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13. 'Treaty with the Joasmee Pirates'
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of correspondence regarding a peace treaty between the East India Company and the Joasmee [Āl Qāsimī], and relations between the Joasmee and the Imam of Muscat.The correspondence consists mainly of letters between the Government of Bombay and the Resident at Muscat. It also includes letters from prominent members of the Joasmee and from Mullah Hussain [Molla Husayn], Ruler of Kishem [Qishm].Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 255, and terminates at f 293, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
14. ‘File 22/6 I Kalba’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises correspondence relating to affairs on the Trucial Coast in 1951, chiefly the assassination of the Ruler of Kalba, Hamad bin Sa’id [Ḥamad bin Sa’id Āl Qāsimī] by Saqr bin Sultan bin Salim [Ṣaqr bin Sultan bin Salim Āl Qāsimī], son of the former ruler of Ra’s al-Khaymah, Sheikh Sultan bin Salim Āl Qāsimī. The principal correspondents in the file are: the Political Officer on the Trucial Coast (Arthur John Wilton); the Political Agent at Bahrain (William Scott Laver; Cornelius James Pelly; Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Alexander Gordon Pinhey); and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel William Rupert Hay).Correspondence relating to the assassination of Hamad bin Sa’id, which took place in early July 1951, includes: Wilton’s initial reports of the incident (ff 46-47, ff 42-45); his trip to Kalba and his meeting with Saqr bin Sultan (ff 34-37); Wilton’s recommendations over actions to be taken against Saqr bin Sultan and his suggested candidates for ruler of Kalba (ff 10-13); discussion between British officials over the relative merits and demerits of political or forcible removal of Saqr bin Sultan; Wilton’s proposals for decisive action (ff 7-8), being of the opinion that the British Government should not condone the incident, and recommending that a Trucial Council be convened to encourage the rulers of the Trucial Coast to cooperate in removing Saqr bin Sultan (ff 30-33); Pelly and Hay’s preference for political pressure rather than direct action, and their disinclination to involve the other Trucial Coast rulers by convening a Trucial Council (ff 23-25).Other correspondence in the file relates to: the Ruler of Kalba’s proposal, in May 1951, to erect a tower on the edges of his territory (ff 55-59); the transfer in July 1951 of financial rights (tribute, or zakkat) of the village of Dhaid, between members of the Āl Qāsimī (ff 50-54).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 60; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-59; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
15. ‘File 22/6 II Kalba’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises correspondence relating to discussion amongst British officials over the fate of the Sheikhdom of Kalba in the wake of the assassination of its ruler, Ḥamad bin Sa’id Āl Qāsimī. The file is a direct chronological continuation of ‘File 22/6 I Kalba’ (IOR/R/15/2/941). The principal correspondents in the file are: the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel William Rupert Hay); the Political Agent at Bahrain (William Scott Laver); and the British Agent at Sharjah, also referred to as the Political Officer on the Trucial Coast (Arthur John Wilton).Correspondence includes: Wilton’s description of the negotiations taking place amongst the Jawasim [Āl Qāsimī] in Sharjah, over whether Sultain bin Salim should be installed as Ruler of Kalba (ff 12-15), a decision which Foreign Office officials are doubtful that they could approve (f 19); Hay’s proposals to allow Kalba to revert to Sharjah, in light of the fact that the deceased ruler, Ḥamad bin Sa’id, had no legitimate heirs (f 18); Hay’s note on the Sheikhdom of Kalba, dated 26 November 1951 (f 10). Correspondence also refers to the continued concession payments being made by Petroleum Concessions Limited (PCL) to Sheikh Khalid bin Aḥmad Āl Qāsimī, former Regent of Kalba, and proposals to blockade Wadi al Quar [Khawr] as a means of removing Saqr bin Sultan bin Salim from Kalba (ff 16-17).The first item of correspondence in the file is not directly related to the Kalba negotiations: a letter from J Gethin of the British Consulate in Muscat, to the Political Resident, dated 10 December 1951, informing the Resident that the ruler of Kalba has moved the aperture in the frontier wall separating Kalba from Oman (f 3).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 20; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-19; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
16. 'File 8/38 Muscat State Affairs Qwasimi Shaikh of Dhibba and his Relations with the State'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file, like the preceding file in this sequence [IOR/R/15/6/219] concerns an ongoing dispute between the Jawasim [Āl Qawāsim] and the Shihuh, two tribes residing at Diba [Dibba, transliterated in various ways throughout the file].The correspondence, which discusses reports of aggression on both sides, features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Residency Agent, Sharjah; the Political Officer, Trucial Coast, Sharjah; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Sa‘īd]; the Regent of Kalba [Shaikh Khālid bin Aḥmad bin Sultān Āl Qasimī]; the Government of Muscat and Oman's Minister for External Affairs.Much of the correspondence revolves around the contentious issue of a recently constructed tower in the part of Diba inhabited by the Jawasim. Related matters of discussion include the following: the occupation by the Jawasim of villages in the Wadi Madha, which is defended by the Regent of Kalba as an act of protection rather than one of aggression; a reported settlement in late 1941 between the Regent of Kalba and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; the demolition of the tower at Diba, and the Regent of Kalba's claim for compensation; reports that, contrary to his agreement with the Sultan, the Regent of Kalba has rebuilt the tower.The Arabic language material mainly consists of correspondence between the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat and representatives of the Sultan of Muscat and Oman.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 175; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
