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133. Treaty with the Ameers of Sind; and Persian Gulf Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee: Bombay Secret Letter 25 May 1821. The enclosures are dated 20 December 1820-12 May 1821. (Attached to folio 5 is a note, f 5a, stating that the ‘Enclosure in Bombay Secret Letter of 18th October 1820 is missing’).The initial enclosure (numbered 1) is a letter dated 10 February 1820 from George Swinton, Secretary to the Government at Fort William, to Francis Warden, Chief Secretary to the Government, Bombay, conveying the Governor-General’s pleasure that the threatened rupture of relations between the British Government and the Ameers of Sind [Amirs of Sindh] has been averted and a treaty negotiated, and approbation of Captain Sadler who was sent as an envoy to Hyderabad to restore good relations.The remaining enclosures, with their relevant enclosures, are: despatches from Henry Willock, HM Chargé d’Affaires in Tahran [Tehran] to the Marquis of Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal; despatches from H R Deschamps, Acting Political Agent and Captain Commanding at Kishma [Qeshm, also spelled Kishm and Kishmee in this item], to Francis Warden; and instructions issued by Warden to Dr Andrew Jukes with relevant enclosures. They relate to the complaint by Persia [Iran] about the British occupation of the island of Kishm, and comprise the following groups of papers:(1) Willock’s correspondence with the Persian Prime Minister and with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in which Willock disputes the Persian contentions on the following points:Whether the occupation of Kishm is a violation of Article 11 of the Treaty between Persia and Britain (prohibiting British ships of war going to Persian ports without express permission)Whether the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat, had the right to authorize the relocation of the British detachment at Rosul-Khyma [Ra's al-Khaymah, also spelled Ras-sol-Khyma in this item] to Kishm and Hengaum [Hengam] and if Muscat is a dependency of Bunder Abassi [Bandar Abbas] and hence of PersiaWhether it is the prerogative of the Prince of Fars to take steps to prevent ‘piracy’ (of the Joasemees [al-Qawāsim]) and ensure security in the Persian Gulph [Gulf] or if a permanent British naval presence was and is more effectiveWhether Captain William Bruce, Political Resident in the Persian Gulph [Gulf], should be removed from his post (and pay reparation for damaged and lost property) for interfering at Bahrein [Bahrain] in efforts to suppress ‘piracy’ which were the business of the Prince of Sheraz [Shiraz] and the Imaum of Muscat; and for being responsible for the ‘unwarranted’ seizing of the arms of 300 men of Lingua [Bandar-e-Lengeh] and fourteen of their boats which were all destroyed following a storm, and for the burning of ships at the port of Charack [Bandar-e Chārak, also spelled Charak in this item], in alleged retaliation for attacks on British subjects.The correspondence also covers Willock’s attempts to: dissuade or delay the sending of Persian representatives to Kishm and Bombay, respectively, to ask the British to leave Kishm and to remonstrate over the occupation to the Government of India; and to exonerate Captain Bruce from responsibility for the events at Lingua and Charack.(2) Letters from the Acting Political Agent and Captain Commanding at Kishma, to the Chief Secretary to the Government, Bombay, reporting that he has placated the vakeel sent with a letter (ff 29-30) by the Hussin Ally, Prince of Shiraz [Husayn 'Ali Mīrzā Farmānfarmā, Prince-Governor of Fārs] and that he has received intelligence that the Prince is amassing a force of 12,000 near Bunderabbas [Bandar Abbas], which could not be repulsed by the small British military establishment on the island (detailed on f 30).(3) Detailed background and instructions (ff 34-43) to Dr Jukes issued by the Government of Bombay for his mission to the Persian Gulph in which he is to allay the claims and suspicions of Persia and conduct himself as the situation, however it develops, may warrant. In particular Jukes is instructed: to investigate the claims of the Imaum of Muscat and Persia to the island of Kishma; verify whether the Prince of Shiraz has amassed a force near Bunder Abbas; direct the detachment to withdraw to Muscat if hostilities look inevitable; how to act with regard to Captain Bruce; to be the Political Agent at Kishme on the recall of Captain Thompson. The instructions are accompanied by copies of letters of authority, introduction and information (ff 44-65), including: letters from the Government of Bombay addressed to Willock, the King [Shah] of Persia, the Prince of Sheeraz [Shiraz] and the Imaum of Muscat; detailed report by Major-General Lionel Smith, dated 23 April 1821, on the advantages of Kishme and how to best use it to check ‘piracy’ and in general how to police the Gulph (ff 48-57); and letters to the Officer Commanding the Troops and Acting Political Agent, and the Officer Commanding HC [Honourable Company] Cruisers at Kishm.The last enclosure ends with a list of the four enclosures comprising Bombay Secret Letter 25 May 1821.Physical description: The despatch comprises enclosures numbered 1-4. The enclosure number is written for reference on the verso of the last folio of each enclosure.
