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1. 'Further Papers respecting the Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa and the System Pursued for its Suppression'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence between British officials regarding their attempts to monitor and prohibit slave traffic on the East Coast of Africa. The correspondence dates from March 1869 to October 1869.Of particular interest are the following folios:Folio 71 - French Government boat registration papers that had been given to 'Arab Dhows' allowing them to travel under the French flag.Folio 73 - A chart entitled 'Memorandum of Number of Slaves landed and liberated at Aden, and how disposed of'.Folio 74 - A copy of the Slave Trade Jurisdiction (Zanzibar) Bill, May 1869.Folios 89-91 - 'A Memorandum by Mr. Churchill [Henry Adrian Churchill, Britain's Agent in Zanzibar] respecting Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa'.Physical description: Condition: contained within a bound volume that contains a number of other files.Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 67, and terminates at f 91, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 5-134; these numbers are written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
2. ‘Persian Gulf. Modes in which Slaves are stolen and carried away from Zanzibar by inhabitants of the Arabian Coast-’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 29 January 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2191/107336. The item is the third in a series of five items on the ‘slave trade’ [trade in enslaved people].The item contains a report by Moullah Houssein [Mullā Ḥusayn], Native Agent at Shargah [Sharjah], on the numerous ways in which enslaved people are seized and transported from Zanzibar and Sowahil [suwāḥil or ‘coasts’ in Arabic] by inhabitants of the Arabian Coast [of the Gulf]. The report also includes Moullah Houssein’s findings concerning enslaved Soomalees [Somali people] and Abyssinians.The report is addressed to Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, who forwards it on to the Government of Bombay. It is then forwarded on to, amongst others, Captain Atkins Hamerton, Her Majesty’s Consul and Company’s Agent in the dominions of His Highness the Imam of Muscat, with instructions to bring the Imam’s attention to this subject.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5698, Draft 542/47, Vol: 3’, ‘Collection No. 1 of No. 7’, and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 89, and terminates at f 95, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
3. ‘Persian Gulf. Slave Trade’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes, which form partial enclosures to a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, dated 27 November 1845. A copy of this letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2157/103838 and further enclosures to this letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2157/103845 and IOR/F/4/2157/103846.The item relates to a report from Moollah Hoossin [Mullā Ḥusayn], Agent at Shargah [Sharjah], on the ‘slave trade’ [trade in enslaved people] at that port. In particular, the report mentions:The number of enslaved people brought to Shargah from Zanzibar, as well as details of the boats which brought themA specific case regarding a woman of the ‘Pujeyneeah caste’ who was kidnapped by two men from Amulgavine [Umm al-Qaywayn] before being transferred to Ali bin Rashid [‘Alī bin Rāshid], brother of the Chief of Ejman [Ajman], and sold at Soor [Sur], despite members of her ‘caste’ being considered ‘hoor’ [ḥurr] or ‘free’A contract that the boats’ owners have with the people at Soor and the role that the port plays in the transportation of enslaved people.The report is forwarded to the Government of Bombay by Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, who provides comments and a proposal on the above case. In addition, the item also contains a minute by the Governor of Bombay regarding the effectiveness of the previous treaties of 1822 and 1839 which were designed to suppress the ‘slave trade’. An extract of additional articles proposed for the 1839 treaty can be found at folios 849-850.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5410, Draft 786/46’, ‘Vol: 3’, ‘Collection N. 1 of N. 131’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’. The ‘N. 1’ has been crossed out with different ink.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 842, and terminates at f 851, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
4. 'Book No 219. From November 1856 and January 1857 To July 1861'
- Description:
- Abstract: Volume regarding affairs in Muscat relating to Syed Torkee [Turkī ibn Saʻīd Āl Sa‘īd] of Sohar's rebellious actions against Syed Soweynee [Thuwaynī ibn Saʻīd Āl Sa‘īd].The volume discusses the Joasmee [Āl Qāsimī] Chief's attempts at spreading dissention in Oman; the involvement of their brothers Sayid Majed [Mājid ibn Saʻīd] Sultan of Zanzibar and Syed Burgash [Barghash ibn Sa'id]; attempts at reconciliations between the brothers; the actions of the British Agent at Muscat (Lieutenant Walter Murray Pengelly) which were not approved of by the Government of Bombay; Wahabee [Wahhabi] interests in Sohar; and Sohar eventually being given over to Syed Soweynee, with Syed Torkee being confined to a fort in Muscat, which led to a large scale rebellion against Syed Soweynee. Contained within the volume are several letters in Arabic, some with translations, and one letter with translation in Hebrew.From folio 10 onwards the volume has been divided into smaller sections, each with their own subheading:English correspondence regarding differences between H H Syed Soweynee, Imam of Muscat and H H Brother Syed Turki of Sohar 1857-1860 (ff 10-119);Correspondence regarding piracies attended with murder during hostilities between the Chief of Sohar and the Imam of Muscat (ff 120-141);H H Syed Soweynee quarrel with Syed Majid of Zanzibar, Syed Bughash and Syed Torkee [who?] figure in the compilation (ff 142-194);Correspondence about Sued Soweynee's disputes with Syed Majid. Syed Soweynee intriguing secretly with the French attended to herein, also Syed Burgesh and Syed Torkee (ff 195-225);Miscellaneous. Complaints from Bombay Native Merchants against the authorities at Muscat for demanding customs upon the cargo of the Buglah Fath El Khair; complaints of Syed Soweynee's indifference towards British Commissariat interests at Muscat; an attack on the Fath El Khairsouth of Ras El Had [Ra’s al Ḩadd] (ff 226-317).Also included in the volume are four folios of manifest registers for goods exported by Bugla [Buggalow] to Aden produced 17 September 1856, which were sent to Colonel Atkins Hamerton, British Consul at Zanzibar in January 1857.The principal correspondents within the volume are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Commander James Felix Jones); the Secretary to Government, Political Department, Bombay (Henry Lacon Anderson); the Native Agent at Muscat (Khoja Hiskale); the British Native Agent at Shargah [Sharjah] (Haji Yaqub); the Commander of the Persian Gulf Squadron (Commodore Griffith Jenkins, Commodore Henry Albert Matthew Drought); the British Agent at Muscat (Lieutenant Walter Murray Pengelly); the Imam of Muscat (Thuwaynī ibn Saʻīd Āl Sa‘īd); Her Majesty's Consul and British Agent at Zanzibar (Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Palmer Rigby, Colonel Atkins Hamerton).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences on the title page and terminates on the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Foliation anomalies: 1, 1A, 1B, 164, 164A, 165, 165A, 166, 166A.Folios 256, 257, 258 and 259 are blank.
5. ‘Book 131’ Secret letters inward
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains letters received by Captain Samuel Hennell, British Political Resident in the Persian Gulf in 1841, mainly from J P Willoughby, Secretary to the Government of Bombay. At this period, the British Residency was based temporarily on the island of Karrack. The letters to the Resident contain information, guidance and instructions from the Governor in Council of Bombay. They also frequently include copies of pertinent correspondence between other British officials, mainly the Governor in Council of Bombay, the Governor General of India, the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company, London and Lord Palmerston, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London. The letters and their enclosures discuss events in East Africa and the Persian Gulf in 1841 and their implications for British foreign policy, relations and interests in these regions. The main topics discussed in the correspondence are as follows:• Captain Atkins Hamerton’s mission to Zanzibar on behalf of the British Government, to investigate French ambitions in the East African territories of the Imam of Muscat, attempts by the French Government to establish a French Consular Agent at Zanzibar, French occupation of territory on the island of Nasbeh or Nos Beh [Nosy Bé], near Madagascar and the history of tribal warfare between its inhabitants. There are English translations of four documents seen by Hamerton in Zanzibar, including an agreement dated 29 April 1838 between Queen Smeko [Tsiomeko] of the Sucklavee [Sakalava] Tribe on the Island of Nos Beh and the Imam of Muscat. There is also an English translation of a letter sent by Lord Palmerston to the Imam of Muscat in September 1840 (folios 2-8, 14-17, 24-26, 75-90);• Plans for the evacuation of British troops from their military station on the island of Karrack [Khārk, Jazīreh-ye], following the return of the island to the ownership and control of Persian authorities, in accordance with a recent commercial treaty between Persia and Great Britain. The desirability of retaining a British settlement on Karrack and the British Government’s view that the British Resident should remain on the island and continue to conduct Residency business in the Persian Gulf from Karrack (folios 21, 63, 67-69, 74, 92-99, 107-110);• Discussion of British policy and measures for suppression of the maritime slave trade between ports in India, East Africa, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The intention of the British Government to increase its demands on the Trucial Coast Chiefs of the Persian Gulf to actively prohibit the slave trade in their ports and equally the Imam of Muscat, with regard to his ports in Zanzibar and other East