17. 'File 8/38 MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: QWASIMI SHAIKH OF DHIBBA'S RELATIONS WITH THE STATE'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file, continuing on from the previous file in the sequence [IOR/R/15/6/220], concerns an ongoing dispute between the Qawasim [Āl Qawāsim] and the Shihuh, two tribes residing at Diba [Dibba, transliterated in various ways throughout the file].The correspondence, which discusses reports of aggression on both sides, features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Political Officer, Trucial Coast, Sharjah; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Sa‘īd]; the Government of Muscat and Oman's Minister for Foreign Affairs. Also discussed is whether the Sultan of Muscat and Oman should appoint an official for the Shihuh population at Diba.The Arabic language material consists of correspondence between the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 28; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
18. Despatches Relating to Expeditions to the Persian Gulph, 1819-1821
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises copies and extracts of correspondence, with enclosures, relating to the Persian Gulph [Persian Gulf] Expedition of 1819 against the Joasmees [al-Qāsimī] at Rasul Khyma [Ra's al-Khaymah, various spellings in this volume] who the British deemed guilty of acts of ‘piracy’ in the region. The correspondence is between the Government of Bombay [Mumbai], at Bombay Castle, and the Court of Directors in London.The volume broadly covers three subjects, as follows:1. The period April 1814 to November 1819, leading up to the expedition and during which acts of ‘piracy’ were being committed in the Persian Gulph and along the coasts of Scind [Sindh] and Cutch [Kutch]. Matters covered include:Reports of captured trade vessels, mostly from IndiaDeployment of British naval patrols and stations to protect trade between India and the GulphA visit by the Resident at Bushire [Būshehr], William Bruce, to Rasul Khyma, to remonstrate with the JoasmeesA visit by Captain Lock, Commander of the Eden, to Bahrein [Bahrain] to investigate reports of the sale of Indian and European women prisoners at the island, and a subsequent prisoner exchange.2. The 1819 expedition. Matters covered include:The background to the decision to send the expeditionPreparations for and objectives of the expeditionThe progress and eventual success of the expeditionThe signing of the 1820 General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian GulfDiscussion of what to do with the former possessions of the JoasmeesThe establishment of a political agency and naval station on the Island of Kishma [Qeshm].3. Two expeditions, in 1820 and 1821, against the Beni Boo Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī, various spellings in this volume], inhabitants of Jalan province and nominally under the authority of the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd], for alleged acts of ‘piracy’ and for the murder of a member of the Imaum’s government. Matters covered include:The visit of Captain W S Collinson, Commander of the cruiser Mercury, to Alashkarah [al-Ashkarah, various spellings in this volume] to remonstrate with the Beni Boo Ali in September 1820, and during which the murder of the Imaum’s government official took placeThe preparations for, progress of, and eventual failure of the first expedition in late 1820The preparations for, progress of, and eventual success of the second expedition in early 1821.Other matters covered by the volume include:Affairs of Central Arabia, in particular those concerning the Wahabees [Wahabi] and the campaign of Ibrahim Pasha against themBritish efforts to enlist Ibrahim Pasha's cooperation with the campaign against Rasul Khyma, including Captain George Sadlier’s [Sadleir] journey across Arabia in order to deliver a letter and a gift to the PashaA visit by Captain E Pratt, Commander of the Fly, to the Curia Muria [Kuria Muria] Islands in January 1821 in search of shipwrecked 'Lascars' [non-European sailors, usually from the Indian subcontinent, in the employ of the British]Relations between Britain and Persia [Iran], specifically relating to Britain’s presence on the Island of Kishma.The second part of the volume comprises the enclosures referred to in the letters of the first part. These enclosures consist of letters, reports, and extracts of Proceedings of the Government of Bombay. Correspondents include: Major-General Lionel Smith, Commander of the Second Expedition against the Beni Boo Ali; Lieutenant J M Guy, Commander of East India Company Cruizer Psyche; Captain A Hardy, Commander of East India Company Cruizer Teignmouth; Lieutenant-General Charles Colville, Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army; Shaik Sultan Ben Suggar [Shaikh Sulṭān I bin Ṣaqr al-Qāsimī, various spellings in this volume]; Shaik Zeid Ben Seif [Shaikh Zayed bin Sayf bin Mohammed al-Falahi], Acting Ruler of Debay [Dubai]; George Swinton, Acting Secretary to the Governor-General of the Presidency of Bengal, Fort William; Captain Thomas Perronet Thompson (and his successors (acting), Captain Charles James Maillard and Captain H R Deschamps), Political Agent, Kishma; Captain Price Blackwood, Commander of HM Sloop Curlew.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 293; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The sequence contains one anomaly, f 177a.The volume includes multiple original pagination sequences.
