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13. Political No. 168 of 1873, Forwarding Copies of a Letter Containing a Report on the Coal or Fossil Bitumen at Harbool
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of Political Despatch from the Government of India Foreign Department to the Secretary of State for India, dated 2 October 1873 and received by the India Office Secret Department on 2 November 1873, forwarding a letter from the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] and Consul-General in Bagdad [Baghdad], to the Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], containing a report on the coal or fossil bitumen at Harbool [probably Erbil, also known as Hawler]. The report, by Monsieur Mongel, a French Civil Engineer, describes 'les mines de bitume fossile dans les environs de Zako [Zakho] (Kurdistan)' [the mines of fossil bitumen in the area of Zako [Zakho] (Kurdistan) [Iraqi Kurdistan]].Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 2, and terminates at f 10a, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The sequence contains six foliation anomalies: f 2a, f 4a, f 5a, f 7a, f 8a, and f 10a.
14. File 1450/1919 ‘Mesopotamia & Kurdistan: Geological Reports on’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence, memoranda, reports, telegrams and maps and geological drawings, regarding the geological examination of regions in Mesopotamia and the prospect of petroleum [oil] in these areas.Included in the volume are the following reports:‘MESOPOTAMIA GEOLOGICAL REPORTS No. 7-11’ (‘No. 7’ is crossed out and replaced with ‘No. 8’), 1920 (ff 9-22)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No. 7 NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHEN MESOPOTAMIA’, 1920 (ff 25-31)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No. 6 NOTES ON ZAKHO AND DOHUK [Duhok]’, 1920 (ff 41-44)‘MESOPOTAMIA GEOLOGICAL REPORT 1919’, 1920 (ff 57-109)‘REPORT OF THE BITUMINOUS DEPOSIT NEAR KIFRI’, 1919 (f 114)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No 5. THE KIFRI DISTRICT’ (ff 115-116)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No 4. RECONNAISSANCE REPORT ON THE COUNTRY ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE RIVER TIGRIS BETWEEN BAIJI AND MOSUL’, 1919 (ff 122-129)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No 3. RECONNAISSANCE REPORT ON THE EUPHRATES VALLEY BETWEEN HILLAH AND HIT’, 1919 (ff 131-143)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No 2. PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE JABAL HAMRIN’, 1919 (f 143)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (Mesopotamia) No 1 ON THE DISTRICT OF QAIYARAH [Al Qayyarah]’, 1919 (ff 146-151)‘APPENDIX. Translation of a Captured Document. Report of a Tour to the Coal Area and Petroleum Springs in the Zone of the Sixth L. of C. Inspectorate’, 1919 (ff 156-158)‘No 13. Notes on the Jabal Gilabat [Qilabat] between Chinchal-al-Kabir and Qarah Tappah’, 1919 (f 164)‘No 14. Notes on the Jabal Hamrin between Qarah Tappah and Table Mountain’, 1919 (ff 164v-167)‘No. 10. Notes on the Geology of the Country between Tazah Khurmatu and Tauq [Tukhama Khulu]’, 1919 (ff 182-185)‘REPORTS ON THE PROSPECTS OF PETROLEUM IN THE BAGHDAD WILAYAT [Vilayet]’, 1918 (ff 187-201)‘Report No 9. Oil in the Kirkuk Anticline’, 1919 (ff 204-205)‘No 3. Report on the Prospects of Obtaining Oil in the Jab-al-Khanuqah, S.E. of Sharqat [Ash Sharqat]’, 1918 (f 207)‘No 4. Prospects of Obtaining Oil in the Jab-al-Qaiyarah and its continuation, the Jab-al-Najmah’, 1919 (ff 208-209)‘No 5. Possibilities of Obtaining Oil in the Jab-al-Mishrak [Al Mishraq] and Country West of Hammam Ali [Hammam al Ali]’, 1919 (ff 210-211)‘No 6. The Country between Mosul and Quwair [Al Kuwayr] on the Greater Zab, and its Prospects as Oil-producing Territory’, 1919 (ff 211v-212)‘Report No 7. Sulphur near the Confluence of the Greater Zab with the Tigris’, 1919 (f 213)‘No 8. Prospects of Obtaining Oil in the Quwair Dome’, 1919 (ff 213-214)‘Appendix to Report No. 4, on the Jab-al-Qaiyarah Oil-field’, 1919 (f 214v)‘Report on the prospects of obtaining Oil in the Jabal-Hamrin and Jabal- Makhul between Tikrit and Sharqat’, 1918 (ff 217-218)‘Odd Notes on the Country between Tikrit and the Jabal-Hamrin and Jabal