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61. File 1/A/1 I Stamps and Postage; Relations with Persia
- Description:
- Abstract: The file concerns the issue in Bahrain, at the request of the Ruler of Bahrain, of Indian postage stamps bearing the surcharge 'Bahrain' (i.e. overprinted with the word 'Bahrain') and the response of the Persian Government in view of Persia's claim to Bahrain.The correspondence is mainly between the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; and officials of the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department (including the Sub-Postmaster, Bahrain). Other correspondents include Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, Adviser to the Government of Bahrain; and the Political Agent, Kuwait. Enclosures to correspondence from the Political Resident to the Political Agent, Bahrain include correspondence from the Government of India; the Foreign Office; HM Chargé d'Affaires, Tehran; and the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union, Berne, Switzerland.The papers cover: discussion by British officials of whether or not to issue the surcharged stamps in view of the likelihood of protests by the Government of Persia and the impact on treaty negotiations between Britain and Persia, October 1932 - July 1933; the involvement of the League of Nations, November 1932; the involvement of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union, March 1933; the decision by the British authorities not to use the surcharged stamps on official correspondence addressed to Persia, but to send it under cover of the Political Agency, Kuwait instead, August 1933; the dispatch of the new stamps from India and their issue to the public on 10 August 1933, August 1933; the presentation by the Ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifah [Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah], of a collection of the new stamps to King George V, August 1933; the need to avoid the use in Bahrain of unsurcharged Indian stamps, as this would constitute a violation of sovereignty, August 1933; the charging by the Persian postal authorities of double inland postage on items of mail franked with Bahrain stamps, August 1933 and December 1933; use of the surcharge 'Bahrain' to apply to postcards and envelopes also, November 1933; use by local correspondents in Bahrain of ordinary Indian stamps, January 1934; continuing non-recognition of Bahrain stamps by the Persian post office, October 1934; and continuing Persian representations to the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union, March 1935. (Enclosures are recorded under the date of their covering letter.)The French language content of the file consists of five folios of correspondence from the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union; the Arabic language content of the file consists of two folios of correspondence: one from the Ruler of Bahrain (folio 110) and one from the Political Agent, Bahrain (folio 168).The date range gives the covering dates of the chronological run of correspondence. The earliest dated document in the file is an enclosure dated 24 August 1932 on folio 36.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 269; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 6-268; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in same position as the main sequence.
62. File 1855/1904 Pt 7 'Koweit Flag.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The papers concern the proposal that vessels from Koweit [Kuwait] should adopt a distinctive flag, and the likely reaction this would bring from the Government of Turkey [the Ottoman Empire].The principal correspondents are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Major Percy Zachariah Cox); the Political Agent, Kuwait (Captain Stuart George Knox); the British Ambassador at Constantinople (Sir Nicholas Roderick O'Conor); and senior officials of Government of India.The papers cover: correspondence concerning the question of the protection that the British Government should give to subjects of Kuwait in Persian territory, June-December 1904 (folios 220-246); a report that the Ambassador at Constantinople saw no objection to the adoption by the Shaikh of Kuwait [Mubārak bin Jābir Āl Ṣabāḥ] of a distinctive flag for Kuwait vessels, while retaining his existing flag for use in Kuwait, February-March 1905 (folios 217-219); correspondence concerning the proposed use by the Shaikh of Kuwait of the Turkish flag with the addition of the word 'Koweit' written across it in Arabic letters (including colour drawings of the proposed flag, folios 199-203), and specimen shipping certificate, July 1905 - July 1906 (folios 190-216); and correspondence concerning the Shaikh of Kuwait's concerns over the likely consequences of his adoption of the new flag, particularly his fears of 'oppressive measures' from Turkish officials at Basrah [Basra] and other Turkish ports, August 1906 - March 1907 (folios 176-188).The Arabic language content of the papers is confined to Arabic wording on the specimen shipping certificate and drawings of the proposed Kuwait flag, between folios 192 and 201.The date range gives the covering dates of all the documents; the date range of the Secret Department minute papers given on the subject divider on folio 171 is 1905-07.Physical description: 76 folios
