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1. 'Egyptian Claims to Sovereignty over the Somali Coast.'
- Description:
- Abstract: A historical memorandum relating to Egyptian claims to sovereignty over the Somali coast, written by A W Moore, Assistant Secretary to the India Office, in two parts, submitted 26 February 1876 and 11 October 1879.The first part of the memorandum provides a historical narrative of events leading from the discovery in June 1870 of an Egyptian warship at Berbera on the Somali coast, with consequent suspicions that the Egyptian Government wished to occupy that place, up to the production of a draft Somali Coast Convention in 1876. The memorandum reproduces correspondence between the Resident at Aden, the Secretary of State for India, and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in which the authors consider the impact of Egyptian and Turkish influence at Berbera on British trade interests at Aden; on the independence of local Somali tribes; and on British efforts to suppress the slave trade. The memorandum also includes the terms by which HM Government agree to recognise Egyptian sovereignty.Appendices to the first part of the memorandum reproduce several 'Treaty Relations with Tribes on the African Coast' and 'Geographical Notes'.The second part of the memorandum opens with an account of events which preceded the signing in 1877 of the Somali Coast Convention by the British Government and by the Egyptian Khedive, describing the Khedive's attempts to extend the limit of proposed Egyptian sovereignty as far south as the Juba River, and subsequent British threats to enter into agreements with Somali chiefs independently of the Khedive.The memorandum goes on to describe renewed discussions in connection with the procedure in Constantinople necessary to give validity to the Convention after it was signed by the Khedive, and reproduces a note issued by the Ottoman Porte, which asserts Turkish sovereignty over the territory covered by the Convention, but falls short of providing assurances against ceding any of that territory to other foreign powers.The memorandum closes with the reproduction of correspondence discussing the text of a proposed firman, to be issued by the Ottoman Porte, which would give validity to the Convention signed by the Khedive.Appendices to the second part of the memorandum reproduce the text of the 'Somali Coast Convention' and an 'Agreement in regard to the Island of Socotra'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 31; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
2. ‘Slave Trade Vol: 3’
- Description:
- Abstract: This item contains graphic descriptions of slavery.This item consists of copies of correspondence, minutes, and consultations, cited in, or enclosed with, political and secret letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The main correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, British Political Agent at Aden; Khojah Reuben, Native Agent at Muscat; the Government of India; Captain Atkins Hamerton, British Agent at Muscat on a mission to Zanzibar; Captain Samuel Hennell, British Resident in the Persian Gulf. It is the third in a series of three items concerning the trade in enslaved people (the others are IOR/F/4/1958/85478 and IOR/F/4/1959/85479).The item concerns:British proposals of methods to end the trade in enslaved people and potential political and practical consequences of these methodsThe extent of slavery and the trade in enslaved people at Zanzibar and India, and the involvement of the Imam of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘id bin Sulṭan Al Bu Sa‘id] and his shipsThe kidnap and sale of women from IndiaThe involvement of individuals in the Persian Gulf in the trade in enslaved peopleThe difficulties of determining the nationality of crews and ships for the purpose of applying pre-existing treaties which limit the trade in enslaved peopleThe case of the Kallah Kassaim[ Qal'ah Qasim], which transported enslaved people while flying British colours and subsequently changed to flying the Imam of Muscat’s flag, including copies of her licence and passThe importation of enslaved people into Shargah [Sharjah] and the non-cooperation of Sultan bin Suggur [Shaikh Sultan I bin Saqr al-Qasimi, Shaikh of Ra’s al-Khaymah] in resolving this matter; the eventual release of four Soomalee [Somali] women, the circumstances of their enslavement, and their return to BerberaA dispute between Sultan bin Suggur and Khalifa bin Shaikboot [Shaikh Khalifah bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi] involving each of them plundering the other's territoryRelations between British and American citizens at Zanzibar and the influence of their respective officials over the Imam of MuscatThe arrival of Her Majesty’s sloop of war Lilyat Zanzibar, and her seizure of the Joshua Carrollon suspicion of her being equipped to carry enslaved peopleThe trade in enslaved people at Berbera and the possibility of its suppression.The item includes letters sent by the Imam of Muscat to Queen Victoria, Lord Aberdeen [George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen], and Lord Palmerston [John Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston] requesting that they modify their plans for the suppression of the trade in enslaved people (ff 210-219).The item includes a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft 596, P.C. [Previous Communication] 3593, [Season] 1842’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 4 and terminates at f 220, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
