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1. 'File 19/248 I (C 78) Education at Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence related to the development of education in Bahrain. In particular, the correspondence discusses a proposal by C.R.L Adrian-Vallance to establish a college of higher education in Bahrain for students from all of the Arab states of the Gulf.Adrian-Vallance proposed this idea as a means to combat Pan-Arab/anti-British sentiment and foster a sense of Gulf identity distinct from a broader Arab identity. A letter (from Adrian-Vallance to Charles Belgrave, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa's adviser) that outlines his plan for the college is contained on ff. 7 - 15.The file also includes a detailed report on government education in Bahrain with proposals for reform (written by Adrian-Vallance in 1939) contained on ff. 52b - 126, a report on technical education in Bahrain (written by Geoffrey E. Hutchings in 1940) contained on ff. 160 - 192 and a report written by Adrian-Vallance in May 1940 that gives an update on the progress made in education in Bahrain since his appointment as Director of Education in the country in November 1939.The file also contains correspondence regarding Adrian-Vallance's appointment as Director of Education in Bahrain, including a copy of his contract with Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.Physical description: A bound correspondence volume. The main foliation sequence starts at the titlepage and terminates at the 4th sheet from the back of the volume; these numbers are written in pencil and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.An incomplete second foliation sequence (53-119) runs between ff 53-225 with a gap between ff 86-87; these numbers are also written in pencil and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.Foliation errors: 1A, 1B and 1C; 52a and 52b.
2. 'Shaikh Ali bin Ahmad'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file relates to Sheikh Ali bin Ahmed Al Khalifah (also referred to as Ali bin Ahmad), nephew of the Ruler of Bahrain, Sheikh Esa bin Ali Al Khalifa [Sheikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah]. The file includes correspondence from the Government of India, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, the Political Agent, Bahrain, the Ruler of Bahrain (in Arabic with English translations), and Sheikh Ali himself (also in Arabic with English translations). The file includes:papers relating to the exile of Sheikh Ali from Bahrain [frequently referred to in the file in the spelling Bahrein], the question of whether the Government of India or the Ruler of Bahrain should pay the costs of his maintenance allowance during his exile in India, and the amount of that payment, May - October 1905;papers relating to the question of the future adminstration of Manama and Bahrain, September - October 1905;papers recording the payment of Sheikh Ali's maintenance allowance on a monthly basis by the Ruler of Bahrain, 1906-1909;papers concerning the possibility of the return of Sheikh Ali to Bahrain, July 1906 - December 1907;papers concerning the proposed occupation of Sheikh Ali's former house in Bahrain by the Ruler's son, Sheikh Hamad [Sheikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah], September 1906;papers concerning the terms of a proposed agreement for the return of Sheikh Ali to Bahrain before the expiry of his term of banishment, including details of properties and allowances in cash assigned by Sheikh Esa for the maintenance of Sheikh Ali, December 1907 - May 1908;papers concerning the return of Sheikh Ali to Bahrain, July 1908 - February 1909;subsequent reports and correspondence about Sheikh Ali, including note of his death, September 1912 - January 1917.The date of the first original piece of correspondence in the file is 22 August 1905. The file also contains copies of correspondence printed by the Government of India dating from 20 May 1905.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at 1 on the front cover and terminates at 315 on the back cover. These numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and can be found in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio. A second sequence, comprising a combination of pagination and foliation, numbered 1-343, can be found between ff. 2-314. These numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in either the top left or top right hand corners of the verso or recto page of each folio respectively.
3. 'File XXVII/1 Al Khalifa family. Recognition of Shaikh Hamad as successor to Sh `Isa. CSI conferred on Shaikh `Isa. CIE conferred on Sh `Abdullah.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The majority of the file contains correspondence exchanged by the Political Agent at Bahrain between 1914 and 1917 with the Political Resident in the Gulf, the Secretary to the Most Eminent Order of the British Empire, and the Ruler of Bahrain, Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa [‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah] (including letters in Arabic).There are some earlier letters at the beginning of the file, regarding the recognition of Shaikh Hamad [Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah] as successor to Shaikh Isa in 1901.The correspondence concerns the title of CSI (Companions of the Order of the Star of India) conferred on Shaikh Isa in 1914, the title of CIE (Companion of the Indian Empire) conferred on Sheikh Hamad, and arrangements for the visits abroad made by the Rulers' sons, Hamad and Mohammed and their entourage, to Lingah [Bandar Lengeh, Iran] and to Kuwait.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence is written in pencil, circled, and is located in either the top right or centre of the recto side of each folio. The numbering commences at the front cover with 1, 1A, and 1B; then 2-29; 30 and 30A; 31-60; 61 and 61A; and terminates at the back cover with 63. Two additional foliation sequences are present between folios 2-39 and folios 2-62; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence.Folios 61-62 are damaged and with some fragments secured on a piece of Japanese paper. It is not possible to read them.
