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1. 'File 61/6 (D 33) Volume III Bin Sa'ud and Akhwan Movement etc., Shereef (King Hussain) of Mecca (Hedjaz), Murder of Bin Rashid'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume consists of letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and intelligence reports concerning Ibn Sa'ud and Najd affairs. The bulk of the correspondence is between: Harold Dickson, the Political Agent in Bahrain; Arnold Wilson, the Civil Commissioner in Baghdad; Ibn Sa'ud; King Hussein of the Hijaz; his son, Amir Faisal; the Government of India; the India Office, in London; the Foreign Office, in London; Edmund Allenby, the High Commissioner in Cairo; Arthur Trevor, the Political Resident in Bushire; Siddiq Hassan, the Indian assistant in Bahrain; Colonel Vickery, British Agent in Jeddah; and the Political Agencies in Kuwait and Muscat.The main subject covered by the volume is the dispute between Ibn Saud and King Hussein over territory (the Khurma/Turaba dispute), Bedouin raids near Taif, and the freedom for Najdis to perform the Hajj. Also contained in the volume are reports, memoranda, and letters concerning Siddiq Hassan's mission to Mecca to perform the Hajj and to witness talks between King Hussein and Ibn Sa'ud's deputy, Thanaiyan bin Sa'ud.Other prominent subjects covered by the volume are:intelligence reports and correspondence relating to Ibn Sa'ud and the Ikhwan movement in relation to other tribes and chieftaincies of the Arabian Peninsula, especially al-Rashid (Shammar) and including Ajman and Oman;the border disputes with Kuwait;the spread of Arab Nationalism and socialist thought in Syria and Iraq, including commentary on the 1920 Iraqi Revolt.Other issues covered mainly by correspondence are the appointment of a doctor for Ibn Sa'ud, jurisdiction over Najdi subjects in Bahrain, the subsidy paid to Ibn Sa'ud by the British, the Idrisi statelet in the 'Asir Mountains, Ibn Sa'ud's gift of two oryxes to King George V, and the organisation of a meeting between Percy Cox and Ibn Sa'ud.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system begins at the front of the volume on the title page (f 1) and ends at the back of the volume on the last page (f 371). The numbers are written in pencil, circled and positioned in the top right corner on the recto of each folio. The inside back cover is irregularly numbered as folios '368-371'. The folios have a secondary and different pencilled number in the same position, from a former and inconsistent foliation system.Condition: the spine cover is detached from the volume and enclosed in a plastic sleeve numbered folio 372, at the back of the volume. The plastic sleeve may cause some loss of sharpness to the digital of the spine cover.
2. 'File 61/6 vol.4 (D 34) Bin Saud and Akwan Movement'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume consists of letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and notes relating to Ibn Sa'ud and the affairs of Najd. The correspondence is mostly between: Harold Dickson, the Political Agent in Bahrain; Percy Cox, the High Commissioner in Baghdad; Ibn Sa'ud; King Hussein of the Hijaz; the Government of India, in Simla and Calcutta; the India Office, in London; the Foreign Office, in London; Arthur Trevor, the Political Resident in Bushire; and Siddiq Hassan, the Indian assistant in Bahrain.Most of the volume relates to the territorial and political disputes between Ibn Sa'ud and King Hussein, with particular coverage of the mission to Mecca to conclude an agreement between Ibn Sa'ud and King Hussein, carried out by Ahmad bin Abdullah al-Thanaiyan, and Siddiq Hassan and Farhan al Rahmah, the Sa'udi and British representatives respectively.Notable is the diary of Siddiq Hassan (ff 103-116v) written during his mission to Mecca, and his notes on the numerous meetings he had with King Hussein and the talks between the latter and Thanaiyan. Included as appendices to these notes are the following: a draft, in Arabic, of the eventual agreement signed by the two parties; a letter, in Arabic, from Hassan bin 'Ali ibn 'Aayidh, Chief of 'Assir, to King Hussein; another letter in Arabic from King Hussein to Siddiq Hassan; and an English translation of the finalised agreement. Also present is a report of the journey by Farhan al-Rahmah (ff. 116v-121v).Other topics covered by the volume are as follows:the continued fighting and negotiations between Ibn Sa'ud and the Ikhwan on the one side and the al-Rashid (Shammar) on the other;the ongoing border dispute between Ibn Sa'ud and Kuwait;developments in 'Asir and the 'Idrisi movement;Ibn Sa'ud's British subsidy;revolt in Iraq and Syria, and the spread of Arab Nationalism;relations between Ibn Sa'ud and other tribal groups, and his growing influence in the region.Physical description: Foliation: Numbers are written in pencil, in the top right corner, on the recto of each folio. The numbering is irregular, begins on the first folio at the front of the volume and is as follows: 1A-E, 2-78, 99-121, 162-165, 166A, 166B, 167-172, 173A, 173B, 174-177, 178A, 178B, 179-181, 183-198, 199, 199A-199Z, 199A1-199Q1, 200-237, 239-293. There are no folios numbered 182 or 238. Fold-out folios: 199A1, 199F1.Condition: the spine cover is detached from the volume and enclosed in a plastic sleeve numbered folio 372, at the back of the volume. The plastic sleeve may cause some loss of sharpness to the digital image of the spine cover.