19. Book 105: Letters inwards 1838
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of a selection of correspondence sent from the Political Department of the Bombay Government to the Resident in the Persian Gulf during 1838; Samuel Hennell took up the position of Resident during that year. The subject matter covered includes the kidnapping of slaves from the Burburra [Berbera] coast; a British military expedition to the Persian Gulf; and the seizure of a boat belonging to Porbandar by the Mahara [Al-Maharah] Arabs of Wadi.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The item level references for the file utilise the folio numbers.Pagination: The file also contains an original pagination sequence written in ink; these numbers are located in the top outermost corner of each page.
20. Vol 18 Letters inward
- Description:
- Abstract: Volume of incoming copy correspondence to William Bruce, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf from various correspondents within the East India Company discussing financial, administrative and political matters relating to the running of the residency at Bushire. Particular attention throughout the correspondence is given to:Questions of Piracy in view of the raiding of East India Company vessels in the Persian GulfThe shipping of sulphur from Bushire to IndiaMatters relating to the finances of the Bushire Residency.Key correspondents include Francis Warden, Chief Secretary to the Government at Bombay; John Kaye, Accountant General at Bombay; James Farish, Secretary to the Government at Bombay and John Hinde Pelly, Deputy Military Paymaster General at Bombay.Physical description: Foliation: The volume has been foliated in the top right hand front corner of each folio that contains writing with a pencil number enclosed in a circle.There is also an original pagination sequence consisting of an ink number in the top right corner of the recto and the top left corner of the verso of each folio. The pagination numbers are missing on a number of pages owing to the poor condition of some of the correspondence.
21. Vol 89 Translation Book, 1835 (native letters inward)
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume consists of substances of, and translations of, native letters (i.e. correspondence in Arabic or Persian) sent to the British Resident in the Persian Gulf. The majority of these are from native agents serving the British in the Gulf at Bahrein [Bahrain], Muscat, Sharjah, Shiraz, Lingah [Bandar-e-Lengeh].The first part of the volume mainly contains updates on the political situation in Persia in 1834, when Ally Shah [Ali Shah], brother of the late Shah Abbas Mirza, was trying to oppose to the succession of Prince Royal Mohammed, before he surrendered and Mohammed become Shah.The main topic in the later letters is the piracy instigated by the Beniyas [Bani Yas] tribe under their Chief, Shaikh Khuleefa ben Shackboot [Khalīfah bin Shakhbūṭ] of Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi], and British intervention to suppress them.Also included are communications from local rulers in the Gulf region: Sultan ben Sugger [Sulṭān bin Saqr], Chief of the Joasmees [Qawāsim]; Shaikh Khuleefa bin Shaskboot [Shakhbūṭ] of Abothabee [Abu Dhabi], Chief of the Beniyas [Bani Yas], and letters from merchants at Shiraz, Isfahan and Bushire.Physical description: Pagination: There is a pagination sequence, which appears in the top right corners of the rectos and in the top left corners of the versos.Foliation: There is a foliation sequence, which is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto of each folio. This sequence, which should be used for referencing, begins on the front cover, on number 1, and ends on the inside of the back cover, on number 111.
22. Vol 87: Translation Book, 1834 (Native Letters Inward)
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume consists of substances of, and translations of native letters (i.e. correspondence in Arabic or Persian) sent to the British Resident in the Persian Gulf. The majority of these are from various native agents serving the British in the Gulf at Bahrein [Bahrain], Lingah [Bandar-e-Lengeh], Muscat, and Sharjah respectively. They provide updates on the local political situation; relay local news; report incidents of, enquiries into, and restitution for acts of piracy; and forward any intelligence that the agents perceive to be of interest to the Resident. It also includes incidents where the agents report ill treatment at the hands of local subjects, or the local authorities.Also included are communications from local rulers in the Gulf region. These are much less common, but include communications from Shaikh Abdollah bin Ahmed [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah], Chief of Bahrein; Sultan ben Sugger [Sulṭān bin Saqr], Chief of the Joasmees [Qawāsim]; and Shaikh Khuleefa ben Shakboot [Khalīfah bin Shakhbūṭ], Chief of the Beniyas [Bani Yas].Some specific topics covered include a war between the Wahabees [Wahhabis] and Bahrein; a dispute between Humood bin Azan, Chief of Sohar [Ṣuḥār], and the Governors of Muscat; and political instability in Persia following the death of Fatḥ ‘Alī Shāh Qājār (such as Ḥusayn ‘Alī Mirzā's declaring himself King of Shiraz). The murder of Shaikh Toorky bin Saood [Turki bin Sa‘ūd], Wahabee Chief, is also reported within.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The file contains the following foliation corrections; 14, and 14A.Pagination: The file also contains an original pagination sequence; these numbers are written in ink between ff 3-135, and are located in the top outermost corners of each page.
