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1. ‘State of affairs in the Bagdad Pachalie’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures no. 2-3 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Bombay [Mumbai] Castle, dated 28 February 1848. The enclosures are dated 7 December 1847-15 January 1848. The enclosures consist of copies of despatches from the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia relating to affairs in and around Bagdad [Baghdad], including:A British merchant who was beaten and arrested while attempting to enter Bagdad and attempts to bring charges against the soldiers responsibleThe defeat of ‘brigands’ by the Governor of KermanshahA complaint against Khurshid Agha [Khorshid Aga], Governor of Bussorah [Basra], for the unauthorised boarding of a British vessel and his later removal from office and arrestThe immunity from British interference of Persian [Iranian] ships transporting enslaved persons in the Gulf and the difficulty of securing the release of those brought to Bussorah by them.Physical description: 1 item (15 folios)
2. ‘State of affairs in the Baghdad Pachalie’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures no. 2-4 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Bombay [Mumbai] Castle, dated 25 January 1848. The enclosures are dated 2-27 November 1847. The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in and around Bagdad [Baghdad], including:Flood defences on the EuphratesTrade and immigration through Bussorah [Basra]The unauthorised boarding of a British vessel at Bussorah by local authoritiesTroops raised by the Governor of Kormanshah [Kermanshah] to fight against ‘brigands’ in his provinceThe immunity from British interference of Persian [Iranian] ships transporting enslaved persons in the Gulf and the difficulty of securing the release of those brought to Bussorah by them.The primary correspondents are the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia, the British Consul in Bagdad and the Ottoman Governor of Bagdad.Physical description: 1 item (26 folios)
3. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 91 of 1846, dated 4 August 1846. The enclosure is dated 28 May 1846.The primary document is a despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor-General of India, copies of his communications to Sir Stratford Canning, HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Baghdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik, also spelled Pashalic in this item].The papers notably cover the following matters:The agreement negotiated by Canning relating to the rights of Britain to navigate the ‘Rivers of Mesopotamia [Iraq]’ (the Tigris and Euphrates) under its own flag and subject only to anchorage fees, and Rawlinson’s expectation that this will encourage the use of steam vessels and stimulate British trade with the Turkish [Ottoman] EmpireTensions between Persian [Iranian] and Turkish tribes on the Turco-Persian frontier at Kermanshah, plans for mediation by Rawlinson of the differences between the tribes, and Rawlinson’s description (f 14) of two ‘serious outrages’ committed by Persian tribes against the property of Turkish tribes and his fears of possible retaliationA meeting between Najib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad] and the Persian Consul Moolah Abdool Azeez [Mullā ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, also referred to as the Persian Agent] regarding the various complaints of the Consul against the Turkish authorities relating to: import and export duties; alleged fees for interment at Nejjef [Najaf, also spelled Nejif in this item]; ferry tolls required to cross a canal between Nejjef and Kufa; passport regulations affecting Persian citizens resident in Baghdad; and the inability of Persian citizens to obtain restitution following the ‘plunder’ of their property in the vicinity of BaghdadRawlinson’s mediatory role following two recent incidents at Kerbela [Karbala], namely: the affair of Hajee Medhi [Ḥājī Mahdī] who was sent to Kerbela by the Persian Consul on private business but presented himself as a Government Agent independent of the local government, and the question of Turkish and Persian jurisdictional rights regarding his punishment; and the affair of the Persian Army soldiers on official business who refused to deposit their arms, forced the gates and assaulted the guards, and the postponement of their punishment pending the decision of the Turkish and Persian governmentsRawlinson’s report of the discontent over taxation among ‘the Arabs of this Pashalic’, and his concern that increased tensions and acts of defiance will lead to constant conflict and disorderInformation received by Rawlinson alleging the erection of fortifications at Zahab [Sarpol-e Zahab] and Mohamrah [Khorramshahr, also spelled Mahomrah in this item] and the denial of the Persian Prime Minister, as conveyed by HM Minister in Tehran, of plans to erect any fortifications on the Persian frontier.Physical description: 1 item (20 folios)
4. File 2678/1917 Pt 1 'Persia: Financial arrangements Rouble Exchange'
- Description:
- Abstract: This part contains papers relating to the financing, by the British Government, of the Imperial Russian Army in Persia [Iran], notably difficulties concerning the acquisition of currency for the payment of troops, and the development of British policy regarding the method of distribution of funds to the Russian military authorities in Persia. The papers notably cover:Problems with: purchasing roubles [rubles] in Russia due to restrictions on agents of the Imperial Bank of Persia in Russia; the remittance of roubles through Persia; and the poor rouble exchange rate due to the depreciated value of the currency‘Lawless’ behaviour of Russian troops in Persia, notably at Hamadan, Kermanshah and Kasvin [Qazvin], including looting of bazaars, apparently following the refusal of marketeers to accept the depreciated roubleProblems of the Russian military authorities, notably the ‘Caucasian Army’ [Russian Caucasus Army] under General Baratoff [Nikolai Nikolaevich Baratov], in obtaining funds from the Russian Government, and requests for British financial support and loansBritish concerns that the departure of Russian troops would leave Persia vulnerable to attack by Turkish [Ottoman] forces, and plans to send a British force to the regionThe need of the British Government and the Government of India to balance financial pressures in Persia with those of the war effort elsewherePlans for the acquisition of silver by Russia from America, and its transfer to Petrograd [St Petersburg] for minting of Persian money (Krans) and onward transmission to Persia, or for transfer to Teheran [Tehran], via Petrograd, for minting in Persia, to meet the requirements of the Russian troops (see also IOR/L/PS/10/687/2)British decision to set up a Commission, or Board, in Hamadan, for the control and distribution of Krans to finance and pay Russian troops in Persia (rather than distribute funds via a Russian Bank or directly to the Russian military authorities), and difficulties over recruiting staff who are both sufficiently experienced and available (see also IOR/L/PS/10/687/2)Growing British doubts in late 1917 about the reliability of Baratoff’s army and the policy of continuing to finance it, notably the War Office’s view that it is out of control, under the influence of Bolshevik committees, and at risk of being utilised against British interests.The papers mostly consist of: covering letters of the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the Under-Secretary of State for India, with related enclosures; minute papers of the India Office Secret and Political departments; copies of decyphered telegrams; copies of correspondence; notes and letters by India Office officials. The India Office minute papers are annotated chiefly by John Evelyn Shuckburgh, Secretary, Political and Secret Department, and Francis H Lucas, Secretary, Financial Department.The main correspondents are as follows: the Foreign Office; the India Office, including various Financial Department officials; Sir Charles Marling, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Teheran; George Newell, Manager, Imperial Bank of Persia, London; Monsieur S Ermolaieff [Yermolayev?], Agent of the Imperial Russian Treasury, India House, London; and M Nabokoff [Konstantine Dmitrivitch Nabokov], Chargé d’Affaires of the Russian Government in London. Other correspondents include: Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British Ambassador to the United States, Washington (also a former Ambassador to Persia [Iran] 1906-1908), and Sir George William Buchanan, British Ambassador to the Russian Empire (up to the October Revolution), Petrograd [St Petersburg].Physical description: 1 item (206 folios)