63. File 1855/1904 Pt 6 'Koweit:- Status of Koweitis in Persia.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The papers concern the status of citizens of Koweit [Kuwait] in Persia, particularly in view of the fact that the British Government had not declared a formal protectorate over Kuwait, and that sovereignty over Kuwait was claimed by the Ottoman Empire.The principal correspondents are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Major Percy Zachariah Cox); HM Minister at Tehran (Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge); the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (the Marquess of Lansdowne); and senior officials of the Government of India, the Foreign Office, and the India Office.The papers include: an intervention by the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to ensure that a British representative was present at the trial of a 'Koweit Arab' in Persia, June-August 1904 (folios 320-323); papers concerning the question of protection for subjects of Kuwait on Persian territory, and incidents of interference by Persian customs with Kuwaiti merchant vessels, June-December 1904 (folios 286-319), including the question of what flag should be flown by Kuwait vessels (folio 291); and papers concerning diplomatic contacts over the status of subjects of Kuwait in Persia between HM Minister at Tehran and the Persian Government, February-August 1905 (folios 248-285).The French language content of the papers consists of copies of two letters (folios 261 and 276).Physical description: 77 folios
64. File 1855/1904 Pt 9 'Koweit:- Relations with Turkey. Sheikhs claim to Bubiyan, Warba & Umkasr'
- Description:
- Abstract: The papers concern the claims of Shaikh Mubarak [Mubārak bin Jābir Āl Ṣabāḥ], Ruler of Koweit [Kuwait] to the islands of Bubiyan, Warba, and Umkasr [Umm Qaşr] against the competing claims of the Government of Turkey [the Ottoman Empire].The principal correspondents are the British Ambassador at Constantinople (Sir Nicholas Roderick O'Conor); the Viceroy of India (Baron Curzon of Kedlestone; from 1905 the Earl of Minto); the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Major Percy Zachariah Cox); the Political Agent, Kuwait (Major Stuart George Knox); and senior officials of the India Office, the Government of India, and the Foreign Office.The papers cover: the nature of the claims of the Shaikh of Kuwait to Bubiyan and Umm Qaşr, December 1903 - April 1904 (folios 285-312); the views of the Viceroy on the issue, April 1904 (folios 279-283); proposed representations to the Ottoman Government by the British Ambassador at Constantinople concerning the establishment of Turkish military posts on the islands, May 1904 - May 1905 (folios 246-278); the Shaikh of Kuwait's views on a proposal that he establish a post on Bubiyan Island, and the proposed establishment of a permanent British Agent at Kuwait, June 1905 (folios 231-245); and papers concerning the Shaikh of Kuwait's rights over Warba and Bubiyan islands, including the view of the British Government in 1910 that it was inadvisable to assert the Shaikh's rights at that time, November 1907 - April 1910 (folios 201-230).The date range gives the covering dates of all the documents contained in the papers; the covering dates of the Secret Department minute papers that enclose them, as given on folio 200, are 1904-1910.Physical description: 113 folios
65. File 522/1922 Pt 3 'Bahrein: Persian claim to sovereignty'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence, minutes, memoranda, and draft papers relating to Persia's claim to sovereignty over Bahrain. The original correspondence is principally between officials at the India Office, Foreign Office, Colonial Office, and Government of India (Foreign and Political Department). Further correspondence, included as enclosures, comes from the British Legation in Tehran, the Political Residency in the Persian Gulf, the Political Agency in Bahrain, the Air Ministry, the Persian Legation in London, the Persian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Sir Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, Adviser to the Government of Bahrain.The volume covers the interdepartmental discussion over a number of matters relating to Persia's claim to Bahrain, including Persian representation on the island, changes to passport regulations, the question of establishing a British protectorate, Britain's relations with the Arab Shaikhs in the Gulf, the effort to prevent smuggling from the Persian mainland, Persia's relations with the Soviet Union, and how to respond to the Persians, particularly their appeal to the League of Nations in 1927.The volume deals with the campaign in the Persian press for their historic claim and against British interference in Bahrain. Extracts and clippings from Persian and British newspapers are included throughout the volume.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 641; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
66. File 4535/1928 Pt 2 ‘Persian Gulf Negotiations 1928. Status of Tamb. (and Abu Musa)’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains papers relating to the ownership and sovereignty of the islands of Tamb and Abu Musa (and Little Tamb and Sirri) in the Persian Gulf, and negotiations for a general treaty between the United Kingdom and Persia [Iran]. The papers mainly consist of correspondence and India Office Political and Secret Department minute papers.Most of the volume concerns the seizure of a dhow [sailing vessel] from Debai [Dubai] (according to the reports of British officials) near the island of Tamb (also spelled Tunb and Tanb in the volume) by Persian customs officials. The British Government considered the island of Tamb to be owned by the Shaikh of Ras al Khaimah, and the papers discuss the expectation of the Trucial Shaikhs that Britain should take action against Persia, in