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13. 'File 5/C Boundary questions: attacks on Ikhwan; dispute between Shaikh Salim and Ibn Sa`ud'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes from February 1919 to August 1920, mainly relating to boundary questions between Ibn Sa'ud and the Ruler of Kuwait, Shaikh Salim [Shaikh Sālim al-Mubārak Āl Ṣabāḥ], as well as attacks on the Ikhwan and British relations with Ibn Sa'ud.The volume includes an index (folio 115) to topics and people discussed in the file. The principal correspondents in the volume include: the Political Agent, Kuwait (James Carmichael More); the Political Agent, Bahrain (Harold Richard Patrick Dickson); Ibn Sa'ud; the Ruler of Kuwait; and the Civil Commissioner, Baghdad.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 115; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 5-114; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
14. 'The Muntafik. Al Sa'dun, Bani Malik, Ajwad, Bani Sa'id, Bani Huchaim'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains details of the Muntafik [Muntafiq], a confederacy of tribes in the Middle East, which is made up of tribal groups including the Bani Malik, Ajwad and Bani Sa'id. The volume opens with a historical outline of the development of the group before providing further details about members of the confederacy.There is a map on folio 18 which outlines the divisions and locations of the Bani Malik, and there are genealogical tables for Al Sa'dun between folios 7-17. Folios 19-87 contain lists of the tribes represented under the Muntafik. For some tribes, there are brief notes relating to their location and how they are viewed by other members of the confederacy and by the British.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 89; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
15. ‘PERSIA’
- Description:
- Abstract: The map accompanies a report titled ‘Air Transport in Persia – 1944 and afterwards’ by Walter Leslie Runciman, Air Attaché at Tehran: see folios 119-129. It shows Persia [Iran] in the centre bounded by Iraq to the East, Afghanistan and Baluchistan to the West, the Caspian Sea in the North, and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the South. It illustrates existing air routes between Tehran, and the following places: Meshed, Baghdad, and Tabriz. It also indicates proposed future routes connecting Tehran-Isphahan-Kerman-Zahidan and Tehran-Isphanan-Shiraz-Bushire. Annotations in red ink indicate the approximate distance of these routes in miles.Shading on the map is used to indicate areas of salt deserts and mountainous regions over 5000 feet. Railway lines and national borders are also marked on the map.Physical description: Dimensions: approximately 555 x 510mm, on sheet 603 x 605mmMaterials: Printed on paper, with manuscript additions in red ink
16. ‘IRAQ COMMAND REPORT APRIL, 1924-NOVEMBER, 1926.’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume is a report submitted to the British Air Ministry by Air Vice-Marshal John Frederick Andrews Higgins. It consists of a chronological narrative of significant military events in Iraq during his time as Air Officer Commanding, British Forces in Iraq, from April 1924 until November 1926. It is divided by year and by geographical area.The report discusses general military activities undertaken during the period, including the aerial observation of settlements and groups deemed potentially dangerous to the Government, the movements of British and Iraqi troops, and the training of the Iraq Army by British officers.It notably covers the following:Turkish attempts to assert control over the Mosul Vilayet, including ‘infiltration’ of northern Iraq by Turkish personnel, the build-up of troops on the Turkey-Iraq border, and incursions of Turkish cavalry units across the border, which were stopped by British aerial bombardmentBritish planning for the defence of Mosul in the event of a full-scale Turkish invasion, the eventual resolution of the Turkey-Iraq border dispute by the decision of the League of Nations, and a subsequent agreement between Turkey, Iraq, and BritainKurdish resistance to British occupation and the central Iraqi Government, focusing on the continuing anti-British activities of Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji [Maḥmūd Barzanjī], particularly: British ground and aerial attacks on Kurdish villages; a clash between Assyrian levy troops and local Muslim inhabitants at Kirkuk; the suppression