African territories. The intention of the British Government to ask the Persian Government to prohibit the slave trade in the Persian Gulf ports subject to its authority and control (folios 19, 33-36, 56-57,102-106, 111-117).Physical description: Foliation: the letters are numbered 2-26, 26A, 27-65 and 66-117, from front to back. The numbering is written in pencil on the recto, in the top right corner and encircled. The front of the file cover is numbered 1 and the back of the file cover is numbered 119 on the inside. There is a blank internal cover enclosing letters numbered 66 to 117. The front of the internal blank cover is numbered 66A and the back of the internal blank cover is numbered 118 on the inside.Pagination: the contents of the file were originally numbered in ink as follows: 9, 11, 7, 8, 12, 14, 17, 19 and then in strict ascending numerical order from 21 to 377, but with many gaps in the sequence. This earlier numbering of the file is predominantly pagination, but includes remnants of some former foliation systems as well. Blank pages or folios and those containing brief details only, such as name and address, are usually unnumbered.
6. 'Vol 174 1851/52 General or Miscellaneous and Packets'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence to and from the Resident of the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Hennell) during 1851. The first part of the file (ff 2-29) relates to miscellaneous issues of a largely domestic nature arising at the Residency. The second part of the file (ff 31-76) contains copies of correspondence exchanged between the Commanding Officers of the Honourable Company's [East India Company] ships in the Gulf and the Residency, concerning the disputes occuring at the time between the Wahhabi and Qatari tribes and the Sheikh of Bahrain, and correspondence relating to coastal towns of Guttur [Qatar].Physical description: Foliation: There is an incomplete pagination sequence and a complete foliation sequence. The foliation sequence is written in pencil, in the top-right corner of each folio. It begins on the front cover, on number 1, and runs through to 84, ending on the inside of the back cover of the file. Foliation errors: f 27 missing.Condition: Some of the papers in the file have deteriorated significantly at the edges and show signs of significant insect damage, both of which affect the legibility of some parts of their text.
7. ‘Vol 251 Unsettled affairs for Resident’s attention during Tour of Arab Ports, 1859/60; Turkish Arabia, Mohumrah [Khorramshahr], General’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains miscellaneous correspondence and reports produced at or for the attention of the Persian Gulf Residency. The chief correspondents in the file are Captain Felix Jones, Resident in the Persian Gulf, and Henry Anderson, Secretary to the Government of Bombay:Outstanding affairs for the Resident’s attention during the course of his tour of the Gulf in 1859 (folios 3-10), arranged by port. On the reverse of these pages are diary entries (folios 9v-10v), covering the period 28 April to 21 May 1859, and containing details of the Resident’s tour, including ports visited, gun salutes, and gifts to rulers;A table of affairs for the Resident’s attention during the course of his tour of the Gulf in 1860 (folios 14-20). Additional pencil annotations have been made in the table’s remarks column at a later date. A second table (folios 21-22) entitled ‘Memorandum of cash sent with Resident for payments on Tour of 1860’ has information on the details and amounts of payments made and received;Correspondence dated 9 May to 22 September 1860 (folios 24-28), chiefly concerning the Government’s complaints over the longwinded nature of Jones’s reports to Government;Correspondence between 15 April and 23 December 1859 (folios 30-36), concerning the likely split between Muscat and Zanzibar, and the implications of the split for the British Agent at Muscat, including Jones’s reservations relating to the efficacy of having a Native Agent of Jewish extraction in Arab Muscat;Correspondence, dated 29 June 1857 (folios 38-39), relating to the Resident’s legal ability to solemnise marriages;Correspondence from Anderson, dated 7 June 1857 (folios 40-41) enclosing a Court of Director’s despatch stressing the importance of having European officers investigate any allegations of torture;A report, forwarded by Anderson to Jones, and authored by Richard Spooner, Commissioner of Customs, Salt and Opium, dated 11 May 1857 (folios 42-52), containing tables showing the chief imports from Bushire into Bombay and Bussora [Basra] into Bombay, and exports from Bombay to Bushire and Bombay to Basra;A circular from Government, dated 4 November 1858 (folios 53-55), with printed Government of India correspondence, relating to the conduct of officers with regard to the religion of natives of India.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence starts on the front cover and ends on the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The following foliation anomalies occur: 11, and 11A. The inside back cover is unfoliated.There is evidence of insect damage throughout the file, in the form of holes in pages. Some of these holes are in areas of pages that contain text.