4. ‘Rough Map of the KATAR PENINSULA’
- Description:
- Abstract: Distinctive Features:Title corrected to: ‘Sketch map of the QATAR PENINSULA’.Relief shown by hachures.Coast between Zubara and Jabel al Tabena outlined in red.Numerous additions and corrections to place names and topographical features.‘Al Doha’ underlined in blue crayon and ‘DOHAH’ added in later hand with coordinates inserted in pencil and annotation: ‘All these villages now form the town of Dohah the capital of QATAR’.Physical description: Material:Pen and ink with wash on paper with additions in pencilDimensions:765 x 460 mm
5. ‘Persian Gulf gazetteer. Part 1. Historical and political materials. Précis of Bahrein affairs, 1854-1904.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume, stamped ‘Secret’ on the front cover and frontispiece, is part 1 (historical and political materials) of a précis of Bahrain (spelt Bahrein throughout) affairs for the years 1854-1904. It was prepared by Judge Jerome Antony Saldanha of the Bombay Provincial Civil Service, and published in 1904 by the Government of India Foreign Department, Simla, India.The contents of the volume run as follows:Part 1, entitled Political events from 1854 to 1870, including: a brief history of Bahrain (1783-1853); Mahomed bin Abdullah bin Ahmed’s [Muḥammad bin ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad] threatened attack against Bahrain, his piracies and expulsion from Damaum [Dammām], 1859; tyranny of the Ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh Muḥammad bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Khalīfah, his unfriendly attitude to the British agent, and to British subjects and their trade, 1858; Mahomed bin Khalifa’s [Muḥammad bin Khalīfah] blockade of Wahabi [Wahhābī] ports, and subsequent signing of a perpetual treaty of peace with the British, and Turkish protests against British proceedings, 1861; events during 1861-66, including the restoration of a captured buggalow [boat] to Muḥammad bin Khalīfah, ill-treatment of Indian subjects; Persian protests, Wahhābī claims to Bahrain; violation of the maritime truce by Bahrain and Abuthabi [Abu Dhabi], Ali-bin-Khalifa [‘Alī bin Khalīfah] becomes ruler of Bahrain, 1867-68; Persian claims of sovereignty over Bahrain, Persian protests to Britain, 1869; attack on Bahrain by Muḥammad bin Khalīfah and Nasir bin Mubarak, murder of ‘Alī bin Khalīfah, Esau-bin-Ali [‘Īsá bin ‘Alī] proclaimed ruler of Bahrain, 1869; Persian and Turkish protests against British proceedings at Bahrain in 1869.2. International status and British protection, 1871-1904, including: Turkish expedition to Nejd, 1871-72; protest by the Ottoman Porte against alleged acts of British sovereignty in Bahrain, 1872-73; Turkish movements in Katar [Qatar], and advice to the ruler of Bahrain to not become involved in Qatar affairs, 1873; proceedings of Abdul Rahman bin Feysal [‘Abd al Rahman bin Fayṣal], 1874-75; fortifications at Menamah [Manama], and the Porte’s project to erect a lighthouse at Manama; the Beni Hajir attack on Zobarah [Zubara], retaliation by the ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī; aggressive Turkish policy and the establishment of a Turkish province on the Arab littoral, 1875-76; revolt in Hasa [Al-Hasa], 1879-81; threat of attack on Bahrain by Nasir bin Mobarik and Shaikh Jasim [Shaikh Jāsim bin Muḥammad ]of Bidaa [Al-Bidda], policy in relation to Shaikh Jāsim and the Turkish Government, 1881; Turkish intentions to establish a coal depot at Bahrain, and Bahrain agreement with the British Government to not have dealings with foreign powers, 1880; conclusion of an agreement between Bahrain and Britain, 1892; occupation of Zubara by the Al-bin-Ali tribe, with the support of Turkey and Shaikh Jāsim, 1895; establishment of the American Arabian Mission in Bahrain, 1892, 1899-1901; questions over the establishment of the German firm Wonckhaus at Bahrain; foreign enterprises in relation to the pearl fisheries, 1863-1904; proposed consular representation of France at Bahrain, 1904.3. Internal affairs and British policy, including: Shaikh ‘Īsá’s imprisonment of the mail agent, 1873; murder of a member of the Khalīfah family by the brother of the ruler of Bahrain, 1877; death of Shaikh Ahmed-bin-Ali-bin-Khalifa, 1888; murder of the Arab chief Sultan-bin-Salema, 1895; question of redress for outrages committed by Bahrainis against British or British-protected subjects, 1897-1900; proposed establishment of a branch of the Imperial Bank of Persia, 1900; prohibition of alcohol into Bahrain, 1900; proposed hospital in Bahrain, in commemoration of Queen Victoria, 1901-03; proposals to recognise Shaikh Hamed [Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah] as successor designated, and to appoint a British Political Agent to Bahrain, 1899-1900; deputation of Mr TC Gaskin [John Calcott Gaskin] as Assistant Political Agent at Bahrain, 1899; proposed reform of Bahrain customs, 1901-04; construction of the Agency building at Bahrain, 1901-03.The appendices are as follows: A) A Genealogical table of Bahrain ruling family; B) a translation of an agreement between Hussein Ali Mirza and Lieutenant William Bruce, Resident of Bushire, 8 August 1822; C) translation of a preliminary treaty between Britain and the rulers