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1. 'The Supposed Spiritual Authority of the Caliph'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed report consists primarily of a Note by Dr Thomas Walker Arnold concerning the spiritual authority of the Caliph ( khalīfah) in relation to contemporary events. It is prefaced by extracts from a correspondence between the Foreign Office and Sir Reginald Wingate, dated 3 and 17 December 1918. There is a concluding remark on Arnold's note by Sir Frederic Arthur Hirtzel of the India Office, dated 28 August 1918. There is an appendix entitled 'Pièces Justificatives' which appears to give extracts from sources consulted by Arnold. They include Christaan Snouck Hurgonje's Mohammedanism(New York and London, 1916), Nederland en de Islam(Leiden, 1915) and The Holy War "Made in Germany". With a Word of Introduction by R. J. H. Gottheil(New York, 1915); Martin Hartmann in Die Welt des Islams, I (Berlin, 1913); Carl Heinrich Becker's 'Islampolitik' in Die Welt des Islams, III (Berlin, 1915); Abel Pavet de Courteille and Abdolonyme Ubicini, État présent de l'Empire Ottoman(Paris, 1875); and Carlo Alfonso Nallino, Appunti sulla natura del "califfato" in genere e sul presunto "califfato ottomano"(Rome, 1917).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this sequence commences at folio 7, and terminates at folio 10, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 7-153; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
2. 'Correspondence with the Grand Sherif of Mecca'
- Description:
- Abstract: This secret file is a collection of printed correspondence. It contains telegrams between Joshua Milne Crompton Cheetham, Acting High Commissioner at Cairo, and the Foreign Office, letters from and correspondence between Shaikh Abdalla Ibn Hosayn [Abd Allāh ibn al-Husayn] and his father, Hussein bin Ali [Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī ], Sherif of Mecca, and Mr Storrs, Oriental Secretary to the British Representative in Cairo and Sir McMahon, High Commissioner in Cairo. The subject of the correspondence is the Arab revolt to obtain independence from the Ottoman Empire, with the Sherif writing to the British to request protection and acknowledgment of the Arab countries' independence under an Arab Caliphate.Physical description: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
3. Letter from Sir Frederic Aarthur Hirtzel, India Office, to the Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office, dated 13 Sep 1922
- Description:
- Abstract: This secret printed memorandum is a copy of a letter from Sir Frederic Arthur Hirtzel, India Office, to the Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office, dated 13 Sep 1922, concerning the proposed amendment of the articles of the Treaty of Sévres which have been represented as interfering with the 'spiritual power' of the Caliph. The letter is accompanied by a section of enclosures (folios 2-5) which includes fourteen enclosures consisting of various telegrams between the Secretary of State and the Viceroy of India, the Foreign Secretary of the Government of India and the India Office dated between 21 March 1922 and 1 September 1922. Enclosure No 7 includes an annex which is a minute entitled 'The Caliph's Religious Position' by Sir Muhammad Shafi.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
4. PZ 2934/37 'The Caliphate (of Islam)'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains mainly despatches received by the Foreign Office, reporting on the Egyptian proposal to establish a modern Islamic Caliphate under King Farouk. The main correspondents are Sir Miles Lampson, British Ambassador to Egypt, and Sir Reader William Bullard, Minister at the British Legation, Jedda. They comment on the reaction and support for the revival of the institution of the Caliphate among Muslim leaders Ibn Saud (King of Saudi Arabia) and the Aga Khan (Aga Khan III), as well as among Egyptian and Turkish government ministers. The file also contains Government of India correspondence from the Director of the Intelligence Bureau in the Home Department, concerning the religious propaganda activities of Egyptian ulema(Muslim scholars) sent abroad, and a report about the likely reaction of Indian Muslims to a revival of the Caliphate. There is a personal memorandum in French, from the former Turkish minister General Chérif Pasha to the British Government in 1930, advocating a Caliphate in Muslim India under the rule of the exiled, former Ottoman Caliph Abdul Medjid II. There are news articles published in the Pratap, Lahore, The Egyptian Gazette, Cairo and the journal Great Britain and the East, London.The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 67; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
5. Notes by Sir Thomas Walker Arnold dated 1 May 1922, 1 July 1922 and August 1922
- Description:
- Abstract: This confidential printed memorandum contains three notes, dated 1 May 1922, 1 July 1922 and August 1922, by orientalist Sir Thomas Walker Arnold concerning the 'spiritual power' of the Caliph in the context of the proposed amendment of the articles of the Treaty of Sévres. The first note examines the wording of a certain clause and discusses the Islamic concept of 'consensus of opinion' ( ijmā‘); the second note discusses further the wording of a certain clause, specifically the phrase 'any authority in the sphere of religion assigned to the Caliph'; and the third note discusses the Arabic translation of the term 'spiritual rights and privileges' (al-huquq wal imtiyazat al-diniyah [ al-ḥuqūq wa al-imtiyāzāt al-dīnīyah]).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
6. File 5235/1916 Pt 2 'Arabia: Shereef''s title.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file concerns various titles proposed for the Grand Shereef of Mecca [Grand Sharif of Mecca, Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī], following his recognition by the British and allied governments as King of the Hedjaz [Hejaz].The papers include: the declaration by certain other rulers in the region that the King was entitled to the Caliphate, January 1917; reports on the military situation; the attitude of Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], and the Idrisi [Sayyid Muḥammad bin ‘Alī al-Idrīsī, Imam of ʻAsīr]; the King's wish to be recognised as the 'leader of the Arab movement', May-June 1917; and his relations with Imam Yahia [Yaḥyá Muḥammad Ḥamīd al-Dīn, Imam of Yemen], September 1917.The file also contains copies of papers dated 1915 recording the treaty between the British Government and the Idrisi (folios 49-51). There are further papers on this subject, dated 1918, in the previous volume: IOR/L/PS/10/637.The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 149; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.