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1. 'File 35/134 I A. 40. Sur: Amirs of Jaalan'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence concerning fighting at Sur between the Bani Bu Ali and the Arama. Includes a number of reports from Major Gerald Patrick Murphy the Political Agent, Muscat to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf on the general situation in Oman and concerns that due to tribal involvement the fighting could spread from Sur to the rest of Oman. Letters discuss how the fort at Sur was bombarded to show the rebellious tribes that the Government of India intended to support Muscat. Includes a map (folio 199) drawn by Major Gerald Patrick Murphy, Political Agent, Muscat, entitled 'Map showing extent of Sultan's influence in Oman'. Correspondents include the Political Resident, Persian Gulf; Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah al Humudah [‘Alī bin Abdullāh al-Ḥamūdah], Amir of Jaalan; Political Agent, Muscat; Foreign Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department; Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf.Physical description: Foliation: There is an incomplete foliation sequence and a complete foliation sequence. The complete foliation sequence is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of each folio. It begins on the title page, on number 1, and runs through to 274, ending on the inside of the back cover. Anomalies: ff 1A-C; f 23A; f 63A; f 74A; f 88A; f 90A; f 93A; f 96A; f 100A; f 111A; f 113A; f 114A; f 121A; f 124A; f 167A; f 198A; ff 208A-B; f 247A.
2. 'File 35/134 III (A 54) Sur: Ja`alan- Amirs of.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to the Amir of Ja'alan and the collection of customs at Sur. Letters discuss the strategy for enforcing customs collection in Sur and the visit in HMS Penzanceof Heir Apparent, Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr], President of the Council of Ministers in order to re-establish Sultanate authority in Sur. Correspondence discusses the constraints on the actual use of British naval power and the preferred use of the Muscat Levies as well as possible use of air power. Includes a hand-drawn map of Sur (folio 87) with discussion of the tribal divisions in the town and of the village of Aiqa inhabited by the Bani Bu Ali.Correspondents include Air Headquarters, Iraq Command, Hinaidi; Air Ministry, London;Trenchard Craven W. Fowle and Reginald George Alban, Political Agent, Muscat; Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident, Persian Gulf; Foreign Secretary, Government of India; Stuart Edwin Hedgecock, Financial Adviser, Ministry of Finance, Muscat; Saif bin Ali bin Saif [Saif bin ‘Alī bin Saif], Wali of Sur; Iskander, Director-General of Customs, Muscat; 'the people of Aiqa'; Ali bin Abdullah Al Hamudah [‘Alī bin Abdullāh al-Ḥamūdah], Amir of Ja'alan.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system in use is the sequence of numbers appearing in a circle in the top right hand corner of each folio.
3. 'File 35/134 IV (A 56) Sur. Ja'alan - Amirs of.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to actions against the Bani Bu Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī] in Sur in 1932 who were claiming independence from the Muscat State. Correspondence discusses how the Bani Bu Ali led by Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah al-Hammuda [Muḥammed bin Nāṣir al-Ḥamūdah] were rebelling against the Sultan of Muscat's authority and in particular the creation of a customs post in Aiqa. Shaikh Ali had deployed armed forces to Aiqa fort and prevented the establishment of the customs post. The timing for deployment of aircraft from Iraq including Wapitis and flying boats is discussed and in particular the implications of reconnaissance flights during Ramadan. One Wapiti crashed 40 miles south of Muscat but the occupants were unhurt and safely rescued. Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr] visited Sur in a sloop along with HMS Emerald. Correspondence details the agreement of the Foreign Office, Air Ministry and India Office in London to the use of aircraft. A letter from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty concurs in the action whilst expressing concern over the use of aircraft and the repercussions this could have on relations with Arab rulers, and suggests only use of naval bombardment. The Air Ministry responded noting the Political Resident's view that 'action by warship alone would be entirely ineffective; past history has shewn this.' The India Office notes that the action proposed by the Government of India were based on discussions with the Senior Naval Officer Persian Gulf and Air Officer Commanding, Iraq; furthermore, 'aerial demonstration will precede punitive air action.'The Political Agent, Muscat discusses the relations between the Bani Bu Ali ,[Banī Bū ‘Alī] Bani Bu Hassan [Bani Bū ‘Hasan] and Bani Amer; also the likely response of the Bani Bu Ali to any British attack and the need to take precautions to avoid the experience of a British Indian force in 1821. In 1821 a force was dispatched to avenge the defeat there of a different expedition the previous year but three hundred of the Bani Bu Ali attacked at night resulting 16 killed. Correspondence discusses the negotiations with Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah bin Abdullah bin HammudaCorrespondence between the Air Officer Commanding, Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt and Colonel Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident, Persian Gulf discusses the reconnaissance photos and the bombing of the Jaalan [Ja’alān] fort following the dropping from aircraft of warning messages. There are also extracts from a report by Group Captain W L Welsh on reconnaisance by two Rangoons and three Wapitis of the Sur area with arrangements for the deployment of flying boats to conduct bombing missions and their protection by the Muscat Infantry.Correspondence includes letters betweeen Saiyid Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, to Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah and Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident Persian Gulf. Following aerial demonstrations by Rangoon flying boats Shaikh Ali accepted the customs post and agreed to meet the Sultan on board the Sultan's vessel. The Senior Naval Officer Persian Gulf wrote to Shaikh Ali informing him that as he had accepted the customs post the bombardment would not take place.Includes aerial photos (ff 128D-128P) of Jaalan and Khor Janaba which were made in preparation for a possible punitive bombing raid. Also includes a sketch map of Khor Janaba and an enclosure with a 'Sheikhly family of Bani Bu Ali.Correspondents include H.V. Biscoe, Political Resident Persian Gulf; Trenchard Craven Fowle, Political Agent Muscat; Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt, Air Headquarters, Iraq Command, Hinaidi; Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf; Eion Pelly Donaldson, India Office, London; Christopher Llewellyn Bulloch, Air Ministry, London; No. 203 (Flying Boat) Squadron; Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty; Saiyid Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah bin Hammudah; Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, Simla.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system in use is the sequence of numbers in the top right hand corner of each folio including the covers.