accordance with Britain’s Treaty obligations to the Trucial Shaikhs. Thus, the papers also concern: the British Government’s claim for compensation from the Persian Government for the Trucial Shaikhs and the passengers of the dhow; the response of the Persian Government that Tamb was Persian territory and that therefore this incident took place in Persian territorial waters, and that the dhow was carrying smuggled goods; and the proposal that the British Government should immediately pay 5,000 rupees from Indian revenues as compensation to those affected by the Tamb incident, in anticipation of any settlement of the claim against Persia.The Tamb incident raised the general question of the claim of the Trucial Shaikhs to the islands of Tamb and Abu Musa (the latter of which was considered by the British Government to be owned by the Shaikh of Sharjah) as well as Little Tamb and Sirri. Thus the volume also includes: papers relating to an article drafted by the British Government for inclusion in a forthcoming general treaty with Persia, under which Persia would withdraw its claim to Tamb, Little Tamb, and Abu Musa, in return for the Trucial Jowasimi [Qawasim] Shaikhs relinquishing their claim to Sirri; and negotiations between the British Government and the Persian Government about this and other issues, as part of the general treaty negotiations with Persia.The main correspondents are as follows: the India Office; the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf; the Admiralty; the Government of India Foreign and Political Department; the Foreign Office; the Commander in Chief, East Indies; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Colonial Office; HM Chargé d’Affaires, Tehran, and HM Minister, Tehran.The volume also includes a copy of the India Office memorandum ‘Status of the Islands of Tamb, Little Tamb, Abu Musa, and Sirri.’, by John Gilbert Laithwaite, dated 24 August 1928.In addition, the volume includes the following items in French: correspondence between Sir Robert Clive, HM Minister at Tehran, and Abdolhossein Teymourtache [Teymūrtāsh], the Persian Minister of Court, dated January to March 1930; correspondence between Clive and Mirza Mohamed Ali Khan Feroughi, the Persian Minister of Foreign Affairs, dated 9 August and 21 October 1930, and an Aide-mémoire by the British Legation at Tehran, dated 21 October 1930.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 532; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence between ff 193-532, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
67. File 4640/1928 Pt 2 ‘Muscat Situation at Sur.’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains papers concerning the situation at Sur in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The papers mainly relate to ‘difficulties’ which had arisen between the tribes of Sur and the Government of Muscat, inter-tribal and inter-factional rivalries, the question of what action the British Government should take to support the authority of the Muscat Government at Sur, and the general question of future British policy in Muscat.It includes papers relating to the following:The claim to independence of Ali bin Abdullah, Shaikh of the Bani Bu Ali (also spelled Beni Bu Ali) tribe and Amir of Jaalan [Emir of Ja‘alān, also spelled Jalan and Jallan]The bombardment of the fort of Said bin Abdullah (also spelled Saeed bin Abdullah) by the Muscat gunboat, and the shelling and destruction of the fort by HMS CyclamenAn incident in which a Hinawi caravan was stopped at Sur by the Amirs of Jaalan, who hoisted a flag in their fort at Aiqa (also spelled Aigah in the volume) which was reportedly the flag of King Ibn Saud, but which the Amirs of Jaalan subsequently stated was their own flagThe Government of India’s recommendation that a regiment be sent to hold SurTribal conflict and rivalries, including the feud between the two main sections of the Jenebeh [al-Janabah] tribe, the Makhanah and the Aramah, which the British Government viewed as being encouraged by Ali bin Abdullah, and the feud between the Beni Bu Ali and the Beni Bu Hassan tribesProposed air operations by aircraft supported by HM Ships against the Bani Bu Ali at Sur.The papers mainly consist of correspondence, memoranda, reports, and India Office Political Department minute papers.The main correspondents are as follows: the India Office; the Political Agent and HBM Consul, Muscat; Mahomed bin Nasir Ali Hamud, Amir of Jalan; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Government of India Foreign and Political Department; the Admiralty; the Foreign Office; the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies; and the Air Ministry.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 392; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
68. File 4535/1928 Pt 13 ‘Persian Gulf: Bushire: Residency Flagstaff.’
- Description:
- Abstract: This part contains papers relating to the question of the removal of the flagstaff of the British Political Residency at Bushire from outside the Residency grounds, due to the objection of the Persian [Iranian] Government that the flagstaff was in Persian territory (this was being discussed in the context of the treaty negotiations taking place between the United Kingdom and Persia).The papers mostly consist of correspondence and India Office Political Department minute papers.The correspondents are as follows: the India Office; the Foreign Office; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Government of India Foreign and Political Department; and HM Minister, Tehran (Robert Henry Clive).Physical description: 1 item (44 folios)