8. 'Vol 255 Slave Trade'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume's correspondence and other papers document British officials' attempts to suppress the slave trade in the Gulf, and their procedures for dealing with liberated slaves. The principal correspondents in the file are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Captain Felix Jones), H. L. Anderson, Secretary to the Government in Bombay, and representatives of the Persian Gulf Squadron of the Indian Navy, primarily Commodore Griffith Jenkins, Commanding Officer of the Persian Gulf Squadron.A number of subjects comprise the volume, as follows:1. British operations against the slave trade in Bahrain, including the retrieval of two slave girls from the Sheikh of Bahrain, and the recovery of one-hundred dollars from the Sheikh of Bahrain, as compensation for the seizure of two slaves from Shargah by the Sheikh of Al Bidda, whose actions are the responsibility of the Sheikh of Bahrain (folios 4a-5);2. The surrender of four slaves by Sheikh Sultan bin Suggar [Saqr] of Sharjah, a result of the efforts of Lieutenant Robinson and the British Agent at Sharjah, Hajee Yacoob (folios 10-29);3. The lack of success in the suppression of the slave trade during the 1857 season, due to there being no British vessels available to intercept boats returning from Zanzibar and the African coast (folios 33-36);4. Attempts to suppress the slave trade during the 1859 season (folios 40-110). This subject contains extensive correspondence back and forth between the Resident (Jones) and the Senior Naval Officer (Jenkins), which becomes heated as disagreements arise, over resources for the patrol of the Arab coast and the suppression of the slave trade. Commodore Jenkins thought it derogatory for his vessel ( Falkland), displaying his pendant, to be involved in the interception of slave-trading boats (folios 48-49). Jones refers the matter to the Governor in Council, who rules that any notion of slave suppression duties being derogatory is 'mistaken.' Jenkins reports the following year on his attempts to suppress the slave trade from Africa, reporting that his two cruizers liberated a single female slave (folio 59). In a letter to Jenkins, Jones calls the operation 'fruitless' (folio 69), prompting Jenkins to draw Jones' attention to the personal sacrifices made by his crews, including Lieutenant Robinson who is 'seriously ill' as a result of the 'sickly climate' (folio 71-72);5. Expenses related to the disposal of liberated slaves at Bassidore. The British Government retained a slave agent at Bassidore, where liberated slaves were retained prior to their despatch to Bushire. Correspondence in this subject relates to the expenses for the maintenance and passage to Bushire of these liberated slaves (folios 115-144);6. Batta [subsistence allowance] given to a British slave searcher, granted on his proceeding to the Residency (folios 152-55);7. Miscellaneous correspondence relating to the slave trade (folios 159-76).Physical description: Foliation: Foliation starts on the front cover of the volume and continues until the inside back cover, using circled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of each recto. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a, 30a, 30b, 37a, 37b, 41a, 98a, 150a, 150b, 150c, 156a, 156b. Folio 68 is a fold-out.