3. ‘Secret Letters received, by way of Marseilles, April 16.1855’
- Description:
- Abstract: This bundle consists of summaries, and partial transcripts, of secret letters received from both the President in Council (8 March 1855, Numbers 18-19) and the Government of Bombay (19 March 1855, Numbers 20-25). The amount of detail for each entry therefore varies.The letters from the President in Council (folios 77-84) are largely concerned with an envoy from the Khanate of Kokan. They consider whether a gift (or a loan) should be given to the envoy to cover his return expenses, whether a surveyor should accompany him, and whether volunteers from Indian regiments should be permitted to serve in Kokan. It also includes a short update from Cabool [Kabul].The section from Bombay (folios 85-90) includes a number of brief updates on Persia, the Persian Gulf, and Turkish Arabia. The main focus is however on policy at Aden: whether an Agency should be establish at the Somali Port of Berbera, and the line to be taken with the Foutheli Chief – as a result of his attempt to stop traffic to Aden – in support of the Chief of Lahedge.Physical description: 1 item (14 folios)
4. ‘Secret Letters received, June 30.1856, as to Herat’
- Description:
- Abstract: This bundle consists of summaries, and partial transcripts, of secret letters received from both the Governor General of India (17 May 1856, Number 22) and the Government of Bombay (27 May 1856, Numbers 39-40). The amount of detail for each entry therefore varies.The despatch from the Governor General (folios 23-34) is concerned with the advancement of Persian forces against Herat, and appeals for assistance to the British authorities in India and Dost Mahomed [Dost Mohammad Khan, Amir of Afghanistan]. The dispatch includes translated transcripts of letters sent between from Mahomed Yoosoof [Mohammad Yusuf Khan, Regent of Herat], Dost Mahomed, the Chief Commissioner for Punjab (John Laird Mair Lawrence), and the Governor General of India (James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie).The section from Bombay (folios 35-36) consists of a report of the advancement of Persian forces towards Herat, the deployment of Indian naval vessels in the Persian Gulf, and proposed terms by Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan (Political Resident at Aden) for the raising of the blockade of Berbera.Physical description: 1 item (14 folios)
5. ‘Visit of Lieut’t Cruttenden, Assistant Political Agent at Aden, to Berbera’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures no. 2-6 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Bombay [Mumbai] Castle, dated 13 January 1848. The enclosures are dated 24 November 1847-6 January 1848. The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to a visit to Berbera by Lieutenant C J Cruttenden, Assistant Political Agent at Aden, with the hopes of improving relations with and between the Aial Ahmed and Aial Unus [Reer Ahmed Nur and Reer Yunis Nur, sub-clans of the Habr Awwal], and to meet with Hadi Ali Shermarkhi Saleh [Haji Shermarke Ali Saleh], Governor of Berbera and Zeyla [Zeila]. The correspondence also references efforts to end the trade in enslaved persons in the Gulf, including the seizure of a ship believed to belong to Shermarkhi. The primary correspondents are the Political Agent and Assistant Political Agent at Aden, and the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (14 folios)
6. ‘Affairs of Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-13 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 29 October 1844. The enclosures are dated 8 September-28 October 1844.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden and East Africa, including:Reports that the Imam of Sana [Sana’a] has recovered the city from rebelsA visit by Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, on his return to England after serving as Governor-General of IndiaA planned tour of the coast of East Africa by the Assistant Political Agent, Aden, in part to investigate: the trade in enslaved persons; the situation in Berbera between the Aial Ahmed and Aial Unus [Reer Ahmed Nur and Reer Yunis Nur, sub-clans of the Habr Awwal], and whether action is needed to protect British merchants there; and the possible recoverability of the cargo of a ship wrecked at Ras Assyryow [Cape Guardafui]Support for labourers injured working for the Engineer’s Department at Aden.The primary correspondent is the Political Agent, Aden.Physical description: 1 item (23 folios)