69. Manuscript copies of correspondence between Pelly and the Political Department, Bombay.
- Description:
- Abstract: Copies of official correspondence to and from Lewis Pelly, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Charles Gonne, Secretary to the Government of Bombay; the Political Agent at Muscat (Colonel Herbert Disbrowe, Captain George Andrew Atkinson) and the Secretaries to the Government of India (Charles Girdlestone, William Muir). There is also enclosed correspondence on behalf of the Secretary of State for India (Sir Stafford Northcote, The Duke of Argyll, The Marquess of Salisbury, and the Viscount Cranbrook) and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (the Earl of Clarendon).The correspondence covers there main areas in relation to affairs in the Persian Gulf:The situation in Muscat including the dispute between the Sultan of Muscat and the Wahabees [Wahhabi]; threats to the Sultanship from Ibrahim bin Qais and Azzan bin Qais; and the attempts by Sayyid Turki bin Said al-Said to overthrow his nephew Sayyid Salim II bin Thuwaini al-Said.The resolution of affairs in relation to Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi] following acts of plunder and aggression undertaken by members of their tribes against Persian and Arabian towns and villages. The correspondence refers to Bahrein and Aboothabee's reaffirmation of their commitment to the maritime peace treaty and the signing of the treaty by Mahommed ben Sanee [Muhammad bin Thānī] of Guttur, as well as decisions in regard to the sanctions against Mohammed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah], the orchestrator of the acts of aggression.Questions regarding the sovereignty of Bahrein and Guttur. The correspondence includes details of both Persia and Turkey's claims to the sovereignty of Bahrein and includes translations of letters from Mahommed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] in which he recognises Persia's sovereignty of Bahrein and its peoples and concerns over Turkish claims of sovereignty following the death of a Turkish General on the mainland near Bahrein.The question of the sovereignty of Guttur relates to its recognition by Lewis Pelly in 1868 in signing the maritime peace treaty and arrangements made by Pelly for the tribute paid by Guttur to Bahrein to be paid through the Political Residency, which the British Government viewed as simply an arrangement to pay tribute to protect both states frontiers against the Naim [Āl Na‘īm] and Wahabee [Wahhabi] tribes, rather than a statement of Guttur's independence.Physical description: Foliation: The contents of the file have been foliated using a pencil number enclosed in a circle located in the top right hand corner of the recto of each folio.
70. '34 File 666 Threatened invasion of Oman by Ibn Rashid'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence relating to the perceived threat of attack on Oman by Ibn Rashid [Muḥammad bin ‘Abdullah Āl Rashīd]. The principal correspondents are: Edward Charles Ross, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, at Bushire; Abul Kasim [Ḥajj Abu'l-Qāsim], Residency Agent at Sharjah; Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Rasūl, Residency Agent at Bahrain; various officials at the India Office, Foreign Office, and the Government of India; Henry Drummond Wolff, British Minister at Tehran; officials at the Political Agency in Muscat; Faysal bin Toorki [Fayṣal bin Turkī, al-Sayyid], Sultan of Muscat; William Tweedie, the Political Agent for Turkish Arabia, at Baghdad; and William White, British Ambassador at Constantinople.The volume largely consists of intelligence reports (both the originals in Arabic and the English translations) sent by the Residency Agents at Bahrain and Sharjah to Edward Ross at Bushire, which were subsequently shared and discussed with other departments. The volume is divided into four sections under a subject heading, as follows:'Reports of Turkish Naval Reinforcement, etc. in connection with the threatened invasion of Oman by Ibn Rashid, June 1888';'Threatened invasion of Oman by Ibn Rashid - Proceedings of Shaikh Jasim';'Turkish Relations with Shammar Arabs of Mesopotamia';'Genealogy of Mohammed ibn Rashid'.Topics covered by the volume include:The build-up of Turkish military presence in the Gulf;The rivalry between Shaikh Saeed bin Khaleefah [Zāyid bin Khalīfa Āl Nahyān], ruler of Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi], and Jasim bin Mahomed Thani [Jāsim bin Muḥammad Āl Thāni], ruler of El Bidaa (modern Doha);Jasim's attempts to gather support amongst the Arab tribes of the Trucial Coast for Ibn Rashid's planned attack against Oman;Biographical information on Ibn Rashid and his family, as well as assessments of the support he enjoys in the region;British concern over the matter, and warnings given by them to the Turkish authorities of the consequences should the attack against Oman be made;A Turkish military expedition against sections of the Shammar (tribe) residing in Mesopotamia.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence commences at the cover and terminates at the final folio; these numbers are written in pencil and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Foliation errors: 1, 1A and 1B; 122 and 122A; 165 and 165A; 170, 170A and 170B; 214 and 214A.