of an uprising led by Shaikh Mahmud, including discussions with Riza Khan [Reżā Shāh Pahlavī, Shāh of Iran] about coordination between Iraq and Persia [Iran] against Shaikh Mahmud; British attempts to protect Jaf [Jaff] tribespeople from Shaikh Mahmud’s demands for money during their migration to Persia; and punitive attacks by the British on tribesmen from the Auroman [Hawraman] region for supporting Shaikh MahmudIssues in southern Iraq, primarily involving Akhwan [Ikhwān] raids on nomadic Iraqi herding communities, including: steps taken by the British Government to prevent these raids, such as improved communications in the desert borderlands; aerial bombing of raiding groups; and the detailed mapping of the area to improve the accuracy of British counterattacks against the Ikhwan. The report also mentions the bombing of the house of Shaikh Salim Al Khayun [Sālim al-Khayyūn] in the village of Chubaish [Al-Chibayish], and the Shaikh’s subsequent surrender to Government authoritiesFighting between the forces of ‘Daham, Chief of the Syrian Shammar Jarba’ [Dahhām bin al-Hādī bin al-ʿĀṣī al-Jarbā] and ‘Ajill, Chief of the Iraqi Shammar Jarba’ [‘Ujayl al-Yāwar al-Jarbā], and details the deployment of British armoured cars and aeroplanes to assist Ajill in fighting Daham’s forces.The report contains six appendices:‘Appendix A- Forces in Iraq, April, 1924’‘Appendix B- Note on History of Sheikh Mahmud Prior to April, 1924’‘Appendix C- Composition of Frontier Force under Colonel Commandant H.T. Dobbin, C.B.E., D.S.O., September, 1924’‘Appendix D- Composition of Chapforce under Colonel Commandant J.G. Chaplain, C.B.E., D.S.O.’‘Appendix E- Anti-Akhwan Organisation’‘Appendix F- Reduction of Garrison Following Treaty with Turkey’.Four maps are included in the report. These are catalogued as ‘‘Iraq-Persia Map No. 1’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 32); ‘Map No. 2’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 33); ‘Map No. 3’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 34); and ‘Basra. Map No. 4’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 35).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 36; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
17. 'Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., on his Mission to the King of Hejaz and of Najd and its Dependencies, for the purpose of negotiating a settlement of outstanding questions. (April-June, 1928)'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed booklet, produced by the Colonial Office in August 1928, is an account of Sir Gilbert Clayton, His Britannic Majesty's Commissioner and Plenipotentiary, on the first part of his third mission (April-June 1928) to ‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd (Ibn Saud), King of Hejaz [al-Ḥijāz] and Najd and its Dependencies. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate outstanding questions mainly concerning boundaries of and relations between Ibn Saud's territories and Iraq and Trans-Jordan following the Hadda and Bahra Agreements of 1925, and the Treaty of Jeddah of 1927.Clayton was accompanied by George Antonius, Assistant Secretary to the Palestine Government; Kinahan Cornwallis, Adviser to the Ministry of Interior in Iraq; Captain John Bagot Glubb, Administrative Inspector in the Iraq Government Service; Flight-Lieutenant G M Moore; and Bernard Henry Bourdillon, Counsellor to the Residency in Baghdad. The Najd delegates included: Dr Abdullah Damluji [‘Abdullāh al-Damlūjī]; Shaikh Yusuf Yasin [Yūsuf Yāsīn]; Shaikh Hafez Wahba [Ḥāfiẓ Wahbah]; and Shaikh Fuad Hamza [Fu’ād Ḥamzah].A page of contents and list of annexes appears on folio 2v with the following sections:'Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, KCMG, KBE, CB' (folios 3-9);'Record of Proceedings' (folios 10-22);'Memorandum and Minutes of the Proceedings of the 'Iraq-Najd Sub-Committee' (folios 23-32);'Memorandum on the Proposed Arbitration between Najd and Trans-Jordan' (folios 33-34)'Notes Exchanged on the Suspension of Negotiations' (folios 34v-35);'Draft Extradition Agreement' (folios 36-27);'Draft Bon Voisinage Agreement' (folios 38-40);'Correspondence Relating to Frontier Incidents, April, 1928' (folios 40v-43).There is one appendix which consists of Colonial Office letters of instruction to Sir Gilbert Clayton, dated 17 April 1928 (folios 43v-47). The front cover is marked 'Confidential' and 'Printed for the use of the Colonial Office'. Clayton's account is continued in 'Middle East No. 28', 'Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., on his Mission to the King of Hejaz and of Najd and its Dependencies, for the purpose of negotiating a settlement of outstanding questions. (July-August, 1928)' (IOR/L/PS/20/E90/2).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