7. ‘Affairs at Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-8 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 17 January 1852. The enclosures are dated 17 December 1851-17 January 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden, particularly the arrival from Berbera of Hadji Ali Shermarke [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ, also written as Ali Shermarkhi within the item], former Governor of Berbera, aboard the East India Company ship Mahi, and his agreement to withdraw from Berbera to end the unsettled state of affairs there.The primary correspondents are: the Political Agent, Aden; the Commander of the Mahi; and the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (11 folios)
8. ‘Affairs of Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures no. 2-10 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Bombay [Mumbai] Castle, dated 2 March 1848. The enclosures are dated 18 January-1 March 1848. The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden and reports received there of events elsewhere, including:Reported hostilities between the Imam of Sana [Sana’a] and Hussain ibn Ali Hyder, Sheriffe [Sharif] of Mocha, and a request from the Imam for a British ship to be sent to protect Hodeida [Al Hudaydah]A report of the death of Sallah Selassie, King of Shoa [Sahle Selassie, Negus of Shewa], and bloodshed in Shoa over the successionA reported dispute between the Egyptian Governor of Mussowah [Massawa] and the French ConsulA visit to Berbera by the Assistant Political Agent at Aden, with the hopes of improving relations with and between the Aial Ahmed and Aial Unus [Reer Ahmed Nur and Reer Yunis Nur, sub-clans of the Habr Awwal]The arrival in Aden of Henry Hardinge, Viscount Hardinge, on his return trip to the UK after having served as Governor-General of India.The primary correspondent is the Political Agent, Aden.Physical description: 1 item (16 folios)
9. ‘Affairs at Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-6 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 3 February 1852. The enclosures are dated 12-27 January 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden, particularly the arrival from Berbera of the East India Company ship Mahiwith reports of an attack by the Hebrowul [Habr Awwal] tribe on a fort belonging to Shumarkhi [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ], former Governor of Berbera, and that his followers were allowed to evacuate unharmed. The item also mentions the gift of a horse received by the Political Agent, Aden, from Ali M Houssain [‘Alī I bin Muḥsin al-‘Abdalī], Sultan of Lahidge [Lahej].The primary correspondents are the Political Agent and the Commander of the Mahi.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
10. ‘Affairs at Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-10 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 17 February 1852. The enclosures are dated 3 January-11 February 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden, including: reports of a grounded vessel in the vicinity and a boat sent out to assist being unable to locate it; the arrival, for use as ballast, of stones from the destroyed fortifications in Berbera of Sheik Shermarkhi Ali [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ], the former Governor; and a request from Ali M Houssain [‘Alī I bin Muḥsin al-‘Abdalī], Sultan of Lahidge [Lahej], for a supply of fuses.The primary correspondents are the Political Agent, Aden, and the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (15 folios)
11. ‘Affairs at Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-7 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 1 January 1848. The enclosures are dated 4 December 1851-3 January 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden, particularly the search for the murderer of Captain Milne and another crew member of the East India Company ship Auckland, and the closure of Berbera to trade due to the unsettled state of affairs there.The primary correspondent is the Political Agent, Aden.Physical description: 1 item (12 folios)
12. ‘Aden – Affairs’
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The main correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, British Political Agent at Aden; Lieutenant Charles Cruttenden, Assistant Political Agent at Aden. It is the second in a series of five items concerning Aden (the others are IOR/F/4/2100/98226, 98228, 98229, and 98230).The item concerns British fears that the large force Sherriffe Hussain ibn Ali Hyder [Sharif Hussain bin 'Ali Haydar, Governor of Mocha] has collected at Mocha will be used to attack Aden.The majority of the item is made up of the report of Lieutenant Charles Cruttenden of his tour of the Horn of Africa, including a description of:The state of affairs at Shoa [Shewa]Zeyla [Saylac], which is experiencing civil unrestBerbera, where contentious fortifications are under constructionBurnt Island [Maydh Island]The state of the wreck of the Memnonoff Cape Guardafui, which had its copper removed and sold contrary to British injunctionsMaculla [Al Mukalla], where he inquired into a complaint by a Banian merchant that his house had been plundered.The item includes a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft 683, P.C. [Previous Communication] 4878, [Season 18]45’, ‘Vol: 2’, ‘Collection No 7 of No 10’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 216 and terminates at f 237, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
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