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1. 'File XVIII/2 COAL, MINING RIGHTS AND MONOPOLIES Expedition to the neighbourhood of Sur, 1901.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains telegraphs, letters and reports regarding the possibility of establishing a coal trade with the coast of Oman in the district of Sur. The correspondence is mainly between the Consul and Political Agent, Muscat, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, and the Under Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, reporting about the necessity of hiring a geological expert to survey the area of Sur and its neighbourhood, and to examine the coal seams there. British Officials considered the coal found in Oman as a convenient source of supply for their Muscat and Persian Gulf requirements. British officials also reported about the French activities and their interest in the area of Sur.While the Sultan of Muscat was in agreement with the British over their interest in the coal export, the Hanawi tribal confederation in Oman was against any British work in Sur. The correspondence includes reports on Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi writing to his followers in Sur endeavouring to stir them up against the British and the Sultan’s building operations.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 159; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
2. ‘File XXIX/4 THE IMAM’S RISING 1913-1920. RISING of IMAM of NIZWA JAN. 1915 & ATTACK ON BAIT-al-FALAJ JAN. 1915’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, memoranda, and a considerable number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs and members of al-Bu Sa‘id ruling family. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi, and the former’s attack on Muscat in 1915. The Imam’s coalition included Omani tribal leaders, Himyar bin Nasir al-Nabhani, and ‘Isa bin Saleh al-Harthi, who were rising against the existence of the British forces in Muscat and the Sultan’s reliance on the British in his rule. The Imam’s forces met at Sama'il and led their way from there to attack the British forces’ garrison at Bait al-Falaj. Upon the attack, British officials, the Political Agent, Muscat and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, in particular reported on the number of casualties from both sides. The attack has raised concerns of more attacks to take place in the future.Among other issues raised in the volume are:current situation in various regions including Sama'il, Nizwa, Sib and othersprevious rising led by the Imam, Azzan bin Qaisthe communication made with the Government of India about the possibility of sending more troops to Muscat in order to assist the existing ones, and the expenses involved in such a stepthe position of the French in Muscat'Isa bin Saleh’s efforts for peacethe suggestion that the Political Agent, Muscat, could act as a mediator between the two sidesthe possible peace negotiationsthe Imam’s conditions for making peace, including: the full recognition of the Sharia Law as practiced by the Imam in the interior, the settlement of the financial claims due to the inhabitants in the interior, and the absolute prohibition of the import of wines, spirits and tobaccosnews of the First World Warthe influence the Imam has on his followers and his anti-British propaganda, seeing the British as enemies of Islamthe spread of pro-German feelings among the tribes of the Sharqiyya regionnews that the Emperor of Germany has converted to IslamThe majority of the correspondence in the volume is dated 1915.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 407; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 8-398; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The file has one foliation anomaly, f 241A.
3. 'File XXIX/7-A Rising of Oman 1913-1920 Imam’s Rising 1917-1918.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of letters and reports between British officials and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi. The correspondence is related to the Imam’s rising and the news of his forces besieging the Rustaq region. The file includes reports on the history of the Imamate in Oman, the Hinawi/Ghafiri fraction, the relations between the local Omani leaders and the British authorities in Muscat, and the history of the rising of the Imam against the Sultan. In one of his reports, the Political Agent, Muscat provides statements showing the estimated income of the Sultan of Muscat and his debts.The file includes correspondence related to the arrangement of a meeting between Shaikh Isa bin Saleh al-Harthi and the Political Agent, Muscat to negotiate settling the issue between the Imam and the Sultan. It also includes correspondence regarding the situation and requirements at Muscat, the question of whether the British Government should employ Baluch or Arabs in the Sultan troops, and the news of the possible attack of the Imam and his followers on Buraimi.Among other correspondents in the file are the Political Resident, Bushire, and the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 130; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