18. 'Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., on his Mission to the King of Hejaz and of Najd and its Dependencies, for the purpose of negotiating a settlement of outstanding questions. (July-August, 1928)'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed booklet, produced by the Colonial Office in January 1929, is a continuation of the April-June 1928 account of Sir Gilbert Clayton, His Britannic Majesty's Commissioner and Plenipotentiary, on the second part of his third mission (July-August 1928) to ‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd (Ibn Saud), King of Hejaz [al-Ḥijāz] and Najd and its Dependencies. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate outstanding questions mainly concerning boundaries of and relations between Ibn Saud's territories and Iraq and Trans-Jordan following the Hadda and Bahra Agreements of 1925, and the Treaty of Jeddah of 1927.Clayton was accompanied by George Antonius, Assistant Secretary to the Palestine Government; Kinahan Cornwallis, Adviser to the Ministry of Interior in Iraq; Captain John Bagot Glubb, Administrative Inspector in the Iraq Government Service; Flight-Lieutenant G M Moore; and Bernard Henry Bourdillon, Counsellor to the Residency in Baghdad. The Najd delegates included: Dr Abdullah Damluji [‘Abdullāh al-Damlūjī]; Shaikh Yusuf Yasin [Yūsuf Yāsīn]; Shaikh Hafez Wahba [Ḥāfiẓ Wahbah]; and Shaikh Fuad Hamza [Fu’ād Ḥamzah].A page of contents and list of annexures appears on folio 2v with the following sections:'Colonial Office to Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., 19th July, 1928 (Letters of Instructions)' (folios xx);'Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., to Colonial Office, 3rd September, 1928 (Further Report on his Mission)' (folios XX);'Record of Proceedings' (folios XX);'Memorandum on the Proceedings of the Sub-Committee Meetings' (folios XX);'Draft Note on the Arbitration of Raids between Najd and Trans-Jordan' (folios XX).There is one appendix which consists of a Foreign Office letter to the Acting British Agent and Consul, Jeddah, dated 1 November 1928. The front cover is marked 'Confidential', 'Printed for the use of the Colonial Office' and 'In continuation of Middle East No. 25', 'Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., on his Mission to the King of Hejaz and of Najd and its Dependencies, for the purpose of negotiating a settlement of outstanding questions. (April-June, 1928)' (IOR/L/PS/20/E90/1).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circles, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
19. 'Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, November 1927-May 1928.'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed report on air and motorcar operations carried out along the Iraq-Najd border following several cross-border raids. The report was produced and issued by the Air Ministry and printed in London in December 1928. The volume is divided into three sections: the report, appendices, and maps.The report contains the following sub-headings:Introduction; Attack on Busaiya Post; Events Leading up to the Formation of Akforce; Formation of Akforce; First Phase; Second Phase; Third Phase; Difficulties of Terrain; Value of Troop-Carrying Aircraft; Use of Armoured Cars; Protection of Advanced Aircraft Bases.List of Appendices1. Operational Flying Times by Units. 2. Supplies and Transport. 3. Supply of Equipment. 4. Stores Accounting. 5. Pay Accounting. 6. Report on Supcol. 7. Water Supplies. 8. Tentage at Temporary Stations. 9. Changing Engines on Operations. 10. Maintenance of Aircraft and Engines in the open. 11. Armament. 12. Medical Arrangements. 13. Weather. 14. Signals.List of Maps1. 'Iraq-Najd Frontier and probable raid routes. 2. Najd borders. 3. 'Iraq-Najd. Areas suitable for armoured cars. 4. Akforce W/T Communications.Physical description: Foliation: The sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