4. 'Report on Sur. By Major G. P. Murphy, I.A., Indian Political Department, Political Agent, Muscat'
- Description:
- Abstract: Report on Sur by Major Gerald Patrick Murphy, Political Agent of Muscat, dated 9 October 1928.It is divided into the following sections:I. – 'Geographical Description of Sur' – including an introduction to the tribes who inhabit it;II. – 'Historical Summary of the Bani Bu Ali' – including their origin, religion, engagements, expeditions, and feuds;III. – 'Historical Summary of the Jenebeh' – including their origin, feuds, criminal activities, and fines;IV. – 'The Slave Trade at Sur' – including British efforts in the suppression of the slave trade, treaties, a description of a captured slave vessel, and use the of the French flag as protection for slaving operations;V. – 'Summary of recent Events in Sur' – including the building of new forts, establishment of a new customs post, the question of the Sultan's authority, criminal activities, and customs dues;VI. – 'Review of the Situation at Sur' – including the policy pursued so far, request for assistance by the Sultan, the value of Sur in terms of prestige, and the form of assistance to be taken;appendix 1. – 'Early History of Sur';appendix 2. – 'Wrecks and Piracy'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 84, and terminates at f 93, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
5. 'File 8/21 II SUR'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume relates to measures taken by the Government of Muscat and Oman (with the assistance of the British Government) to assert its authority over the town of Sur and the nearby village of Aiqa [Al ‘Ayjah].The correspondence largely concerns customs control and the tense relations between the Muscat Government and the shaikhs of Sur and Aiqa, who are stated as belonging to the Jennebeh [Janabah] and Bani Bu Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī] tribes respectively. Discussed at length is the issue of ensuring the collection of customs and the registration of dhows at Aiqa.Most of the correspondence is between the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf. Other notable correspondents include the following: the Secretary of State for India; the Commanding Officer at Air Headquarters, Iraq Command; Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd], President of the Council of Ministers, and later Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Hamudah, Amir of Ja'alan [Emir of Ja‘lān] and Shaikh of Aiqa.Related matters of discussion include the following: the reported prolonged evasion of customs by the Bani Bu Ali in Aiqa; the level of assistance that should be provided by the British in order to help Muscat assert control in Sur and Aiqa (e.g. whether it is necessary to send HMS sloops to Sur); the interception of an Aiqa dhow by a Muscat State patrol vessel on 12 November 1931; preparations for 'punitive action' against Aiqa by the British – including a planned reconnaissance mission ahead of possible aerial bombardment, and discussion of naval bombardment – in the event of the Shaikh opposing the establishment of a customs post there.The Arabic language material mainly consists of correspondence between the Political Agent, the Shaikh of Aiqa, and Saiyid Said bin Taimur (English translations are present in most cases).All the material dates from the period 1931-1932, with the exception of some brief notes at the end of the volume, which are dated November 1939.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 255; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
6. 'File 35/152 (A 59) Sur'
- Description:
- Abstract: In order to enhance the revenues of the Muscat State there was an attempt to establish a customs post at Aiqa near Sur. Correspondence discusses how the Bani Bu Ali embarrassed the Political Agent, Trenchard Craven Fowle and the President of the Council of State, Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr]; this led to censure of the Officiating Political Agent, Trenchard Craven Fowle and Captain Reginald George Alban for taking unnecessary action.Hugh Vincent Biscoe made representations on behalf of the Officiating Political Resident, Trenchard Craven Fowle, to the Foreign Secretary of the Government of India; Biscoe received confirmation that Fowle was exonerated of blame and that concerning the error of judgement of Captain Reginald George Alban no further action was required.Correspondents are Evelyn Berkeley Howell, Foreign Secretary to the Government of India; Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Officiating Political Resident, Major Trenchard Craven Fowle.Physical description: The foliation sequence commences at the title page and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Foliation errors: 1 and 1A
7. Political No. 142 of 1874, Forwarding a Copy of Papers Regarding the ‘Piratical Proceedings’ of ‘a Party of Arabs’ at Hillaneeah, One of the Kooira Mooria Islands
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of a Political Despatch from the Government of India Foreign Department to the Secretary of State for India, dated 4 August 1874, forwarding for information a copy of documents relating to ‘a piratical outrage’ committed by some members of the El-Jafferah [al Ja‘farah], a sub-tribe of the Beni-Boo Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī] Arabs, on British protected subjects at Hillaneeah [Al Ḩallānīyah], one of the Kooria Mooria Islands [Jazā’ir Khurīyā Murīyā, or the Kuria Muria Islands].Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 58, and terminates at f 74, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The sequence contains five foliation anomalies: f 58a, f 59a, f 64a, f 65a, and f 70a.