134. Supplement to the Gazette of India containing copies of correspondence relating to operations at Bahrain
- Description:
- Abstract: The printed supplement, dated 22 January 1870, contains copies of despatches between Lewis Pelly and the Government of Bombay as well as copies of Pelly's correspondence with the Chiefs of Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] and correspondence between the Government of India and the Government of Bombay.The correspondence relates to operations in Bahrain undertaken by Lewis Pelly in punishing acts of piracy committed by the chief(s) of Bahrain which breached the maritime truce between them and the British Government, and the orders under which he was acting in carrying out these operations.The main perpetrators of the acts of piracy were Mahomed bin Abdullah [Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Khalifah], Nauser bin Mobarek and Mahomed bin Khalifeh [Muhammad bin Khalifah Al-Khalifah] (the Chief of the Bahrain tribes) and the intention of the operation was to capture these individuals; remove Mahomed bin Khalifeh from power replacing him with Esau bin Alee bin Khalifeh [Isa bin Ali Al-Khalifah] and to ensure that any future acts of piracy were deterred.The British Government sent Her Majesty's ship Daphne, the Gunboat Clydecommanded by Captain Elton, Her Majesty's ship Nympheunder the charge of Commander Meara and the Gunboat Hugh Rosewith Captain G A Douglas as the senior Naval Officer in charge of operations. Two other officers, Lieutenant Acklom and Navigating Lieutenant White, were also credited by Pelly for their work in aiding the success of the operations.The reverse of the supplement records that Lewis Pelly's copy of it was received on 20 March 1870.Physical description: Foliation: The file has been foliated in the top right hand corner of the recto of each folio with a pencil number enclosed with a circle.The file has also been paginated 59-67 with printed numbers on the right hand side of each page towards the top. These numbers relate to the edition of the Gazette of India which the supplement was originally included with.
135. File 757/1909 'Persian Gulf:- Turkey and Turkish aggression (Occupation of Zakhnuniyeh Island. Attitude in piracy cases. Mudirs at Zubara, Odaid and Wakra) British Relations with Turkey in Persian Gulf'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes, relating to the Turkish occupation of Zakhnuniyah Island, the Ottoman attitude towards piracy cases, and the appointment of officials in Zubara, Odeid and Wakra.The discussion in the volume relates to the Turkish occupation of a disused fort (built by Shaikh Ali bin Khalifah, Ruler of Bahrain) on Zakhnuniyah Island and the placing of Ottoman officials in Zubara, Odeid and Wakra. Correspondence reflects British concerns over Turkish claims to sovereignty in the coastal area of the Qatar Peninsula and how these could best be resisted, particularly in the strategic context of the construction of the Berlin to Baghdad railway. In discussing Zakhnuniyah, reference is made to typed extract of the relevant page (1937) of Lorimer's Persian Gulf Gazetteer(Geographical and Statistical Volume) which describes how the Dawasir tribe halted there, during the course of their emigration from Najd (see folio 236).Further discussion surrounds Turkish obstruction of the investigation of cases of piracy in the Persian Gulf and the proposed visit of H M S Redbreastto Al Bidaa.Included in the volume are copies of the Committee for Imperial Defence papers 'Turkish Agression in the Persian Gulf" and 'Local Action in the Persian Gulf' (ff 12-15).The principal correspondents in the volume include the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Sir Edward Grey); the Viceroy of India; the ruler of Bahrain; the Political Agent, Kuwait (Captain William Henry Irvine Shakespear); the British Ambassador to Constantinople; His Britannic Majesty's Acting Consul for Arabistan (Lieutenant Arnold Talbot Wilson); the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Zachariah Cox); the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 241; these numbers are written in pencil and are located at the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the two leading and ending flyleaves.A flap is pasted to the verso of folio 188.
136. File 14/1 'Piracies & Irregularities at Sea'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence relating to the investigation and prosecution of nine cases of piracy by the Political Agent, Kuwait. These cases concern attacks by Arab, Persian and Somali pirates, mainly on Kuwaiti cargo and passenger boats, their passengers and crew, in the Persian Gulf and off the coast of Somalia in East Africa, in breach of maritime regulations and peace treaties between Great Britain and her Protectorates which prohibited piracy. The main correspondents are all British officials: the Political Agent at Kuwait, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf at Bushire and the British Vice-Consul at Lingah. The correspondence includes numerous witness statements made orally at the Political Agency in Kuwait and written down in English. The majority of the witnesses are surviving crew members and the owners of the attacked boats, as well as merchants and passengers who lost goods and possessions in the raids at sea. There are several Arabic documents in the file: notes, lists of suspects and stolen goods, receipts and correspondence, including a few letters exchanged between the Political Agent at Kuwait and the Ruler of Kuwait.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 303; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-300; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
137. File 13/3 'SLAVERY & SLAVE RUNNING: MIRZA BIN BARKAT'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes relating to the slave trade at Fujairah and the piratical activities of Mirza ibn Barkat. The principal correspondents are the Political Agent, Muscat; the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Political Agent, Kuwait; and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 125; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-116; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
