/68/60). The letter concerns:The arrival of Sir Harford Jones at Chiraz [Shiraz] and the refusal of the Shah of Persia Fath Ali Shah [Fath-Ali Shah Qajar] and his Grand Vizier [Mirza Muḥammad Shafī‘ Māzandarānī] to treat with himThe difficulties experienced by Raymond in attempting to secure the loyalty of the Governor of Bagdad [Baghdad], Soliman III [Sulayman Pasha]The reception of James Rich [Claudius James Rich] as Resident in Bagdad, and the visit to Bagdad by a party of British military surveyorsSoliman III’s motivations for keeping Bussora [Basra] within Bagdad’s sphere of influence.The letter was enclosed in HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia [Iran], Sir Harford Jones’s secret letter of 14 September 1810, which was received on 6 February 1811.Physical description: 1 item (5 folios)
163. Bulletin from Bagdad
- Description:
- Abstract: The second part of a bulletin written by Harford Jones, Resident in Bagdad [Baghdad], and dated 20 September 1802.The bulletin describes a struggle for power in Bagdad between Ally Pasha [‘Alī Pāshā al-Kahyah] and the Janissary Aga [Commander of the local Janissary corps], culminating in the assassination of the Janissary Aga.The first part of the bulletin in catalogued as IOR/L/PS/9/76/272.The bulletin was originally enclosed in the letter from Jones to Alexander Stratton, HM Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire, dated 23 September 1802 (IOR/L/PS/9/76/276).Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)
164. Bulletin from Bagdad
- Description:
- Abstract: The first part of a bulletin written by Harford Jones, Resident in Bagdad [Baghdad], and dated 20 September 1802.The bulletin describes a struggle for power in Bagdad between Ally Pasha [‘Alī Pāshā al-Kahyah] and the Janissary Aga [Commander of the local Janissary corps], in particular a battle for control of the Citadel.The second part of the bulletin is catalogued as IOR/L/PS/9/76/273.The bulletin was originally enclosed in the letter from Jones to Alexander Stratton, HM Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire, dated 23 September 1802 (IOR/L/PS/9/76/276).Physical description: 1 item (2 folios)
165. The Arrival of the Cometat Baghdad, and Affairs in the Southern Part of the Baghdad Pashalic
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 13 of 1853, dated 24 February 1853. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 15 December 1852.The enclosure is a letter from the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, to the Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay. The letter reports the arrival of the East India Company’s steam frigate Cometat Baghdad (also spelled Bagdad in this item) on 6 December 1852, and forwards a letter addressed to Rawlinson from the Commander of the ship and Surveyor in Mesopotamia [Iraq], James Felix Jones, which includes the news of the arrival of the ship and also reports on the state of affairs in the southern part of the Baghdad Pashalic [Pashalik], including at Bussorah [Basra], Mohumrah [Khorramshahr], Hawizeh, and on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. It also discusses: tribal affairs, including the position of Saleh, the Chief of the Montefik [al-Muntafiq tribal confederation]; and the ‘slight foundation’ to the complaints made by an employee of Messrs Hector and Company in September 1852.Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-3, on folios 291-292. The number 3 is repeated for reference on the verso of the last folio of the enclosure.
166. Journal of a Steam Trip to the North of Bagdad, with Sketches, by Lieutenant Jones of the Indian Navy
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises an abstract listing enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 139 of 1846, dated 30 November 1846. In the abstract the enclosures are dated 25-30 November 1846.The enclosures, which are not present in this item, relate to the submission by the Superintendent of the Indian Navy of a journal account of a steam ship trip to the 'North of Bagdad [Baghdad]', with two sketches of the ruins of Samarrah [Samarra], drawn up by Lieutenant James Felix Jones, Indian Navy, lately commanding the HC [Honourable Company's] steam vessel Nitocris.Physical description: 1 item (2 folios)
167. Diary and Consultations of Mr Alexander Douglas, Agent of the East India Company at Gombroon [Bandar-e ʻAbbās] in the Persian Gulf, commencing 2 December 1761 and ending 7 February 1763.