8. Vol 59: Letters Inward
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of letters received by David Wilson, Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, from William Newnham, Chief Secretary to the Government, Bombay, and Charles Norris, Acting Chief Secretary to the Government, Bombay. The letters cover the following subjects: the concerns of Mahomed Bin Ulee Jellanee, Chief of the Banī Bū ‘Alī tribe, about the distressed situation of the tribe resulting from the actions of Sa‘īd bin Sultān Āl Bū Sa‘īd, His Highness the Imam of Muscat; attempts by the British Government to discourage the Imam from launching an expedition against Bahrain; and a request for a quantity of shining sand for stationery use.Physical description: Pagination: There is a pagination sequence which is written in ink and which appears in the top right corner of the recto of each folio and in the top left corner of the verso of each folio. This sequence is inconsistent: some of the pages have not been paginated and the sequence is not complete.Foliation: There is a foliation sequence which is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto of each folio. It begins on the front cover, on number 1, and ends on the last folio of writing, on number 19. This is the sequence used by this catalogue to reference items within the file.
9. Vol 23: Reports to the Government of Bombay respecting a British military expedition to the Persian Gulf
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume consists of correspondence primarily between Francis Warden, Chief Secretary to the Bombay Government, and Captain Thomas Perronet Thompson. Other correspondents included in the volume are Major-General Lionel Smith; Mountstuart Elphinstone, the Governor of Bombay; James Henderson, Secretary to the Bombay Government; Captain Deschamps; and Andrew Jukes. Translations of correspondence with Sa‘īd bin Sultān Āl Sa‘īd, the Imam of Muscat are also included.The subject matter of the material is centred around the abandonment of Raʼs al-Khaymah, the establishment of a garrison on the Island of Qeshm, the suppression of piracy in the Gulf, a failed British joint expedition with the Imam of Muscat against the Banī Bū ‘Alī tribe in Oman, and the removal of Captain Thompson from his post for the aforementioned failure; the subsequent, more successful, follow-up expedition against the Banī Bū ‘Alī tribe is also covered.Physical description: Foliation: The main foliation sequence starts with the first page of text and runs through to the last folio. It is written in pencil and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. This sequence has been used to construct the references at item level, and for internal referencing.Pagination: A pagination system is also present, which runs folios 22-275, though there are gaps in the sequence; these numbers are also written in pencil and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
10. Coll 20/5 'Muscat: Sur: Misbehaviour of Beni Bu Ali tribe; Aiqa customs post; Question of Air Action'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains letters, telegrams, minutes, notes, and draft correspondence relating to two incidents in Oman. The first, which the majority of the papers deal with, was the rebellious attitude of members of the Beni Bu Ali tribe, led by Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah al Hamudah. The papers, which concern efforts by the British to assist the Muscat authorities in bringing the tribe to order, cover the following matters:the proposal and consequences of a visit to Sur by the President of the Council of Ministers, Sayyid Said bin Taimur Al Bu Said [Sa‘īd ibn Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd], and the Political Agent, Captain Reginald George Evelyn William Alban, to negotiate with Shaikh Ali in October 1931the effort to establish a customs post at Aiqathe question of the appropriate use of forcearrangements for further visits in December 1931the seizure of dhows belonging to the Beni Bu Ali tribethe Government of India's disapproval of the Political Agent's conductletters of congratulations and thanks following the peaceful resolution of the crisisthe question of when to restore Shaikh Ali's privileges.The second incident covered by the file is the murder of a British Indian man by a member of the Shihuh tribe in June 1936. The correspondence discusses the action that should be taken.The principal correspondents are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Political Agent at Muscat, Government of India (Foreign and Political Department), Foreign Office, Admiralty, Air Ministry, Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf, Commander-in-Chief in the East Indies, India Office, Sultan Said bin Taimur, and Shaikh Ali of the Beni Bu Ali.The file contains several reports, as follows:Report on the visit to Sur of 26 October 1931, by Captain Alban, 31 October 1931 (folios 223-26)Report on the 'Situation at Sur and Aiqa', with notes on the Bani Bu Ali tribe, by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf Division, 20 December 1931 (folios 137-51)Report on the crisis as a whole by Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, 19 March 1932 (folios 97-108)Report on 'Operations at Sur, 4th-9th March 1932' by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf Division, 19 March 1932 (folios 85-87)Report on the situation at Sur a year after the crisis by Lieutenant-Colonel Trenchard Craven William Fowle, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, 4 March 1933 (folios 74-76).A sketch map of the area around Sur can be found on folio 193.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 265; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