of Bahrain, 1820, signed by Major-General William Keir; D) terms of a friendly convention entered into between Shaikh Muḥammad bin Khalīfah, ruler of Bahrain, and Captain Felix Jones, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, 31 May 1861; E) translation of the agreement entered into between the British Government and ‘Alī bin Khalīfah, ruler of Bahrain, 1868; F) translation of an agreement between the Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Ross, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and Shaikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī, the ruler of Bahrain, 22 December 1880; G) translation of an agreement signed by the ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī, 13 March 1892; H) Government correspondence dating from 1901, relating to the opening by the German man Robert Wankhaus [or Wonckhaus] of a commercial office in Bahrain, and the question raised of foreign jurisdiction in Bahrain.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence, with page numbers located top and centre of each page.
6. 'TRACING OF KHOR KALIYA. Chart No. 3540'
- Description:
- Abstract: Distinctive Features:Depths shown by soundings recorded in feet.Shows the proposed development at Khawr al Qulay'ah, Bahrain with additions marked in red ink and position of signalling devices indicated. Below title is an annotation stating that if to be used at night all buoys and beacons must be lit as shown.Physical description: Materials:Print on tracing paper with additions in red inkDimensions:467 x 436 mm, on sheet 497 x 459 mm
7. 'Correspondence re the Establishment of a Wireless Telegraph Station in Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file relates to the establishment and operation of the wireless telegraph station (later also radio station) in Bahrain [frequently referred to in the papers as Bahrein]. The papers include correspondence from the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Government of India; the Ruler of Bahrain, Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifah [‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah, Hakim of Bahrain] (in Arabic with translations in English); and other British officials.The papers include:proposal from the Political Agent, Bahrain for the establishment of telegraphic communication with India, showing that the initiative had come from British Indian traders in Bahrain, and the response from the Government of India, September 1902 - March 1903;renewal of the proposal by the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, advancing many reasons for the increased desirability of a telegraph service, March 1908;papers concerning a site for the wireless station, including sketch map (ff. 16-17), May - August 1912;papers relating to cost of building, testing of the ground, and preparation of estimates, August - September 1912;proposed removal of stone from Phoenician tombs for use in building the station, and use of stone from old Portuguese fort, July - December 1914;construction, May 1915;completion of station, appointment and payment of naturs (watchmen) to supervise the site, installation of more powerful apparatus, and letters and telegrams of congratulation on the opening of the station, March - July 1916;request from Sheikh Isa for a special concessionary wireless rate for himself and his sons, August 1916;proposals for the construction of a wall or fence around the site, August - November 1916; and,correspondence with the Commodore, Persian Gulf, concerning the need for officials of the wireless station to notify movement of Royal Navy ships more accurately, November 1916.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at 1, on the third folio after the front cover, and terminates at 155, on the last folio before the back cover. The numbers are written in pencil, and appear in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio. Foliation anomalies: ff. 75, 75A, 75B; ff. 89, 89A. The following folio numbers do not appear: 12, 22, 42, 44, 46, 55, 74, 106.
8. 'File 19/172 II (C 94) Bahrain Armed Police'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence regarding the development of the armed police force in Bahrain between the years 1930 and 1944.The documents discuss the British authorities' desire to reduce the number of Indians employed in the police force and make it appear less noticeably 'foreign'. Various other reforms and training initiatives during this period are also discussed.A full, detailed report from 1940 entitled 'A Report on the Bahrain Police with Suggestions for their improvement' is contained on ff. 70-167a.The file also contains detailed instructions regarding protocol for the use of force by the police against crowds (notably the use of firearms against illegal assemblies) and documents containing a broader discussion of the nature of Britain's role in Bahrain.Physical description: Previously a bound correspondence file, its sheets have been unbound and are now loose. A foliation system of circled pencil in top right-hand corner of each front-facing page begins on the title page and ends on the last page of text. There is another inconsistent foliation system that is also in pencil in the top right-hand corner of each front-facing page but is not circled.