138. Manuscript copies of correspondence between Pelly and the Political Department, Bombay.
- Description:
- Abstract: Copies of official correspondence to and from Lewis Pelly, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Charles Gonne, Secretary to the Government of Bombay; the Political Agent at Muscat (Colonel Herbert Disbrowe, Captain George Andrew Atkinson) and the Secretaries to the Government of India (Charles Girdlestone, William Muir). There is also enclosed correspondence on behalf of the Secretary of State for India (Sir Stafford Northcote, The Duke of Argyll, The Marquess of Salisbury, and the Viscount Cranbrook) and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (the Earl of Clarendon).The correspondence covers there main areas in relation to affairs in the Persian Gulf:The situation in Muscat including the dispute between the Sultan of Muscat and the Wahabees [Wahhabi]; threats to the Sultanship from Ibrahim bin Qais and Azzan bin Qais; and the attempts by Sayyid Turki bin Said al-Said to overthrow his nephew Sayyid Salim II bin Thuwaini al-Said.The resolution of affairs in relation to Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi] following acts of plunder and aggression undertaken by members of their tribes against Persian and Arabian towns and villages. The correspondence refers to Bahrein and Aboothabee's reaffirmation of their commitment to the maritime peace treaty and the signing of the treaty by Mahommed ben Sanee [Muhammad bin Thānī] of Guttur, as well as decisions in regard to the sanctions against Mohammed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah], the orchestrator of the acts of aggression.Questions regarding the sovereignty of Bahrein and Guttur. The correspondence includes details of both Persia and Turkey's claims to the sovereignty of Bahrein and includes translations of letters from Mahommed ben Khalifah [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] in which he recognises Persia's sovereignty of Bahrein and its peoples and concerns over Turkish claims of sovereignty following the death of a Turkish General on the mainland near Bahrein.The question of the sovereignty of Guttur relates to its recognition by Lewis Pelly in 1868 in signing the maritime peace treaty and arrangements made by Pelly for the tribute paid by Guttur to Bahrein to be paid through the Political Residency, which the British Government viewed as simply an arrangement to pay tribute to protect both states frontiers against the Naim [Āl Na‘īm] and Wahabee [Wahhabi] tribes, rather than a statement of Guttur's independence.Physical description: Foliation: The contents of the file have been foliated using a pencil number enclosed in a circle located in the top right hand corner of the recto of each folio.
139. Copy of a Letter from Captain Francis Erskine Loch, aboard HMS Edenat Bachrine, to Captain Francis Augustus Collier
- Description:
- Abstract: Copy of a letter from Captain Francis Erskine Loch, aboard HMS Edenat Bachrine [Bahrain], to Captain Francis Augustus Collier, of 26 January 1820. The letter concerns Captain Loch’s operations against the al-Qawasim and their allies in the Persian Gulf, including at Bachrine, where he secured the agreement of the Ruler, Sheik Abdulla bin Ahmed [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah] to prohibit vessels from the ‘Pirate Ports’ into Bachrine’s ports. Captain Loch also commends the services of a number of individuals during the operations, and reports an attack against a Persian vessel made by Rhama bin Jabber [Shaikh Raḥmah bin Jābir al-Jalhamī].The paper was enclosed in Major-General Sir William Grant Keir’s letter to HM Chargé d’Affaires to Persia [Iran], Henry Willock, of 2 February 1820 (see IOR/L/PS/9/68/245).Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)
140. Copy of a Letter from Major-General Sir William Grant Keir, at Sharga, to Captain Francis Augustus Collier
- Description:
- Abstract: Copy of a letter from Major-General Sir William Grant Keir, at Sharga [Sharjah], to Captain Francis Augustus Collier, of 1 February 1820. The letter contains instructions for Captain Collier and Captain Francis Erskine Loch as part of the ongoing expedition against the al-Qawasim and their allies in the Persian Gulf. Keir’s instructions include:To familiarise Shaik Abdalla bin Ahmed [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah] of Bahrein [Bahrain] with the terms of the recently signed General Treaty [General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf] and to encourage him to cooperate with the British in their campaign against vessels accused of piracyTo attack the vessels of Rahma bin Jauber [Shaikh Raḥmah bin Jābir al-Jalhamī] in retaliation for an attack on a Persian vesselTo communicate to the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat the British Government’s opposition to his plans to subjugate Bahrein.The letter was enclosed in Keir’s letter to HM Chargé d’Affaires to Persia [Iran], Henry Willock, of 2 February 1820 (see IOR/L/PS/9/68/245).Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)