Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, letters from the Government of Bombay.The item consists of correspondence regarding an application by the Pasha of Egypt [Muḥammad ʻAlī Pāshā] to procure or purchase two armed ships from the East India Company with the intention of sending an expedition to recover Judda [Jeddah], Mecca and Medina from the Wahabees [Wahhabis]. The application was made through Captain Rudland, British Resident in Mocha, and his assistant John Benzoni, Assistant to the British Agency in the Red Sea. The correspondence also concerns the general desire of the Pasha to strengthen connections with the British Government and the potential advantages and disadvantages of such a relationship.The correspondence consists mainly of letters between Captain Rudland, John Benzoni and the Government of Bombay. The other correspondents are: Governor-General and Council at Fort William; Francis Warden, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay; Court of Directors of the East India Company.The Pasha is alternatively referred to in the item as: Mahomed Ally Bashaw; Bashaw; Pacha; Viceroy of Egypt.Captain Rudland is alternatively referred to in the item as: Agent in the Gulph [Gulf] of Arabia; British Agent in the Persian Gulph.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Political No. 22, Season 1814/15, Draft 20' and 'Examiner's Office November 1812'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 145, and terminates at f 154, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
Abstract: The volume consists of letters, telegrams, and memoranda relating to the situation in the Hejaz at the time, with Ali entrenched in Jeddah and Ibn Sa'ud's Ikhwan in Mecca. The majority of the correspondence is between Reader Bullard, the British Agent in Jeddah, the Political Residency in Bushire, the British Residency in Aden, the Political Agency in Bahrain, the Political Agency in Kuwait, the High Commissioner in Baghdad, the Colonial and Foreign Offices, both in London, the High Commissioner in Jerusalem, the Government of India, and Ibn Sa'ud himself, or his representatives.Running through the volume and forming its backbone are several reports by Bullard about the situation on the ground in Jeddah. Around these, much of the papers relate to the question of who will govern the Holy Places of Mecca and Medina once Ali finally leaves.Other subjects covered in the volume are:The motivations and movements of St John Philby and Rosita Forbes;The actions of the Wahabi attackers;British concern with Indian Muslim opinion on the state of affairs;the prospect of a safe Hajj that year;reports of Soviet influence in the area;what to do about ex-King Hussein.Physical description: Foliation: The sequence starts on the first folio of writing and continues through to the inside back cover. The first four folios are marked 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D, and then proceed as normal from 2 onwards. The numbers are written in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
Abstract: The volume consists of letters, telegrams, memoranda, and reports relating to the Hajj pilgrimage to the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. The majority of the correspondence is between the British Agency (later British Legation) in Jeddah, the Foreign Office, Colonial Office, and Indian Office in London, the British Residencies in Bushire and Aden, the High Commissioners in Cairo and Baghdad, the Political Agencies in Bahrain and Kuwait, and Ibn Sa'ud.Contained in the volume are the annual reports on the pilgrimage composed by the Agent in Jeddah for the years 1929-1935 inclusive. Each report consists of some or all of the following:a general introduction;information on quarantine;statistics;information on health, transport, customs, 'mutawwifs' (pilgrim guides), religious policy, tariffs and the cost of pilgrimage, and pilgrims from other Muslim regions of the British Empire (India, Afghan, Malay, West Africa, Sudan, Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan, Sarawak, Somalia, Zanzibar and East Africa, South Africa, Aden, Hadhramaut, Muscat, Bahrain, and Kuwait).Other documents cover the following subjects:the Hajj under King Hussein and the implications of a Wahhabi conquest of the Holy Cities;an attack on Yemeni pilgrims by the Ikhwan in August 1923 and the subsequent fighting;an Egyptian Medical Mission to Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina to assist with the pilgrimage;Jeddah's water supply;a new motor road between Medina and Najaf;Japanese interest in the pilgrim trade;the formation and progress of a National First-Aid Society in the Hejaz and Nejd;the religious tolerance of the Wahhabis, specifically the kissing of the Black Stone in Mecca.At the back of the volume (folios 205-206) are internal office notes.Physical description: Foliation: The sequence starts on the first folio and continues through to the inside back cover, the numbers written in pencil, circled, and located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The only irregularities are the first three folios (ff 1A-1C).Fold-out folio: f 2.There is an inconsistent and incomplete pagination sequence that is also written in pencil but is not circled.
Abstract: The volume consists of letters, telegrams, memoranda, and reports relating to the Hajj pilgrimage to the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. The majority of the correspondence is between the British Legation in Jeddah, the Foreign Office in London, the Government of India, the British Residency in Bushire, the British Ministers in Cairo and Baghdad, the Political Agencies in Bahrain and Kuwait, and Ibn Sa'ud.Contained in the volume are the annual reports on the pilgrimage composed by the Agent in Jeddah for the years 1936-39 and 1941-43. Each report consists of some or all of the following:a general introduction;information on quarantine;statistics;information on health, transport, customs, 'mutawwifs' (pilgrim guides), religious policy, tariffs and the cost of pilgrimage, and pilgrims from other Muslim regions of the British Empire (India, Afghan, Malay, West Africa, Sudan, Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan, Sarawak, Somalia, Zanzibar and East Africa, South Africa, Aden, Hadhramaut, Muscat, Bahrain, and Kuwait).A major theme of the volume is the difficulty in getting Indian Muslims to Mecca overland from the Persian Gulf due to the dangers of the shipping lanes in wartime. Many of the documents are concerned with the issues of transport, cost, health, and supply of the routes from Iraq via Najaf and Medina, and from Kuwait via Riyadh.Physical description: Main foliation sequence: numbers are written in pencil and circled, in the top right corner on the recto of each folio. The numbering, which starts on the front cover of the volume and ends on the inside back cover, is as follows: 1A-1D, 2-262.Secondary and earlier foliation sequence: the numbers 1 to 322 are written in pencil in the top right corner on the recto of each folio, except for the internal office notes at the back of the volume, which are paginated in pencil from 1 to 23. Published copies of four British Government reports at the front of the volume (renumbered as folios 2-63) also have pencilled page numbers written on them.Condition: broken spine cover.
Abstract: Hafiz Ahmed Hassan was an Indian Muslim, treasurer and advisor to the nawab of Tonk, Muhammad ‘Ali Khan (died 1895). Tonk was a principality in northwest India and is today part of the state of Rajasthan. When the nawab was deposed in 1867, the author accompanied him into exile, going first to Benares and then, in 1870, to the Muslim holy cities on pilgrimage. After completing the hajj, Hafiz proceeded to England where he spent a short time before returning to India. The focus of the book is his travel to Arabia on the hajj, with description of its rituals. It is a valuable record, in English, of the conditions and practices of his time. He describes the port of Jeddah, the buildings and surroundings of Mecca and Medina, and his fellow pilgrims, and he provides vivid descriptions of rapacious tax authorities and rough treatment by Bedouins on his journey. The book is an important companion to classic accounts in English of the holy cities by C. Snouck Hurgronje and Richard Burton. In addition to its Arabian chapters, the book details the unjust accusations against the nawab that led to his removal from the throne. The author concludes with a chapter about England and the English in which he, among other topics, contrasts the rigor of the British judicial system at home with the summary justice provided for Indian subjects, often at the whim of untrained British administrators. The book was published in London by W. H. Allen, a foremost publisher of works on India.Physical description: 174 pages ; 20 centimeters
Abstract: The file consists of correspondence concerning the poverty of Hejaz and the establishment of a spinning and weaving industry in Medina with the help of Indian capital. It also includes a translation of an advertisement to pilgrims announcing Medina-made cloth for sale in Mecca.The main correspondents include: Andrew Ryan, British Minister at Jedda [Jeddah]; Albert Spencer Calvert, HM Vice-Consul at Jedda; and John Picton Bagge, Director of Foreign Division, Department of Overseas Trade.The file includes a divider which gives the subject and a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the front of the file.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 1, and terminates at f 12, it is the second file in a larger physical volume, each file has its own foliation sequence; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
Abstract: This file relates to institutions in the Hejaz (later Saudi Arabia) that have received or have been offered financial support from the Government of the Nizam of Hyderabad.The file features the following principal correspondents: the Resident at Hyderabad, the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, His Majesty's Minister at Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan), and the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The correspondence primarily concerns proposals from the Government of the Nizam of Hyderabad to install electric lights in the haram at Medina and to repair a number of holy tombs there, in commemoration of the Nizam's silver jubilee. Included in the correspondence are details of the proposals and the Saudi Government's response.Also included in the file is correspondence dating from 1931 discussing the alleged interference of the Hejazi authorities regarding the religious instruction provided at a Hyderabad-funded Hanafi madrassa in Medina.The date range of the file is 1931-38 but the majority of the material dates from 1936-38.The file includes a divider which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 60; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
Abstract: Part 9 primarily concerns the dispute between Bin Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] and King Hussein of Hejaz [Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī, King of Hejaz], and British policy towards both. The item includes the following:a note by the India Office's Political Department, entitled 'Arabia: The Nejd-Hejaz Feud', which laments the fact that relations between Bin Saud and King Hussein have to some extent been reflected in the views of the two administrations with which they have respectively been brought into contact (i.e. the sphere of Mesopotamia and the Government of India in Bin Saud's case, and the Cairo administration in King Hussein's case);reports on the presence of Akhwan [Ikhwan] forces in Khurma and debate as to which ruler has the stronger claim to it;attempts by the British to ascertain whether or not a treaty exists between King Hussein and Bin Saud;a copy of a report by Harry St John Bridger Philby entitled 'Report on Najd Mission 1917-1918', which includes as appendices a précis of British relations with Bin Saud and a copy of the 1915 treaty between Bin Saud and the British government;reports of alleged correspondence between Bin Saud and Fakhri Pasha, Commander of the Turkish [Ottoman] forces at Medina;reports of the surrender of Medina by Ottoman forces;discussion as to whether Britain should intervene further in the dispute between Bin Saud and King Hussein;details of the proposals discussed at an inter-departmental conference on Middle Eastern affairs, which was held at Cairo in February 1919;reports that King Hussein's son Abdulla [ʿAbdullāh bin al-Ḥusayn] and his forces have been attacked at Tarabah [Turabah] by Akhwan forces and driven out.The principal correspondents are the following:Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, temporarily based in Baghdad [Lieutenant-Colonel Arnold Talbot Wilson, acting Resident in Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Zachariah Cox's absence];Civil Commissioner, Baghdad [held in an officiating capacity by Lieutenant-Colonel Arnold Talbot Wilson];High Commissioner, Egypt (General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, succeeded by General Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby);Milne Cheetham, Residency, Cairo;Secretary to the India Office's Political Department (John Evelyn Shuckburgh);Bin Saud;King Hussein;Feisal [Fayṣal bin Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī], son of King Hussein;Foreign Office;Secretary of State for India [Edwin Samuel Montagu];Harry St John Bridger Philby.Physical description: 1 item (203 folios)
Abstract: This volume mainly relates to British policy in Arabia, and specifically concerns British relations with Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd, also referred to in the correspondence as Bin Saud]. The papers cover the Hejaz-Nejd War of 1924-25 and political affairs in Ibn Saud's Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd [Najd] (or the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, as it became in 1927).The volume mainly consists of compiled sections of printed correspondence, with each section closing with a report from the British Agent and Consul at Jeddah. The most prominently featured correspondents are as follows: the British Agent and Consul, Jeddah; the Secretary of State for India; the Secretary of State for the Colonies; the Political Resident, Aden; the High Commissioner, Egypt; the High Commissioner, Iraq; the High Commissioner, Palestine; officials of the Colonial Office, the Foreign Office, the Admiralty, the India Office; the Government of India's Foreign and Political Department. Also featured as correspondents are Ibn Saud, King Ali [‘Alī bin Ḥusayn al-Hāshimī], and British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin.Matters covered in the correspondence include the following:Diplomatic relations between Ibn Saud and Britain, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Persia [Iran]Information on developments in the Hejaz-Nejd War of 1924-25, mainly in the form of telegrams and letters from the British Agent and Consul at Jeddah, and British policy regarding the conflictBritish policy in relation to the fate of the ex-King Hussein [Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī]Reports of Wahabi forces having damaged or destroyed holy sites in Mecca and MedinaThe efforts of King Ali [‘Alī bin Ḥusayn al-Hāshimī] to raise money in JeddahDetails of the Hadda Agreement and the Bahra Agreement, concluded between Sir Gilbert Clayton and Ibn Saud in late 1925Details of King Ali's surrender and abdication on 19 December 1925, and arrangements for his passage out of JeddahBritain's recognition of Ibn Saud as King of the Hejaz in February 1926British concerns regarding the spread of anti-British opinion in the HejazPublic outrage in the wider Muslim world regarding the desecration of holy sites by the Wahabis, and the British Government's refusal to become involved, owing to its stated policy of non-intervention in Muslim religious affairsBritish efforts to ensure the Government of Hejaz's participation in the International Sanitary Convention of 1926Arrangements for a private visit to London by Ibn Saud's son Faisal [Fayṣal bin ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd] in September 1926British concerns regarding Ibn Saud's diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR]A change to Ibn Saud's title in 1927, from 'King of Hejaz and Sultan of Nejd' to 'King of Hejaz and Nejd'The conclusion of the Treaty of Jeddah in June 1927Relations between Ibn Saud and the Imam of Yemen [Yaḥyá Muḥammad Ḥamīd al-Dīn], and the former's suspicions that the Italian Government has been supplying the Imam with armsProfiles of prominent figures in the Kingdom of Hejaz and NejdThe number of pilgrims arriving each year for HajjTense relations between Ibn Saud and the Iraqi Government, particularly concerning the Uqair Protocol.Also included with the correspondence are the following: minutes of an interdepartmental conference held at the Colonial Office on 20 May 1926, to discuss matters arising out of Clayton's Mission to Ibn Saud (ff 178-179); a Colonial Office memorandum entitled 'British Interests in Arabia', dated 8 December 1926 (ff 111-113).The volume includes a small amount of correspondence written in French.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence (f 1).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 388; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence between ff 118-388, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.Pagination: each of the various sections of printed correspondence has its own printed pagination sequence.