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume is in the form of a diary, which contains records of consultations at the Gombroon [Bandar-e ʻAbbās] Factory. The Chief Agent, Alexander Douglas, and the Factory's Council member Dymoke Lyster headed the consultations. They recorded the daily activities, the administrative decisions made, and letters sent and received. Records of significant political and military operations in the region are also preserved. Folios 2-4 are mistakenly dated 2-3 December 1762, considering how the diary is dated from folio 5 onward, the correct date of folios 2-4 should have been 2-3 December 1761.The diary contains records of letters, sundry interrogatories and testimonies between the Factory and the Bussorah [Basra] Residency Staff members regarding the following: the dismissal of William Shaw and Robert Garden from the charge of the Residency; the delivering over the charge of the Residency and all 'merchandize' books, papers and cash belonging to the Company; the case of the contract between Mr Shaw and a contractor called Hadjee Eusuph [Haji Yusuf]; the state of affairs at Bussorah; the Company's packets to be sent via Bagdat [Baghdad] to Aleppo; the woollen goods supplied to Bussorah market; the trade with the Turks; the status of the roads and the activities of the Arab tribes between Bagdat and Aleppo; managing the estates of the late Bussorah Residents Martin French and James Stuart, respectively; the activities of the Turkish governors in the region; and relations with local merchants.The diary includes records of letters exchanged with the Court of Directors for Affairs of the East India Company at Bombay [Mumbai], and sundry paragraphs received from Bombay and details of their contents including: news of the death of King George II, in October 1760, and the proclamation of George III as the King of Great Britain, France and Ireland; news of the formation of a Presidency at Fort Marlborough, and the names of its Council members; notes on the prohibition of ophium [opium] import upon the west coast of Summatra [Sumatra] and Gombroon; the case of wounded soldiers from Bengall [Bengal]; records of the names and positions of dismissed and appointed staff at the Company's councils; discussing accounts books received from Gombroon; and records of the cash accounts and balance.The diary also includes records of the state of affairs and military operations in a number of provinces in Persia including: Carmenia [Kerman], Assehannon [probably al-Sana south of Būshehr, also written as Aschannon, and Acchannon], Schyrash [Shiraz], Tairun [Tehran, also written as Tarroun], Spahaun [Eṣfahān], Yazd, Kaderabaud [Qaderabad and Qadirabad], Taberez [Tabriz], and Carazoon [Khorāsān]. Among the governors and families involved in the operations are: Carem Caun [Karīm Khān Zand, Vakil of Persia, also written as Carim], Sadduek Caun [Sadiq Khān Zand, Governor of Shiraz, and brother of Karīm Khān], Ahmet Shaw [Ahmad Shah Afghan Dorrani, known as Ahmad Shah Abdali r 1747-1772], Fatally Caun [Fath Ali Khān Afshar, Persian Military General], Moolah Ally Shaw [Mulla Ali Shah], Nassir Caun [Nāsir Khān Āl Mazkūr, Shaikh of Būshehr, ruled 1162-1203/c 1749-1788], Jaffer Caun [Ja‘afar Khān Āl Mazkūr, Governor of Gombroon and brother of Nāsir Khān], the Julfar Arabs [Julfār, in what is now Ra's al Khaymah], Benimines [Banu Mu‘in] of Bunderick [i.e. Bandar-e Rīg] and Ormuse [Jazīreh-ye Hormoz, Hormuz, Ormuz] and the Charrack Arabs [Al-‘Ali, based at Charrack, modern Bandar-e Chārak].Among other issues and news recorded in the diary are: the activities of Dutch and French vessels; the shipment of wool from Carmenia; letters exchanged with commanders of the Company's ships along with sailing orders; indent of woollen goods proper for the Persian market including the type of cloth, amount and colours required; accounts of damaged goods delivered out of the Company's warehouse; list of account salaries due to the Company's staff at Gombroon; news of the sudden death of Bussorah Resident James Stuart on 21 July 1762; and the appointment of Dymoke Lyster as the new Resident at Bussorah.The diary includes records of the arrival and departure of ships, including the Swallow, the Drake, the Earl of Elgin, the Speedwell, the Dadely, the Berkshire Snow, the Monmouth, and the Fanny Snow.Ships sailed mainly to and from Gombroon, Bombay, Bussorah, Bengall, Muscat, Charrack, Madrass [Madras, i.e. Chennai], China, the Malabar Coast, Ormuse, Bushire, and Batavia [Jakarta].In addition, the diary includes abstracts of the standard account disbursements for each month. These cover the following: garrison charges, hospital charges, stable charges, merchandised charges, the Afseen [Afsin] Garden, extraordinary charges, servants' wages, house rent, house repairs, house expense, and ships' charges.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 104; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading flyleaf.Pagination: the file also contains an original pagination sequence.