23. Letters outward
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of letters written by David Anderson Blane, Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, during the first seven months of 1834. The incomplete pagination sequence (see the 'Physical Characteristics' field of this catalogue) reflects the fact that these letters have been selected from a larger collection of letters. As a result of this arrangement, several folios in the file (the recto of the first folio included, which is not a letter but an incomplete summary of letters dating from 1833) contain incomplete letters, all of which have had large crosses drawn across them in blue crayon. These letters remain legible, although they are, to varying degrees, incomplete.Most of the letters in the file are addressed to Charles Norris, Chief Secretary to the Government, Bombay. These letters (eight in total) concern the following subjects:The progress of a feud between the Joasmee [Āl Qāsimī] tribe and the Beniyas [Bani Yas] tribe;The possible consequences of an extension of the Wahabee [Wahabi] sect's authority throughout the region;The death of the Wahabee Chief, Toorkee bin Saood [Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Āl Sa‘ūd, founder of the Second Saudi State], and the impact that this is likely to have on the Wahabee state's ambitions in the region;Imports and exports at the port of Bushire for the year 1833/1834;Disturbances within the the territories of His Highness the Imam of Muscat [Sa‘īd bin Sultān Āl Sa‘īd], and the British Government's intention (expressed in an enclosed draft of a letter to the Acting Governor of Muscat) to observe a strict neutrality in any misunderstandings which may arise between His Highness the Imam and the tribes of Arabia.In addition, the file includes letters addressed to the following recipients: John Wedderburn, Accountant General, Bombay; John Bax, Secretary to the Government, Bombay; and Sir John Campbell, Envoy to the Court of Persia, Tehran. The letters to John Wedderburn concern accounts; the letters to Sir John Campbell report the transmission of official and unofficial letters. In his letter to John Bax (see ff.6v-8), David Anderson Blane refers to a letter from the Court of Directors, which concerned the suppression of piracy in the Gulf; he argues that any attempts by the British to engage with the various tribes on the shores of the Gulf, either by treaties or by other measures, are likely to involve the British in the tribes' own petty feuds and quarrels, without any adequate advantage.Physical description: Pagination: There is an original, albeit incomplete, pagination sequence, which is written in ink, in the top right corners of the rectos and in the top left corners of the versos. It is clear from this incomplete sequence that the letters in this file have been selected from a larger collection of letters. The sequence runs as follows: pp.11-20; pp.31-36; pp.89-94; pp.109-112; pp.127-134; pp.143-146.Foliation: There is a complete foliation sequence, which is written in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto of each folio. It begins on the first folio of writing, on number 1, and ends on the last folio of writing, on number 19.
24. Enclosure in Letter from Henry Willock to the Secret Committee of 29 Mar 1820
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Major-General William Grant Keir, Commander of the 1819 expedition to the Persian Gulf, to Francis Warden, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay [Mumbai], sent from HMS Liverpooloff the island of Kenn [Kīsh] and dated 24 February 1820. Following his suppression of ‘piracy’ on the Arab shore of the Gulf, Grant addresses the Persian [Iranian] shore. Subjects covered in the letter include: acts of ‘piracy’ originating from Persian ports including Charrack [Bandar-e Chārak], Mogoo [Bandar-e Moghūyeh], and Lingua [Bandar-e Lengeh]; relations of Persian ports with the Joasmees [al-Qawāsim]; the return of Keir’s troops to India and the forces required in the event of hostilities on the Persian coast; the question of pursuing the ‘pirate’ Ramah ben Jauber [Rahmah bin Jābir al-Jalāhimah]; and the participation of the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat [Sa’īd bin Sultān Āl Bū Sa’īd] in the proposed expedition to Bharein [Bahrain] of the Prince of Sheraz [Husayn 'Ali Mīrzā Farmānfarmā, Prince-Governor of Fārs].The letter was enclosed in the letter of Henry Willock, HM Chargé d’Affaires in Persia [Iran], to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company, dated 29 March 1820 [IOR/L/PS/9/69/1].Physical description: Condition: the letter was perforated in an attempt to stop the spread of disease.
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