Makhul’, 1918 (ff 219-220)‘PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PROSPECTS OF PETROLEUM IN THE BAGHDAD WILAYAT’, 1918 (ff 233-236).Also included in the volume are the following maps and geological drawings:‘TO ACCOMPANY GEOLOGICAL REPORT MESOPOTAMIA No 8’, 1920 (f 20)‘To ACCOMPANY GEOLOGICAL REPORT MESOPOTAMIA No 8 ON THE SULAIMANIYAH DISTRICT’, 1920 (f 21)‘TO ACCOMPANY GEOLOGICAL REPORT MESOPOTAMIA No: 7a. THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE MANDALI-BADRAH DISTRICT’, 1920 (f 30)‘GEOLOGICAL REPORT (MESOPOTAMIA) No 7 NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA’, 1920 (f 31)‘TO ACCOMPANY GEOLOGICAL REPORT No 6’, 1920 (f 44)‘TRANSVERSE SECTION. JABAL HAMRIN’ (f 88)‘Diagrammatic Section across Jabal Hamrine [Hamrin] in the Table mountain area, shewing [showing] relationship of Pos Tertray [Post-Tertiary] Gravel to the Tertainis [Tertiaries]’ (f 168)‘Red Clay & Sandstone Series Transverse section across Jabal Gilbat’ (f 169)‘QĀRAH TAPPAH’, 1918 (f 170)‘CHINCHĀL-TALISHĀN’, 1918 (f 172)‘SHAHRABĀN’, 1917 (f 174)‘MANSURĪYAH AL JABAL’, 1918 (f 176)‘1 Diagrammatic Section N[orth]. of the Tuz Khurmatu’ (f 183)‘2 Diagrammatic Section oposite [ sic] Sulaiman Beg, just N[orth]. of the stream’ (f 183)‘3 Diagrammatic Section oposite [ sic] Sulaiman Beg just S[outh]. of the Stream’ (f 183v)‘Transverse Section across Jabal Nasaz near Gil’ (f 185)‘GEOLOGICAL MAP OF NAFT KHANA DISTRICT OF MESOPOTAMIA’ (f 198)‘THE PETROLEUM DEPOSITS OF HIT’ (f 199)‘GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN N.E. MESOPOTAMIA’ (f 200)‘SECTION FROM SHAHRABAN TO CHAH SURKH [Chiya Surkh]’ (f 201)Transverse Section Maps of Jabal Hamrin and Jabal Makhul (f 220).The volume comprises internal correspondence between British officials of different departments. The principal correspondents are: the Civil Commissioner, Baghdad; the Under-Secretary of State, India Office; the Political Agent, Baghdad; officers of the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau; and officers from the Petroleum Department.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 246; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
15. File 301/1921 'MESOPOTAMIA: INTELLIGENCE REPORTS'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains the Intelligence Reports of Sir Percy Cox, High Commissioner for Mesopotamia [also written as Iraq in this volume], based in Baghdad, covering the period 15 November 1920 to 15 September 1921. They largely relate to: the political situation in Mesopotamia and the surrounding region; the formation and proceedings of the provisional government; the events leading up to the creation of Mandatory Iraq [also known as the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration] and the election and appointment of Faisal [Fayṣal bin Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī] as the first King of Iraq [Fayṣal I].The Intelligence Reports are numbered and appear to have been issued at two-week intervals. This volume contains the reports numbered 1-3, 9-19 and 21. There is no explanation in the volume regarding the reason for the absent reports. The format of the reports is a mixture of printed and copy typescript. Each report is preceded by a covering circular issued by the office of the High Commissioner indicating the British Government departments and the officers and departments in the Middle East to which the report was copied.Report Nos. 1-3 are preceded by an assessment of the political situation described in the Intelligence Report, written by Major R Marrs.The reports generally comprise the following sections:A summary of the report (from report No. 14 onwards only)An account of the proceedings of the Council of MinistersAnalysis of current public opinion and allegiances, (notably an analysis of public opinion on the Amir [Emir] Faisal and his arrival in Mesopotamia, including a reference to his 'personal magnetism', f 88), in report Nos 16-19Notes on provincial affairsNotes on the situation at the frontiersExtracts of 'Iraq Police Abstracts of Intelligence' (reports No. 9-14 only).Other subjects notably covered in various reports include:Assyrian, Armenian and Urumiyan [Urmian] refugees (report Nos. 2 and 19)Perceived foreign influences in Iraq (report Nos. 2 and 3)The withdrawal of Saiyid [Sayyid] Talib Pasha [Sayyid Ṭālib bin Rajab al-Naqīb] from the Government and Baghdad (report No. 12)Kurdistan (report Nos. 12-14)Turkish and Kurdish Frontiers (report No. 12)Dair al Zor [Deir ez-Zor] (report Nos. 1 and 12)Notes on 'Internal Affairs' (Nos. 18 and 19)Analysis of the referendum result which confirmed the election of Faisal as Iraq's first monarch (report No. 19)The formation of King Faisal's first cabinet (report No. 21).Appendices are included with some reports, usually comprising copies of the High Commissioner's proclamations or communications 'to the people of Iraq' or documents relevant to the particular report (notably 'Provisional scheme for the re-organisation of the law courts' and 'Report of the committee constituted for studying the irrigation problem in Mesopotamia' in report No. 9).Each report is concluded with a Supplement or Press Bureau Report, comprising extensive summaries and extracts of newspaper articles published in the local and 'foreign' (local region mainly) press. Notable publications cited are: Al 'Iraq, Al Fallah, Al Dijlah, and (Syrian publication) Lissan al 'Arab.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the end of the correspondence (front of the volume).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 284; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the two leading and two ending flyleaves. The sequence contains one foliation anomaly: f 267a.
16. File 36/1919 Pt 3 ‘KURDISTAN POLICY & SITUATION’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains correspondence, memoranda, reports, newspaper clippings, parliamentary notes, telegrams and minutes. It mainly covers conversations between British officials regarding the political situation in Kurdistan, but also contains correspondence from Kurdish representatives and various British organisations.The volume covers and includes the following:A description of the political situation in Kurdistan by Philippe Berthelot of the French Ministry for Foreign AffairsOpinions expressed by British officials as to whether Turkish authorities should be excluded form Kurdistan, whether Kurdistan should be portioned, and whether its frontier should follow that of the ethnological frontier between Kurds and ArabsOpinions expressed by British officials on the growth of political and social movements related to Kurdish nationalismDescriptions of the political movement towards the establishment of an autonomous Kurdish stateThe views of Hamdi Bey Baban [Ḥamdī Beg Bābān] regarding the Kurdistan situationMinutes of monthly conferences on Middle Eastern affairs throughout 1920, giving views on Kurdistan from British and French officers and covering different subjects regarding the political situation in Kurdistan and MesopotamiaAspects of the future administration of Sulaimaniyah [As Sulaymaniyah]Plans from British officers regarding the political situation in Mesopotamia and its possible future governmentMentions of interest in Mesopotamia in ‘bolshevism’Reports on India Office recommendations regarding KurdistanA memorandum on Kurdistan, with the following headings: ‘Kurdish political activity', ‘Aims of the Kurds’, ‘Turkish Scheme’, ‘Kurdish Objections’, ‘The immediate situation’, and ‘Suggested solution’ (ff 267-270)Opinions expressed by Kurdish people on Kurdistan and its politicsConflict in Mesopotamia and Kurdistan regarding: British refusal to allow visits to the tomb of Shaikh Kaka Ahmad [Ḥājjī Kākā Aḥmad al-Shaykh], including the imposition of heavy fines and prison sentences; arrests and deportations to Baghdad of unnamed ‘notables’; and the execution at Sakis [Saqqez] of Rusten Khan [Rustam Khān] by order of the Governor of Sineh [Sanandaj]Correspondence relating to Kurdistan, including: repatriation of Assyrian Christians; securing of borders; Kurdish districts in Persia [Iran;] Kurdish nationalismA letter from the Travellers Club regarding the situation in the Kurdistan.The principal correspondents are: Civil Commissioner, Baghdad; High Commissioner, Constantinople [Istanbul]; Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for the Colonies; Political Officer at Sulaimaniyah; Hamdi Bey Baban.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the inside last folio with 293; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The volume has four foliation anomalies: f 106a, f 111a, f 172a and f 203a.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
17. Ext 5000/41(3) 'Persia - General Situation (Sept. & Oct. 1941)'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes, relating to situation in Persia [Iran] following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in August 1941.The discussion in the volume relates to the measures taken by Britain in consultation with the United States of America and the Soviet Union to form a regime in Persia that was aligned with British war aims. Correspondence discusses the need to remove the Shah who was 'hand in glove with the Germans' and implement some form of 'constitutional government' (see folio 232).Further discussion surrounds the temporary nature of these measures and guarantees to restore full sovereignty to Iran after the war, in the same way as other 'small nations'.Issues discussed include:Raids by tribesmenPrice of kerosene and staples such as breadUnrest in KurdistanStipulations of the Persian constitutionThe UK relationship with MoscowInstallation of the new Shah and arrangements for exile of the old ShahBritish policy towards administration of government in Persia.The file features the following principal correspondents: the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; the British Consul, Kermanshah (John Francis Robert Vaughan-Russell); HM Minister, Tehran (Sir Reader William Bullard).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 233; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 1-232; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
18. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 43 of 1853, dated 18 July 1853. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 20 May 1853.The papers relate to affairs in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] including:Turkish efforts at centralisation in southern Kurdistan and how this affected the relations between the Kurdish tribes, namely the Baban (sedentary) and the Jaff and Hamawend [Hamawand] (nomadic tribes)The practice of government in Sulimanieh [Sulaymaniah]The perception of the Kurdish tribes of Ottoman rule and how the substitution of Turkish for ‘native rule’ in Kurdistan had led to an increased chance of revolt among the Kurds from Ararat to Baghdad.Correspondents include the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia (Henry Creswicke Rawlinson); the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London; and HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul].Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)
19. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 104 of 1846, dated 14 September 1846. The enclosure is dated 24 July 1846.The primary document is a despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor-General of India, copies of his communications to Sir Stratford Canning, HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Baghdad Pachalic [Pashalik].The papers notably cover the following matters:Reports that the supporters of Ahmed Pasha [Aḥmad Pāshā] have all deserted him, that he left Zohab [Sarpol Zahab] and joined ‘a certain holy man Sheikh [Shaikh] Tahir who resides on the Azerbijan [Iranian Azerbaijan] Frontier of Kurdistan’ and has ‘assumed the habit of a Dervish’, and Rawlinson’s scepticism about Ahmed Pasha’s conversion and suspicion that it may be short-livedInformation indicating that the troops being sent from Baghdad against the Chief of Rowandize [Rasūl Pāshā, of Rawandiz, also spelled Rowanduz in this item] to enforce payment of arrears of revenue and other measures, have been halted following the mediation of the Pasha of Moosul [Mosul] on behalf of the ChiefPreparations being made by the Persian [Iranian] authorities to erect a fort on the Kurdish frontier at Lahijan and Rawlinson’s concerns that this will aggravate the Bilbass [Belbās or Bilbas] inhabitants who pasture their flocks in that district and that any orders issued by Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad] to the Bilbass against impeding the construction will be ignoredA report that the Governor of Kermanshah has advanced in the direction of Zohab, possibly