4. 'File XXXIII/1 Affairs of the Ruling Family Succession and Recognition of Saiyid Faisal, 1888.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains telegrams, and reports regarding the issue of the succession to the Sultan of Muscat, Turki bin Said al-Bu Sa‘idi and the discussion on whether to recognise his son Faysal as a ruler or not, and the fear of the rise of the Sharqiyya tribes led by Shaikh Salih bin Ali al-Harthi.A large part of the correspondence is in the form of a report (ff 14-38) between the Political Residency in Bushire and the Political Agency in Muscat, which states the reasons why the British Government think that Faysal is unfit to govern. The report also discusses the desired terms of succession from the perspective of the British Government, the political climate in Muscat and its relations with the Omani tribes, and the claims to power being made by different candidates. The report also includes a summary of the relationship between the British Government and local leadership and a review of the current Commercial Treaty and subsidies between the British Government and Muscat.The file also includes translated letters of Abdul Aziz bin Said al-Bu Sa‘idi (ff 40-44), in which he gives his own vision regarding Oman and its people and regarding the issue of the succession.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 46; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
5. ‘File XXXVIII/4 BOMBARDMENT of SUR. OCT:- NOV: 1928.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of letters, telegrams and reports related to events taking place at Sur and the involvement of various Omani tribes, mainly the Bani Bu Ali and the Janabah. The events at Sur include: attacks made on merchants and caravans; the besieging of forts; the raising of the flag of Ibn Saud; and the bombardment of a fort at Sur.Concerns were raised by the Council of Ministers, Muscat, and the Hanawi [also Hinawi] tribal faction, as represented by Shaikh Isa bin Salih al-Harthi, regarding the establishment of Ibn Saud’s authority in Ja‘alan [Ja'lan]. The Amirs of Ja'alan [Emirs of Ja‘lan], who belong to the Ghafiri tribal faction, also raised concerns regarding the plan of the Hanawis to take over Sur. The correspondence also contains summaries (ff 36-42 and ff 157-161) of the Political Agent’s tour to Sur.The main correspondents in the file are: the Amirs of Ja'alan, Shaikh Muhammad bin Nasir and Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Hamudah; the Council of Ministers to His Highness the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Shaikh Isa bin Salih al-Harthi; the Political Agent, Muscat; and the Political Resident, Bushire.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 176; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
6. ‘File XXXVIII/5 VOL I. SUR Nov: 1928- Feb: 1931’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains letters and reports related to tribal disturbances at Sur. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the issue of the Amirs of Ja'alan [Emirs of Ja'lan] Bani Bu Ali rebelling against the Sultan of Muscat and Oman and claiming the following rights: to rule over Sur, to pay no customs taxes, to interfere with the affairs of the tribes of Sur by force, and to establish their own customs in the village of Aiqa [Al ‘Ayjah].The volume also includes correspondence regarding the following: petitions raised by the Sur Hindu traders; the settlement of the account of a Chinese merchant; the death of one of the Amirs of Ja'alan, Shaikh Muhammad bin Nasir Al Hamudah, on 4 February 1929; and the visit of Sa‘id bin Taymur al Bu Sa‘idi to Sur to settle the problems there.The volume also includes: copies of questionnaires related to Sur; a list of the estimated expenses of the Muscat Levy; various reports on Sur; and reports regarding the building of two customs posts- one at Aiqa and one at Muqrimatain [or Maqrumtain], Sur.The main correspondents in the volume are the following: the Political Agent, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire; the Government of Muscat and Oman; and the Amirs of Ja'alan.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 340; these numbers are printed, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-338; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers.
7. ‘File XXIX/1 RISING OF IMAM OF NIZWA MAY 1913’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, news extracts, mainly from Muscat News, and a considerable number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs and members of al-Bu Sa‘id ruling family. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Oman, Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi in 1913, with the cause being the supposed leaning of the Sultan to foreign governments. The Political Agent, Muscat, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, as well as the Sultan of Oman, all raised concerns regarding the threat of attacks on Muscat and Mutrah by the 'rebels'. The Political Resident requested that the Sultan of Muscat issue a notification to the Omani shaikhs not to attack these towns. The Sultan then issued a warning similar to the one which was issued during the rising of the previous Imam in 1895.Among other issues discussed in the volume are:the present situation in various regions including Sama’il, Nizwa, and othersthe possible attacks by Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi and his followers on British subjects in the areas under the Sultan’s controla report (ff 70-73) on the history of the rising of the Imam of Tanuf brought up to 31 July 1913the fall of Nizwa, Izki, Bidbid and Sama’il into the hands of the Imam of Omanthe British assistance to the Sultan by sending troops of 250 men to protect Muscat and Matrahnews of the Imam of Oman collecting zakat (alms) money and pulling tobacco plants from various regions in Omannews that the Imam had been discredited and his followers were quarrelling among themselvesthe death of the Sultan of Oman on 4 October 1913, and the succession of his son Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idiAmong other correspondents in the volume are the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi and the Sultan of Oman, Faisal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 181; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.Pagination: the file also contains a printed and handwritten pagination sequence.