9. 'File 19/248 II (C 83) Education at Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence related to the development of education in Bahrain. The correspondence discusses the appointment of Geoffrey E. Hutchings as head of the Technical College in Bahrain and the replacement of C.R.L Adrian-Vallance as Director of Education (with F.J Wakelin).The file contains details from a report completed by C.A.F Dundas (the Near East representative of The British Council) regarding a proposal for the establishment of a Gulf College in Bahrain on ff.52 - 56 and ff.95 - 100, and an official British Council report for the 2nd quarter of 1941 (ff.178 - 189).The education of Indians resident in Bahrain is also discussed in the file. f.118 contains a list with the exact number of Indians resident in Bahrain.Physical description: A bound correspondence volume. There is an incomplete foliation sequence and a complete foliation sequence. The complete foliation sequence is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of each folio. It begins on the title page, on number 1, and runs through to 226, ending on the inside of the back cover of the volume.Foliation errors: 2A.
10. 'File 19/261 I (C 92) Proposed Establishment of a U.S.A Consulate at Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: The documents contained in this file relate to the US Government's desire to establish a consulate in Bahrain, and more generally to US-UK relations and the USA's activities in the Gulf region between 1943 and 1946.The file contains printed notes of talks held between US and UK officials on a number of topics including Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Bahrain and Iraq (folios 68-80) and US Government propaganda materials made by the US Office of War Information and sent to the head of police in Bahrain in 1946 (folios 149b-206). There are three separate Pamphlets – ‘The Story of the United States Government.. How It Started.. And How It Works’, ‘This is the U.S.A’ (both in English) and ‘Care for Children in the USA’ (in Arabic).Physical description: Previously a bound correspondence volume, its sheets have been unbound and are now loose. There is an incomplete pagination sequence, an incomplete foliation sequence, and a complete foliation sequence. The complete foliation sequence is circled in pencil, in the top corner of each folio. It begins on the title page, on number 1, and runs through to 219, ending on the inside of the back cover of the volume. The following details should be noted: f.1 is followed by f.1A; f.148 is followed by f.149A and f.149B (there is no f.149). It should also be noted that ff.149B-168, ff.169A-194, and ff.195-206 form three booklets, which have been placed in between f.148 and f.149A.
11. 'File 19/191 IV (C 103) Bahrain, Persian Claim To'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence related to the Persian government's claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. The file contains documents that discuss whether or not Bahrain could be considered formally part of the British Empire, translations of a number of newspaper articles concerning the British role in Bahrain, correspondence between British and Persian officials regarding Bahrain's status and correspondence between British officials regarding the size (and status) of the Persian community in the country.The file also contains documents concerning the activities of a Bahraini national named Abdullah Zeera who travelled to Tehran in 1948 and claimed that Bahrainis wanted Persian rule to be re-established in Bahrain.A British Government Memorandum of Bahrain is contained on ff.152-183. The memorandum contains a history of the country from the pre-1783 era until 1946 and details of Britain's involvement in the country. The file also includes a history of the Bahrain islands (ff110-111) prepared by the Foreign Office Research Department.Physical description: Previously a correspondence file bound by treasury tags, the file's sheets have been unbound and are now loose. Foliation starts with the front cover and continues through to the back cover. Foliation numbers are positioned in the top right hand corner of the recto side , written in pencil and circled. Folios 238, 272, 305 and 324 each have two parts, As and Bs respectively. A secondary foliation system, also written in pencil but not circled, starts on folio 2. This system becomes a pagination system at folio 152 which continues whenever text is present on both sides of the folio. Folios 141A. 141B and 142 are contained within an envelope.
12. 'FILE-B/8 CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING CLAIMS AGAINST MEMBERS OF AL KHALIFAH'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of petitions and letters. The petitions were raised by locals of different ethnic and religious backgrounds in Bahrain to the Political Agency, Bahrain. The petitions were in the form of claims against members of Al-Khalifa family. In order to avoid dealing with the claims at court, the Political Agent passed the claims directly to the family member concerned so that they could sort out the claims with the petitions outside court.The correspondence in the file is mostly in Arabic. Folios 31-32 are file notes.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 33; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Two additional foliation sequences are also present in parallel between ff 4-29, and ff 30-32; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.