20. 'Military Report on Iraq (Area 6 Lower Euphrates)'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume was compiled as one of ten military reports to aid British military operations in Iraq published by the General Staff of British Forces in Iraq. It covers Area 6, or Lower Euphrates and contains chapters that cover the history, geography, climate, ethnography, natural resources, as well as the tribal makeup of region. The final chapters are devoted to important personalities, and communications infrastructure.The volume is particularly detailed given that the area it covers was the site of a major anti-British insurrection in 1920. As such it is particularly detailed on the political and demographic makeup of the region and its people.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 224; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
21. 'Military Report on Iraq - Volume II (Routes)'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume is the second in a series of military reports on Iraq published by the Air Ministry in London in 1936 focusing on 'Routes'. It contains chapters on the general communications routes, water, supply, fuel, transport infrastructure, and descriptions of the grazing, camping, population, climate in Iraq. The general focus throughout the volume is on roads, railways, air routes and waterways that may allow for an assessment of the military preparedness of various regions of the country.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 227; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
22. 'Military Report on Iraq. Area 2 (Upper Euphrates)'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume prepared by the General Staff of the British Forces in Iraq was published as part of a series of ten similar military reports on Iraq after the First World War. The report covers the history, geography, climate, demography, natural resources, ethnography and important personalities of the Upper Euphrates region of Iraq. The report's focus is on the military capabilities of various populations, their political allegiances, and the basic economic infrastructure of the region.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 68; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
23. 'Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, June 1928-May 1929.'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed report on air and motorcar operations carried out along the Iraq-Najd border following several cross-border raids. The report was produced and issued by the Air Ministry and printed in London in July 1930. The volume is divided into three sections: the report; appendices; and maps.The report contains the following sub-headings: The Uqubba Incident on 1st January, 1929; Ajman Raid.List of Appendices:I. Distribution of Forces--Southern DesertII. Flying TimesIII. SignalsIV. Report on Weather Conditions in the Southern Desert--June, 1928, to May, 1929V. Medical Arrangements--Southern Desert--1928-29VI. Memorandum of Armament during Operations in the Southern Desert--June, 1928-May, 1929VII. Supply of Transport Services--Period June, 1928-May, 1929VIII. Stores Organisation and Accounting--Period June, 1928-May, 1929IX. Maintenance of Aircraft and Engines of Detachments Engaged--Period June, 1928-May, 1929.Folio 15 is a map of Basra and Hail [Ḥā’il].Physical description: Foliation: The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio (except for the back cover, where the folio number is on the verso).Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
24. 'Najd-Transjordan Boundary'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes for the period of February 1925 to December 1927 relating to the Najd-Transjordan boundary.Topics discussed include:The Najd-Transjordanian boundary and raiding between Iraq and Najd.The mission of Sir Gilbert Clayton Mission to Ibn Sa`ud.Najd-Iraq Frontier Agreement (Bahra Agreement), signed in 1925.Included in the volume is a copy of the English version (folios 36 to 37) of the ten articles of the Bahra Agreement signed by the Sultan of Najd and Dependencies and Sir Gilbert Clayton on behalf of the 'Mesopotamia Government' to regulate raiding. The file also includes letters in Arabic from Ibn Sa'ud to British officials.The principal correspondents include: the Secretary of State for the Colonies, London; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire (Francis Beville Prideaux); the High Commissioner, Baghdad; the Political Agent, Kuwait; HM Consul, Jeddah; and the Sultan of Najd and Dependencies (Ibn Sa'ud).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 177; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 5-173; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.