168. Diary, Consultations, and Accounts of Nathaniel Whitwell and Henry Savage, Agents of the East India Company at Gambroon [Bandar-e ʻAbbās] in the Persian Gulf, commencing 1 August 1746 and ending 31 July 1752
- Description:
- Abstract: Diary, consultations, and accounts of the East India Company merchants in Persia [Iran], specifically factories at Gambroon [Bandar-e ʻAbbās, Laristan, Iran], written and signed by Nathaniel Whitwell (Agent and Council) and Henry Savage (succeeding Agent and Council) respectively, countersigned by various officials, St George Pack (Steward), Walter Ray, Thomas Dorrill (Warehouse Keeper), Danvers Graves, John Hope (Steward and Secretary), Cowan Henry Draper, and Francis Wood (Steward). Comprised of multiple dispatches spanning the period 1 August 1746-31 July 1752, with a supplementary account on the affairs at the Persian court:Folios 4r-78r. Dispatch copying the Gambroon diary, consultations, and accounts, written and signed Nathaniel Whitwell (Agent and Council) and Henry Savage (succeeding Agent and Council), countersigned by St George Pack, Thomas Dorrill (Warehouse Keeper), Danvers Graves, John Hope (Steward and Secretary), covering period 1 August 1746-31 July 1747. Received 3 August 1749, by ship Orford. Title page lostFolios 79r-99r. Dispatch copying the supplementary account entitled ‘Journal of the most material Occurrences During Nadir Shaw’s Residence at Carmenia [Kerman],’ written and signed by Danvers Graves, covering period 26 February 1747-23 March 1747Folios 101r-170v. Dispatch copying the Gambroon diary, consultations, and accounts, written and signed Henry Savage (Agent and Council), countersigned by Danvers Graves, John Hope (Steward and Secretary), covering period 3 August 1747-31 July 1748. Received 3 August 1749, by ship Orford. Title page lostFolios 171r-250v. Dispatch copying the Gambroon diary, consultations, and accounts, written and signed Henry Savage (Agent and Council), countersigned by John Hope (Steward and Secretary), and Cowan Henry Draper, covering period 1 August 1748-31 July 1749. Original dispatch received 13 September 1749, by ship Drake Ketch. Present copy received 13 June 1750, by ship Durrington. Title page, ‘Gambroon Diary and Consultations’ (f 171r)Folios 251r-335v. Dispatch copying the Gambroon diary, consultations, and accounts, written and signed Henry Savage (Agent and Council), countersigned by Danvers Graves, Cowan H Draper, and Francis Wood (Steward), covering period 1 August 1750-31 July 1751. Received 15 August 1752, by ship Eastcourt. Title page lostFolios 336r-392v. Dispatch copying the Gambroon diary, consultations, and accounts, written and signed Henry Savage and Danvers Graves (Agent and Council), countersigned by Francis Wood (Steward), St. George Pack, and Walter Ray, covering period 1 August 1751-31 July 1752. Received 18 June 1753, by ship Stretham. Title page lost.Accounts cover the movements and changes between EIC officials at Gambroon; movements and changes between EIC officials at Shiraz, Carmenia or Carmania [Kerman], Busheir [Bushire], Bagdat [Baghdad], and Bombay [Mumbai]; relations with and news from EIC ports, presidencies, council and directors (India); English, French, Dutch, Arab and Indian shipping; salaries, financial compensation, banking through financiers (especially Bania communities); copies and translations of letters, treaties, and official documents; monthly and annual accounts; officers’ debts and estates of the deceased; assessments of market trading conditions; trade, valuations, and details on commodities (copper, sulphur, lumber) and processed or manufactured products (English, French, Dutch, Russian, Indian, and Chinese), especially gunpowder, wool, plain and fine textiles, as well as livestock, horses, food and drink (such as rice, China sugar, Java sugar, sugar candy, coffee, and alcohol); dearth of food; physical and mental ill-health; swarming insects; weather and sea conditions; observations on festivities and ceremonies (‘Id and Nowruz); gifts; and the import of enslaved people from Africa.Substantial portions of accounts contain reports on ongoing conflict between Persian authorities and troops at Julfar [Ra's al-Khaymah, UAE], local Arabs, and the Imaum of Muscatt [Imam of Muscat]; reports from Persia of military and political developments leading to the murder of Nadir Shaw [Nadir Shah Afshar] treated in a supplementary account (‘Journal of the most material Occurrences During Nadir Shaw’s Residence at Carmenia’), the competition for power between his successors, as well as the rise of Careem Caun [Karim Khan Zand]; reports of developments in Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Timurid (Mogul [Mughal]) India, with particular reference to increasing tensions between the EIC and the Nabob of Bengall [Nawab of Bengal].Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 395; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence.