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1. '['Pre-Emption'] Agreement... between His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom... and Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Limited'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file is concerned with a 'pre-emption' agreement between the British Government and Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Limited, which relates to the commercial agreement obtained by the petroleum company for drilling for oil in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and the district of Dhofar, and to the political agreement the company later made with the British Government (see IOR/L/PS/18/B470 for further details). This particular agreement is relevant in the event of a state of national emergency or war; it states that His Majesty's Government should have the right of pre-emption of all oil produced in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, excluding Gwadur. The full terms and conditions of this statement are fully outlined in the document.It is signed by Leonard Day Wakely, Deputy Under-Secretary of State for India, on behalf of the Government and witnessed by Sir Alexander Colin Burlington Symon, the Assistant Principal for the Political Department in the India Office. It is also sealed by the petroleum company.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 2; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
2. 'MEMORANDUM (a) The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. (b) His Highness Sultan Saiyid Said bin Taimur.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of a memorandum in two parts. The first part provides information about the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in eight sections, entitled, 'Territory', 'Historical', 'Physical Features', 'Climate', 'Population', 'Products and Trade', 'Religion' and 'Government'. The second part describes and gives a brief biography of His Highness Sultan Saiyid Said bin Taimur, and outlines the extent of British influence upon him.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 5; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
3. 'ABSTRACTS OF LETTERS FROM INDIA 1868'
- Description:
- Abstract: Confidential printed abstracts of letters received by the India Office from the Government of India, and from senior officials in certain areas outside India, during the year 1868. The letters are dated 5 December 1867-11 December 1868.The abstracts are numbered 1-123 and each have one of the following titles:Abstracts of Letters received from IndiaAbstracts of Military Letters received from IndiaAbstracts of Letters received from Colonel Merewether, on Special Duty in AbyssiniaAbstracts of Letters received from AbyssiniaAbstracts of Secret Letters received from IndiaAbstracts of Letters received from Zanzibar.Each abstract contains summaries of one or more letters from the specified source, each with a title giving the subject of the letter. Letters from India are divided within each abstract by the branch or department of the Government of India they originated from. The correspondence included in the volume concerns events in British India, Abyssinia [Ethiopia], Burmah [Burma/Myanmar], Affghanistan [Afghanistan], Persia [Iran], Zanzibar, Oman and Muscat, and Aden, and covers the following subjects:Pay, pensions, and other personnel issues in the Indian Civil and Military establishmentsRevenue and expenditure, including income taxes, license taxes, disaster relief, and land revenue ratesCommunication, including postal services, and telegraph systemsPublic works and transportation, including railways, canals, roads, hospitals, ports, irrigation, jails, and lighthousesThe foreign relations of the Government of India, including with Persia, Burmah, Affghanistan , Muscat [Muscat and Oman], Abyssinia, and FranceEducation, including the Government of India’s support for use of vernacular languages in education, and financial support for female education in BombayBorder disturbances on the North-West FrontierEfforts by the British to repress ‘Wagheer outlaws’ in Kattywar [Kathiawar]Introduction of European freshwater fish into Indian waterwaysPayments, land grants, and tax reductions offered to British Indians for assisting the British during the Indian RevoltEvents in the Princely States, including British payments to rulers and ex-rulers, gifts sent to Queen Victoria, successions, visits of rulers to England, and the deposition of the Nawab of TonkProposals for the manufacturing of ordnance in IndiaProposals for the annexation of the Nicobar IslandsRescue of shipwreck survivors in the Andaman IslandsProposal for an expedition to the Andaman and Nicobar IslandsRussian activities in Affghanistan, Persia, and Bokhara [Emirate of Bukhara]Turkish [Ottoman] activities at Maculla [Mukalla] and Shehur [Ash-Shihr], YemenFrench activities in Burmah, China, and YemenCivil war in AffghanistanA British treaty with the King of Burmah, ratified 26 November 1867The progress of an exploratory expedition to Western ChinaOpium production and exportation to ChinaEmigration of ‘Coolies’ to French GuianaThe British expedition to AbyssiniaDiscussion of possible locations for a quarantine station in the Red SeaIncrease of the stipend paid to the Foodlee [Faḍlī] Sultan by the BritishPayments to the Abdalee [Abdalī] Ruler for his support of the British against the FoodleeDisputes concerning the payment of a subsidy from the Sultan of Zanzibar to the Sultan of MuscatDestruction of slave-trading vessels by the Sultan of ZanzibarNaval attacks by the Rulers of Bahrein [Bahrain] and Abuthaby [Abu Dhabi] on the inhabitants of Gattar [Qatar]Retaliatory attacks by the Ruler of Guttar [Qatar] against BahreinPunishment imposed by the British on the Rulers of Bahrein, Abuthaby, and Gattar for their ‘breach of the peace at sea’, including the deposition of Shaikh Mahomed bin Khalifeh [Muḥammad bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] of BahreinGrowing hostility between the Sultan of Lahej [Laḥij Sultanate] and the Sultan of Houshebi [Ḥawshabī Sultanate]Plans made by Syud Torkee [Sayyid Turkī bin Sa‘īd Āl Bū Sa‘īd] to take the Sultanate of Muscat while living on a British stipend in Bombay [Mumbai]Capture of Muscat and deposition of Sultan Syud Salim [Sayyid Sālim bin Thuwaynī Āl Bū Sa‘īd] by Azan bin Ghias [Imām ‘Azzān bin Qays]Proposals for the creation of a dedicated British naval force in the Persian GulfDisputes between Persia and Muscat concerning the lease of the island of Bunder Abbas [Bandar Abbas] and the ownership of the island of Angaum [Hengam]Proposal for the housing of the ‘Ming-Goon-Dine Prince’ [Prince Myingundaing of Burma] in Bhaugulpore [Bhagulpur] following an unsuccessful rebellion against the King of BurmaEscape from British custody and recapture of the ‘Myeng-Goon Prince’ [Prince Myingun of Burma]British ‘anti-piracy’ measures in the Mergui ArchipelagoOwnership of enslaved persons by British Indian subjects in ZanzibarAn embassy sent from Zanzibar to England to discuss the suppression of the slave tradeFrench naval bombardment and military occupation of Mohéli IslandExtracts from the 16 June 1868 and 30 June 1868 editions of the London Gazette, containing reports of the Abyssinian expedition.A detailed index of subjects, places and people mentioned in the correspondence is included on folios 484-502.The abstracts were printed and bound in London, and each one includes the following colophon: ‘LONDON: Printed by GEORGE E. EYRE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.’The primary correspondents are:The Government of IndiaThe Governor-General of IndiaColonel William Lockyer MerewetherLieutenant-General Robert Cornwallis [Cornelis] NapierThe Political Agent at Zanzibar.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 505; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains multiple original pagination sequences.
4. 'File [VIIIB/2] MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: Zanzibar Subsidy and Arms Subsidy'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns two subsidies paid by the Government of India to the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, which are referred to in the correspondence as the Zanzibar subsidy and the arms traffic subsidy. The latter subsidy is referred to as initially having been granted to Sultan Faisal bin Turki [Fayṣal bin Turkī Āl Bū Sa‘īd] as a personal subsidy in 1912, in recognition of his co-operation in the suppression of arms traffic in the Persian Gulf. The Zanzibar subsidy is described as being the right of any Sultan recognised by the British Government, 'subject to their fulfilling certain conditions.'The date range of the volume is 1921-1939; however, there is no material dating from 1924-1931. The correspondence dating from 1921 to 1923 (ff 2-40) notes the continuation of the arms traffic subsidy following the death of Sultan Faisal bin Turki, owing to certain exceptional circumstances, and discusses whether it should be reduced or withdrawn when his successor, Sultan Taimur bin Faisal [Taymūr bin Fayṣal bin Turkī Āl Bū Sa‘īd] ceases to rule. The question is raised again in 1932, following the abdication of Sultan Taimur bin Faisal and the accession of his son, Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd], and this later correspondence discusses the extension of the subsidy and its eventual discontinuation in January 1936. Also discussed are changes to the arrangements for the payment of the Zanzibar subsidy.The volume features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Government of India's Foreign Secretary; the Viceroy of India; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; officials of the India Office and the Government of India's Foreign and Political Department.The Arabic language material mostly consists of correspondence exchanged between British representatives and the Sultan of Muscat, of which English translations are also present.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 146; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
5. 'File 8/14 I MUSCAT FINANCE, REVENUE, TAXES. BUDGETS.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns matters relating to the finances of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, including its budgets and its revenue. It is largely comprised of copies of various kinds of financial statements, produced by the Government of Muscat's Director of Revenues and forwarded to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat. Statements include the following: budget estimates, quarterly statements of revenue and expenditure, statements of revenue by month as compared with previous years, and summary statements of the Sultanate's overall financial position. The volume also features a significant amount of related correspondence, mostly between the Political Agent and the Political Resident.The Arabic language material mainly consists of letters between the Political Agent and representatives of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, including the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd]. English translations are also present. The date range of the entire volume is 1934-1940; however, most of the material dates from 1934 to 1938.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 239; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
6. 'File 8/14 MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: MUSCAT STATE FINANCES & FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns matters relating to the finances of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. It is largely comprised of copies of various kinds of financial statements, produced by the Government of Muscat and Oman and forwarded to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat.The statements include the following details: budget estimates, estimated revenue and expenditure, and actual revenue and expenditure. Also included are brief statements which provide summaries of the Sultanate's financial position. The volume also features a significant amount of related correspondence, mostly between the Political Agent and the Political Resident but also between the Political Agent and representatives of the Government of Muscat and Oman, namely the Government's Finance Officer and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd]. Other notable correspondents include officials of the Government of India's Finance and Foreign Departments.The correspondence discusses the contents of the statements, as well as other related matters, such as the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's own personal finances, and whether certain items that are currently omitted from the state budget (e.g. the accounts of the Muscat and Dhofar oil concessions) should be included. Also discussed is the possibility of the Sultan investing some of his government's money in Government of India bonds, as proposed by the Political Resident.The Arabic language material mainly consists of correspondence from the Sultan of Muscat and Oman (English translations are included).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 248; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
7. 'File 8/10 MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: MUNICIPAL & OTHER TAXES'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to taxes in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and the payment (or non-payment) of certain taxes by British subjects. Related matters covered in the correspondence include the following: the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat's request that the Sultan of Muscat and Oman make the RAF exempt from payment of the Sultanate's municipal tax; a subsequent request for a refund of the RAF's recent municipal tax payments, following the granting of the exemption; the ownership of property by British subjects; other taxes charged by the Muscat state, including a date tax and a fishing boat tax.The Arabic language material consists of correspondence between the Political Agent and representatives of the Government of Muscat and Oman, including the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd]. Other notable correspondents include the following: the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire; the Secretary to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire; the Commanding Officer of British Forces in Iraq.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 67; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
8. 'File 8/2 Muscat State Affairs: Boundary of Muscat'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the boundaries of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. It includes four copies of a single page of notes on the boundaries of the Sultanate, dated January 1936 and prepared by the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat (ff 3-6), together with four versions of an accompanying sketch map showing the limits of the Sultanate (ff 7-10).The remainder of the file is mainly correspondence exchanged between the Political Agent and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, regarding whether or not certain locations fall within Muscat territory. One particular letter from the Political Agent to the Political Resident, dated 29 June 1944, provides details of what the Sultan of Muscat [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] considers to be the interior boundaries of Muscat (these are given as four sets of degree coordinates, which the Sultan is said to have received from a previous Political Agent, Major Ralph Ponsonby Watts).Included among the correspondence are two further sketch maps depicting the north-eastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 30; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 1-28; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
9. 'File 8/9 FINANCE REVENUE & TAXES. CUSTOMS TARIFF 1932-1939'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume relates to the finances of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The correspondence is primarily concerned with the Sultanate's customs tariffs. It features extensive discussion between the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat and officials of the India Office, Foreign Office, Dominions Office, Government of India, and the Board of Trade on the following related matters: Muscat's existing treaties with the United States and France (dated 1833 and 1844 respectively), and the advisability of these treaties – or at least their commercial clauses – being modified or denounced by the Sultan; the case for increasing customs import duties on certain goods (e.g. tobacco and alcohol), in an effort to increase revenue and restore the stability of the Sultanate's finances, and the likely effects that such an action would have on trade; the threshold (based on alcoholic content) to be used for identifying which alcoholic drinks should be subject to the proposed customs duty increase for alcohol, and the difficulty in translating the technical phrase 'under proof' into Arabic; the efforts of the British Government to secure the agreements of the Sultanate's other treaty partners (namely Canada, the Irish Free State, and France) regarding the proposed customs duty increase.The French language material consists of letters from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the British representative in Paris. The Arabic language material mainly consists of letters between British representatives and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, most of which include English translations.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 374; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
10. Muscat and Persian Gulf Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: Letter and Enclosures to HM Secretary of State for India, dated 20 December 1871.The Enclosures consist of intelligence reports from Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis Pelly, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Major Edward Charles Ross, Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; and the Agent at Shiraz, and relate to the Persian Gulf generally, and to Muscat and Oman.The reports cover: outbreaks of cholera and smallpox (at Bushire, Lingah [Bandar-e Lengeh], and Gwuttur [Qatar]); economic matters; movements of Royal Navy ships; movements of Ottoman naval vessels, correspondence with Syud Toorkee bin Syud Saeed [Sayyid Turkī bin Sa‘īd Āl Bū Sa‘īd], Sultan of Muscat; political matters at Oman; and reports from Shiraz.The Enclosures are dated 14 September - 4 December 1871.Physical description: There is an Abstract of Contents on folio 619, numbered 1-19.
11. Taxation of British Subjects in Muscat, and their Employees, by the Muscat Government
- Description:
- Abstract: Letter and Enclosures to HM Secretary of State for India, dated 20 December 1871.The issue of the taxation by the Muscat Government of British subjects and their employees at Muscat arose following complaints by certain British subjects. Although not specifically provided for by treaty, exemption from taxation had been allowed in practice to British subjects for many years. The papers examine the issues raised.The Enclosures include correspondence from Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis Pelly, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; correspondence from Major Alfred Cotton Way, Acting Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; and the orders of the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council.The Enclosures are dated 30 September - 11 December 1871.Physical description: 1 item (5 folios)
12. Coll 30/110(4) 'Trucial Coast Oil Concession: Muscat Oil Concession. Hinterland Exploration & Survey.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file concerns geological and geophysical surveys for oil and other minerals in the hinterland of Muscat and Oman (especially Dhofar Province, also referred to as Dhufar) and the Trucial Coast (especially Sharjah) undertaken by the substantially British-owned Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) and its subsidiaries Petroleum Concessions Limited, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited, and Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Limited. The British Government were keen to assist IPC to resume exploration, which had been discontinued during the Second World War, in view of the political, strategic and economic importance of the Company's oil concessions in the area (folio 275).The papers include: the extent to which certain tribal areas were under the control of local rulers; the need for demarcation of the boundaries of the Trucial Coast states; list of concession and political agreements in force in 1945 in the various Trucial Coast states (folios 267-268); interest on the part of the Shaikh of Fujairah in entering into treaty relations with the British Government (folio 210); minutes of meetings at the India Office between British Government officials and oil company representatives; permission from the British Government to employ American personnel in survey work (folios 186-193); papers concerning a report by Sir Cyril Sankey Fox, formerly Director of the Geological Survey of India, for the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman entitled 'The Geology and Mineral and Other Resources of Dhufar Province and Other Parts of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, South-East Arabia', March-May 1947 (folios 64-100), including correspondence from the author of the report; sketch map provided by the Political Agent, Muscat (Major Andrew Charles Stewart), which is said by him to have been marked by the Sultan of Muscat [Sa‘īd ibn Taymūr] to show the western boundary of Dhofar (folio 68); a request by Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited that geological factors be taken into account in determining the boundary between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, with sketch map (folios 57-58); Petroleum Concessions Limited 'Instructions to Field Party for Geological Reconnaissance of Southeastern Hadhramaut, the Mahra, and Dhofar' (folios 49-53); and minutes of Foreign Office meeting to discuss the south-eastern frontiers of Saudi Arabia, July 1947.The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside the front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 336; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 327-335; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and have been crossed out. Finally, the second folio is listed as ‘1A’ rather than ‘2.’
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