3. 'File 2/9 Anti-British propaganda'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of correspondence between British officials in Iraq and the Persian Gulf discussing Arabic language newspaper extracts and articles on the British presence in the Middle East. Most of the papers discuss ways of countering or restricting the circulation of anti-British, anti-colonial material arriving in the Persian Gulf region from elsewhere in the Arab world. The majority of the Arabic newspaper clippings is from Iraqi newspapers, and includes coverage of the Arab cause in Palestine during the approximately concurrent Arab Revolt in Palestine that took place between 1936 and 1939. Other sources of Arabic nationalist material include newspaper articles from Egypt and Syria.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 372; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-370; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
4. Ext 3974/41 'British propaganda in IRAQ'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence from HM Ambassador to Egypt, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, forwarding with comment a report written by Freya Stark and HE Bishop. The report discusses the available means of harnessing the aspirations of Arab nationalism in order to gain support for Britain, and turn opinion against Germany, in Iraq and across the wider Arab world.A list of correspondence references contained in the file appears on the front cover.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 7; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
5. Coll 6/67(2) 'Boundaries of South-Eastern Arabia and Qatar.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns British policy regarding the south-eastern boundaries of Saudi Arabia.It documents preparations for negotiations with the Saudi Government, and includes interdepartmental discussion regarding the approach that the British Government should take in reaching a settlement with Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] over the demarcation of the boundaries.The areas of territory discussed include that which separates Saudi Arabia and the Aden Protectorate in the south, that which extends to the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in the south-east, and the area extending to the south of Qatar in the east.Reference is made to the 'blue line' and the 'violet line' – boundary lines that formed part of the Anglo-Ottoman Conventions, concluded in 1913 and 1914 respectively.The correspondence includes discussion of the following:The likely consequences of not settling on defined boundaries.The extent of territory that the British should be prepared to include in any concession made to Ibn Saud.The legal distinction between personal and territorial sovereignty.References made by Fuad Bey Hamza (Deputy Saudi Minister for Foreign Affairs) during conversations with Sir Andrew Ryan (His Majesty's Minister at Jedda), regarding certain assurances made by Sir Henry McMahon to King Hussein of the Hejaz [Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī] in 1915, on the subject of Arab independence (a summary of a letter from King Hussein to McMahon, together with a copy of McMahon's reply, is included in the volume).Tribal history in Trucial Oman between 1918 and 1934.The Koweit [Kuwait] blockade.The boundaries of a proposed 'desert zone', roughly following the edge of the sands of the Ruba al Khali and considered by the British as a possible concession but later abandoned.Abu Dhabi's claims to Odeid [Al ‘Udayd, Saudi Arabia] and Banaiyan [Bi’r Bunayyān, Saudi Arabia].The volume features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent, Bahrain (Percy Gordon Loch); the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Trenchard Craven William Fowle); His Majesty's Minister at Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan); the Secretary of State for the Colonies (Philip Cunliffe-Lister); Bernard Rawdon Reilly (Chief Commissioner, Aden, but referred to in the correspondence as Resident); officials of the Foreign Office, the Colonial Office, the India Office, the War Office, the Air Ministry, and the Government of India's Foreign and Political Department.In addition to correspondence, the volume contains a sketch map and a copy of draft minutes of a meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defence's Standing Official Sub-Committee for Questions Concerning the Middle East, dated 15 April 1935.The volume includes a divider which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the volume by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence (folio 4).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 365; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
6. File 3531/1905 Pt 2 ‘Mesopotamia:- Navigation of Tigris + Euphrates; Euphrates + Tigris Steam Navigation Co; Hamidieh Co.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Part 2 of the volume is comprised of copies of correspondence and other papers relating to the proposed merger of the Turkish-Government-operated Hamidieh Steamship Company and the British company, the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company (also referred to as the Lynch Company, ETSNC). The item’s principal correspondents are: representatives of the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company (hereafter ETSNC, chiefly the Company Secretary, H W Maclean), the Director of the ETSNC (Henry Finnis Blosse Lynch); the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Sir Edward Grey); the Private Secretary to Sir Edward Grey (Louis Du Pan Mallet); the British Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul] (Sir Gerard Augustus Lowther); the Political Resident for Turkish Arabia (Captain John Gordon Lorimer).The majority of the correspondence is dated 1909 to 1910, and focuses on the controversial nature of the proposed merger of the two steamship operators, which bore more of the character of a takeover by the British concern of its Turkish counterpart. While many Turkish commentators understood the prospect of a likely British monopoly of navigation rights on the Tigris and Euphrates in Irak [Iraq], the British Government feared having their commercial activities in Iraq diminished, possibly to the advantage of competing German commercial interests. The controversy, which acquired the sobriquet the ‘Affaire Lynch’ in the British press, precipitated a local popular uprising in Iraq, and in part led to the resignation of the Grand Vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, who had supported the merger, in December 1909. The correspondence is thus split between the contractual negotiations over the navigation concession, and the political consequences of its controversy, including cuttings of articles published in the press in Britain ( The Times, The Morning Post) and copies of articles published in Ottoman Turkey ( Tanin, Truth).Physical description: 1 item (315 folios)
7. File 2006/1917 'ARABIA: ARAB CONFEDERACY'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises correspondence, telegrams, summaries, reports, notes and other papers concerning the support given by Britain to the tribes of South Arabia [present-day Yemen] in 1917, chiefly in relation to Britain’s principal wartime aim of ousting the Turks [Ottoman Empire] from the region and securing the Aden Protectorate.The papers notably cover:British relations with Saiyid Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Idris, the Idrisi [Sayyid Muhammad ibn ‘Alī al-Idrīsī, ruler of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir], including the 1915 agreement with the Idrisi in return for his attacking the Turks; financial assistance (subsidy) for arms, ammunition, hirelings and transport; the Idrisi’s recruitment of Hashid wa Bakil (also spelled Bakill and Bekil in this volume) and British doubts about the loyalty of these ‘mercenary’ (f 259) tribesmen; British concerns over the Idrisi’s effectiveness against the Turks and his predominating enmity towards Imam Yahia bin Mohamed Hamid-ud-Din of Yemen [Yaḥyá Muḥammad Ḥamīd al-Dīn, also referred to as 'Imam Yahya' in this volume]British policy towards the 'Arab Confederacy' of tribes formed around May 1917 (also referred to as the 'Yemen Confederacy' in this volume), including concerns over its potential effectiveness and lack of concrete victories against the Turks; and meetings with various Arab tribal chiefs explaining their intentions or applying for assistance from BritainBritish relations with the ‘neutral’ Imam Yahya, including a concurrently open-door and non-committal policy; avoidance of decisions or actions that could cause the Imam to stop ‘sitting on the fence’ and ally with the Turks; the Imam’s approach to the British in July 1917 offering support in exchange for territory, the removal of the Idrisi, and a position as sole leader in Yemen (the British politely declined the offer)Division of opinion between the Political Resident in Aden, and the First Assistant Resident in Aden and Government of India, regarding the risks in either supporting or not supporting the Arab Confederacy; the viability and true aims of the Confederacy; and whether or not it was likely the Confederacy would to turn to Italy if Britain prolonged delaying assistance.The principal correspondents are: Major-General James Marshall Stewart, Political Resident, Aden; Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Fenton Jacob, First Assistant Resident, Aden; Saiyid Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Idris, the Idrisi [Sayyid Muhammad ibn ‘Alī al-Idrīsī, ruler of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir]; Imam Yahia bin Mohamed Hamid Ud-Din of Yemen [Yaḥyá Muḥammad Ḥamīd al-Dīn] (also referred to in this volume as Saiyid Yehia bin Mohamed Hamid-ad-Din, Al Mutawakil, the Commander of the Faithful, and as Imam Yahia of San’a / Sana’a [Sanaa] and 'Imam Yahya'); senior officials of the Government of India at Simla [Shimla]; Secretaries of State and diplomats of the Foreign Office and the India Office in London; General Sir Reginald Wingate, British High Commissioner in Egypt; Ronald William Graham, Foreign Office diplomat. Also included are translations and summaries of numerous communications from and between various chiefs of Arab tribes in Yemen.The enclosures date from 1917 but some include content (mainly printed documents) dating from 1916.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 295; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Multiple intermittent additional mixed foliation/pagination sequences are also present. A previous foliation sequence in part of the volume, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.