as a superficial response to the Turkish [Ottoman] advance on RowanduzReports that Persian refugees residing in the Turkish town of Khannikeen [Khanaqin, also known as Khaniqin] have in the last few days committed a serious ‘outrage’ in Persia and ‘entirely destroyed the rich district of Kileh Shahm, one of the dependencies of Zohab’ (f 201), and Nejib Pasha’s attempts at restitution and orders to the Governor of Khannikeen to expel the offending parties from Turkish territoryDoubts expressed by Rawlinson and Lieutentant-Colonel Sheil, HM Minister in Teheran [Tehran], regarding the ability of Persian authorities, despite their apparent willingness, to provide redress for ‘outrages’ committed by the various tribes of Looristan [Larestan] on subjects of Turkey or to provide satisfactory compensation for the violent entry into Kerbela [Karbala] by the escort accompanying the Governor of Kermanshah’s wife (on her return from pilgrimage).Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
20. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 40 of 1850, dated 25 July 1850. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 15 June 1850.They consist of correspondence relating to military operations by the Turkish authorities at Sulmanieh [As Sulaymaniyah] in the Kurdish mountains in connection with a rebellion by the Jaaf [Jaf] tribe.Correspondents include: the Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] (Lieutenant Arnold Burrowes Kemball); HM Ambassador to Constantinople [Istanbul]; and HM Envoy at Tehran.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
21. Coll 28/130 ‘Persia. Tribal situation and recommended policy.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Reports and some correspondence relating to British policy towards tribes in Persia [Iran] during the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Persia in the Second World War. The file includes:An undated note on tribal policy in Kurdistan and Kermanshah, prepared by Lieutenant-Colonel C W Fletcher, Political Adviser at the British Consulate in Kermanshah, and with additional comments from the British Legation at Tehran. The note includes details of tribal chiefs, disarmament, and tribal hostility towards the government (ff 16-21)A 1944 report on the Bakhtiari tribe, prepared by the British Consul at Isfahan, Charles Alexander Gault. The report includes sections on: geography; communications; history; the Bakhtiari Governorate; tribal characteristics; military value; economic value; tribal organisation; the Khans; and a conclusion (ff 24-88).The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 95; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
22. File 2879/1919 Pt 1-4 'IRAQ: KURDISTAN'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume relates to ‘uprisings’ and violent incidents that took place against British political and military personnel in southern and central Kurdistan, a region which was of strategic importance to the British authorities in Mesopotamia. It comprises four parts (items) as follows:IOR/L/PS/10/833/1: Part 1, ‘MESOPOTAMIA Kurdistan: The Suleimanieh Outbreak’ (ff 207-284)IOR/L/PS/10/833/2: Part 2, ‘MESOPOTAMIA Kurdistan: The Amadia Incident’ (ff 143-206)IOR/L/PS/10/833/3: Part 3, ‘MESPOTAMIA KURDISTAN The AQRAH Incident: Murder of Messrs Bill & Scott’ (ff 57-142)IOR/L/PS/10/833/4: Part 4, ‘Mesopotamia: The Telafar Outrage’ (ff 1-56).The papers in each part mainly comprise: India Office Political Department circulation forms containing the file number, subject, and notes or comments written by senior department officials; copies of telegrams (in typescript and printed format); India Office minute papers containing draft letters; India Office draft telegrams; letters; memoranda; reports; and Foreign Office covering memoranda to enclosures.Each part includes a Political and Secret Department divider which gives the subject and part numbers, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained in that part by year. This is placed at the end of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 284; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The foliation sequence does not include the leading flyleaf and the end flyleaf.
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