8. ‘File XXIX/2 THE IMAM’S RISING 1913-1920. RISING of IMAM of NIZWA in MAY 1913 & 1914’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, telegrams and a number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi between November 1913 and December 1914.The volume contains news about the following:the Sultan’s efforts to raise money and enlist foreign aids to help him defend the region from the attack of the Imam’s forcescertain Omani shaikhs including Himyar bin Nasir al-Nabhani and ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi and Omani tribes including Bani Battash and the Hijriyyin who are part of the Imam’s forcesthe meetings held by the 'rebel' leaders at Nizwah, and the outcomes of those meetingsBritish officials’ concerns about the Sultan corresponding with any foreign government unrepresented at Muscat except through the British authoritythe British Government’s promise to bear the costs of expedition to re-establish the Sultan’s authority in Samailthe present situation in various regions including Barka, Nakhl, Muscat and Matrahthe fear of any attack on Muscat or Matrahthe number of troops on both sidesthe number of casualties on both sidesthe British keeping the garrisons in the area to protect Muscat and MatrahThe main correspondents in the volume are the Political Agent, Muscat, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, and the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 239; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 4-236; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
9. ‘File XXVIII/1 Internal Politics & Relations with Oman. Narrative of Muscat Affairs 1872-1893’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains printed narrative reports of the Government of India concerning internal politics and relations with the Muscat Government (also called Maskat) between 1869 and 1892. The reports are signed by Assistant Political Residents in the Persian Gulf and others. Each report is preceded by a table of contents. The reports are as follows:Muscat Affairs, October 1869 to March 1872Muscat Précis which contains papers up to proceedings, Political A., June 1873Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, June 1873 to July 1874Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, Jul 1874 to July 1875Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, August 1875 to December 1880Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1881 to December 1884, (pages 179-180 of the report are missing, these have an account of the Khojas settled in Oman)Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1885 to December 1888Continuation of Narrative of Muscat Affairs, January 1889 to December 1892Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 158; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-155; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
10. ‘File XXVIII/2 INTERNAL POLITICS & RELATIONS WITH OMAN MAJOR SADLER'S DIARY DURING REBELLION OF 1895.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains a diary written by the Political Agent at Muscat, Major James Hayes Sadler. The diary is 95 pages in length and it was sent to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire. The Political Agent narrates the events in connection with the Omani tribes’ rising in 1895 which was led by Shaikh Saleh bin Ali al-Harthi of the Hanawi tribal confederation against the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faysal bin Turki Al Bu Sa‘idi, and the action taken by the Political Agency at Muscat, in reference to this.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 52; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
11. ‘File XXVIII/3 Internal Politics and Relations with Oman Correspondence re rebellion of 1895 and subsequent warning to shaikhs against any further attack on Muscat.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains letters regarding the threat of attacks on Muscat and Mutrah (also called Matrah). The Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, requested that the Sultan of Muscat issue a notification to the Omani shaikhs not to attack these towns, or to otherwise hinder the trade undertaken by British subjects. Drafts of the notification are passed between the Sultan, the Political Agent, Muscat, and the Political Resident. The letters also discuss the Sultan’s health, his probable visit to Bombay, his inability to protect Muscat and Mutrah during his absence, and his payment of debts.The volume also contains correspondence related to the declaration of a British protectorate over Oman, the rebellion of Shaikh Salih bin Ali al-Harthi and his followers and their attack on British subjects in the areas under the Sultan’s control.The majority of the correspondence is between 1895-1896, apart from (f 61) which is dated 1900.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 62; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 56-62; these numbers are also written in pencil, are circled, and have been superseded and therefore crossed out.
12. ‘File XXVIII/9 Internal Politics and Relations with Oman Sohar, Sharaqiah, Nizwa and Baraimi News. 1925 to 1931.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of reports, letters and translated letters related to political affairs in Oman. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the news of Ibn Sa'ud’s probable attempt to take over the al-Buraimi region in north-west Oman and the arrangement of the shaikhs of Trucial Oman and Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi on behalf of the Imam of Oman to militarily unite against Ibn Sa'ud. To discuss the matter, members of the Bani Yas tribe from Dubai visit Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih in his home town al-Qabil (mistakenly referred to in the file as Kabul).The Political Agent at Muscat reports to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, on internal affairs taking place in various towns that belong to the regions of al-Dhahira, al-Dakhiliyya and al-Sharqiyya of Oman. He also reports on clashes between the two main Omani factions, the Hanawi and the Ghafiri, and the role played by Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi to settle the cases, reportedly in order to unite various Omani tribes against Ibn Sa'ud.The file also includes news of the areas of Al-'Ainain, 'Ibri and Yanqul falling under the influence of Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih, and news of the murder of some local Omani shaikhs and the names of those who took over their positions.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 91; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-90; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.