11. Coll 5/6 ‘Muscat-Aden Air Route: Survey of Masirah Island’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file is concerned with the establishment of facilities along the southern coast of Oman for a proposed Muscat-Aden air route. It predominantly consists of reports on expeditions to establish (or repair) landing grounds and petrol storage facilities at the following locations: Masirah Island, Khor Jarama [Khawr al Jarāmah], Khor Gharum, and Shuwamiya [Ra’s ash Shuwāmīyah]. These reports are authored by either the Muscat Political Agent (Trenchard Craven William Fowle, Claude Edward Urquhart Bremner, and Ralph Ponsonby Watts), or the commanding officer of the deployed Royal Navy vessel: HMS Bideford or HMS Deptford. It also contains reconnaissance reports from surveys undertaken to identify suitable landing sites for the proposed air route. These reports include information on the personnel involved, progress made, incidents during the course of the expedition, navigational data, and sometimes details on eating and sleeping arrangements. It also contains a number of extracts from relevant — mainly Muscat — intelligence summaries.The file includes copies of three agreements made with local Shaikhs: two agreements (folios 50-1) with Shaikh Said bin Sultan of Mahut for Shuwamiya and Khor Gharum; and an agreement (folio 24) with Muhammed bin Suwaillim, Shaikh of Batahrah, as a result of his disputing the former’s authority over Shuwamiya. It also contains a couple of sketch maps of the coast of Oman showing the locations surveyed, and the locations where air facilities have been established; these can be found on folios 31 and 88.A report (folios 131-42), dated 29 March 1932, of a joint action between British forces and the Sultan of Muscat, Sa‘īd ibn Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd, against Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah al Hamudah of the Beni Bu Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī] at Sur has also been included. The purpose of this action being to enforce the Sultan's authority by establishing a customs house at Aiqa.The main correspondents are as follows: the Persian Gulf Political Resident, the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, officials of the Admiralty, officials of the Air Ministry, and officials of the India Office.The file includes a divider which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 171; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located at the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
12. File 4640/1928 Pt 2 ‘Muscat Situation at Sur.’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume contains papers concerning the situation at Sur in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The papers mainly relate to ‘difficulties’ which had arisen between the tribes of Sur and the Government of Muscat, inter-tribal and inter-factional rivalries, the question of what action the British Government should take to support the authority of the Muscat Government at Sur, and the general question of future British policy in Muscat.It includes papers relating to the following:The claim to independence of Ali bin Abdullah, Shaikh of the Bani Bu Ali (also spelled Beni Bu Ali) tribe and Amir of Jaalan [Emir of Ja‘alān, also spelled Jalan and Jallan]The bombardment of the fort of Said bin Abdullah (also spelled Saeed bin Abdullah) by the Muscat gunboat, and the shelling and destruction of the fort by HMS CyclamenAn incident in which a Hinawi caravan was stopped at Sur by the Amirs of Jaalan, who hoisted a flag in their fort at Aiqa (also spelled Aigah in the volume) which was reportedly the flag of King Ibn Saud, but which the Amirs of Jaalan subsequently stated was their own flagThe Government of India’s recommendation that a regiment be sent to hold SurTribal conflict and rivalries, including the feud between the two main sections of the Jenebeh [al-Janabah] tribe, the Makhanah and the Aramah, which the British Government viewed as being encouraged by Ali bin Abdullah, and the feud between the Beni Bu Ali and the Beni Bu Hassan tribesProposed air operations by aircraft supported by HM Ships against the Bani Bu Ali at Sur.The papers mainly consist of correspondence, memoranda, reports, and India Office Political Department minute papers.The main correspondents are as follows: the India Office; the Political Agent and HBM Consul, Muscat; Mahomed bin Nasir Ali Hamud, Amir of Jalan; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Government of India Foreign and Political Department; the Admiralty; the Foreign Office; the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies; and the Air Ministry.The volume includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 392; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.