9. ‘Slave Trade. Proceedings adopted in view to the suppression of the- in the Persian Gulf and along the Eastern Coast of Africa’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 31 March 1847. A copy of this Political Letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2191/107336. Further enclosures can be found at IOR/F/4/2191/107340. The item is the fourth in a series of five items on the ‘slave trade’ [trade in enslaved people].The item contains a letter from the Court of Directors to the Governor of Bombay, dated 18 November 1846. The letter contains comments and instructions related to:The recent engagement entered into by Her Majesty’s Government and Syud Sueed, Imaum of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd, Imam of Muscat]The suggestion by Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, to persuade the Courts of Persia [Iran] and Turkey [Ottoman Empire] to prohibit the ‘slave trade’ on the same basis as the agreement with the Imaum of Muscat, as a means of further suppressing the tradeThe discrepancy between the English and Arabic versions of the previous treaty signed by the Imaum and Captain Moresby, as highlighted by Captain Atkins Hamerton, Her Majesty’s Consul and Company Agent in the Dominions of the Imaum of Muscat.The item also contains the correspondence sent out by the Government of Bombay in light of the Court’s comments and instructions, as well as a response to these instructions from Sir Robert Oliver, Superintendent of the Indian Navy.The Court’s letter also communicates the views of Henry John Temple (Viscount Palmerston and Minister for Foreign Affairs) on the subject.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5698, Draft 542/47, Vol: 4’, ‘Collection No. 1 of No. 47’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 96, and terminates at f 106, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
10. 'Report of Inter-Departmental Committee on Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere's recommendations for the suppression of the East African Slave Trade'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file is a report written by an Inter-Departmental Committee in response to recommendations made by Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere for the suppression of the East African Slave Trade after he had visited the region as a Special Envoy of the Foreign Office.The report is divided into two parallel columns, one listing Sir Bartle Frere's recommendations and another giving the committee's observations and comments on them.The committee was composed of William Henry Wylde of the Foreign Office, John Wiliams Kaye of the India Office, Robert Hall and J H Cole.Physical description: Condition: the file is contained within a bound volume that contains a number of other files.Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 100, and terminates at f 103, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 5-134; these numbers are written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
11. 'Report of a committee on the Muscat subsidy and the Zanzibar Agency and Consulate'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed report, written by a Committee formed by Louis Mallet, Henry Cadogan Rothery and William Henry Wylde, 8 December 1876.The Committee was nominated by H M's Treasury, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for India, to determine whether the Imperial Government had to contribute to the payment of an annual subsidy to the Sultan of Muscat (as compensation for the abandonment of his claims upon Zanzibar) and of the expenses of the Agency and Consulate at Zanzibar, which had been paid by the India Office since 1870.The committee acknowledges that in 1873 it was agreed that these payments should be divided between Imperial and Indian Government, hence the Imperial Government had to compensate the India Office for the payments made in the years 1873-1877.The report includes a summary of payments made to the Sultan of Muscat between May 1873 and February 1877, expenses for the British Agency and Consulate General at Zanzibar for the period 1872-1877, and a proposed budget estimate for the future, to be equally divided between Imperial and Indian Government.Two declarations follow the report, from two comissioners in disagreement with the report.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 92 and terminates at f 97, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 5 and ff 168; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the lower right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
12. 'Mr Rothery's report to the Treasury in respect to the Muscat subsidy and Zanzibar Agency Expenses'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, Assistant Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 27 September 1876.The memorandum discusses the views of Henry Cadogan Rothery on whether the Imperial Government had to contribute to the payment of an annual subsidy to the Sultan of Muscat (as compensation for the abandonment of his claims upon Zanzibar) and of the expenses of the Agency and Consulate at Zanzibar, made by the India Office from 1870. Rothery writes that, because the Agent at Zanzibar was also acting as Judge of the Vice Admiralty Court in the Trial of the Slave Trade cases, it was the duty of the Imperial Government to contribute towards these expences.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 98 and terminates at f 101, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between f 5 and f 168; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the lower right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.