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1. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part III)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed memorandum written and compiled by Adolphus Warburton Moore for the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, and dated 2 December 1881.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part II)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/2) and broadly addresses the same issues, namely, how to respond toTurkish claims to sovereignty along the southern coast of the Gulf that could potentially impinge on Britain's commitments with local rulers (in Bahrain and the Trucial Coast) and their security responsibilities at sea (the suppression of piracy).The document summarises correspondence from the previous two years (1879-1881) that had dealt with the matter, beginning with an outline of the opinions of officials from the main departments and institutions involved: the Foreign Office, the Government of India, and the India Office (whose opinion Warburton represents). Other correspondents include officials from the Residencies and Agencies in both the Persian Gulf and Turkish Arabia, as well as the Ambassador at Constantinople.The documents cover several topics, including:The threat to Bahrain from the Beni Hajir tribe and Ottoman ambitions to extend their sovereignty to the island, including the Turkish plan to build a coal depot on the island as a pretext to further political involvement;Questions of how to police the waters under Turkish authority;How Britain should deal with Shaikh Jasim [Jāsim bin Muḥammad Āl Thāni] of El Bidaa [Doha];Turkish claims to parts of the coast of Guttur [Qatar].The document concludes with the perceived outcomes of the discussions, including closer ties with the ruler of Bahrain, who, in December 1880, agreed not to open relations with any foreign power other than Britain.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation for this description commences at folio 4 and terminates at folio 18, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 4-197; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the bottom right corner of each folio.Pagination: the document also has an original printed pagination sequence.
2. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part IV)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed memorandum written and compiled by Adolphus Warburton Moore for the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, and dated 12 February 1884.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part III)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/4), dealing with British relations with Shaikh Jasim [Jāsim bin Muḥammad Āl Thāni] of El Bidaa [Doha] in light of his recent poor treatment of British Indian traders resident in the town.The document summarises correspondence on the matter, outlining the opinions of officials from the departments and institutions involved, which include the Foreign Office, the Government of India, the India Office, and the Residency at Bushire.The document covers the British response to Jasim's actions, including claims for compensation, and the subsequent Turkish reaction to British threats against what was perceived to be Turkish sovereign territory.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence for this description commences at folio 19 and terminates at folio 26, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 4-197; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the bottom right corner of each folio.Pagination: the document also has an original printed pagination sequence.
3. 'The Persian Debt to the Government of India and His Majesty's Government.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of a memorandum describing the historical background to the Persian debt to the Government of India and to the British Government. The memorandum records a number of proposals for debt relief put forward by the Government of India, the Foreign Office and the Chancellor, made on the basis firstly that the majority of the debt consisted of war loans against which it was feared the Persian Government might have grounds for a counter-claim, and secondly that a number of concessions might thereby be won. The memorandum was written by John Gilbert Laithwaite, India Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 6; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
4. 'Slavery in the Persian Gulf'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum providing an overview of the extent of slavery in the Persian Gulf, and the measures undertaken by his Majesty's Government to combat it.Covering:introduction outlining the legal status of slavery;treaty engagements of the Arab States of the Gulf, including Ibn Saud's [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd’s] cooperation in the suppression of the slave trade;treaty engagements of Persia - the Anglo-Persian Slavery Convention of 2 March 1882 for the suppression of the traffic of slaves;present position on the Arab Littoral of the Gulf – with proposals made by Sir Lionel Haworth, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf;resent position on the Persian Littoral;Persian representations regarding abrogation of Slavery Convention of 1882 with Great Britain, and the implications of the League of Nations' Slavery Convention of 1926;attitude to be adopted towards a Persian demand for abrogation, expressing views of the Foreign Office, India Office, and Admiralty.Written by John Gilbert Laithwaite of the India Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 65, and terminates at f 66, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
5. 'Persia'
- Description:
- Abstract: The memorandum is divided into the following chapter headings:'General Status of Persia', ff 2r-12;'Persia and Herat', ff 12v-24r;'Persia and Seistan [Sīstān]', ff 24r-31v;'Persia and Kohuk', ff 31v-35;'Persia and the Navigation of the Karun [Kārūn] River', ff 35v-39r;'Persia and her integrity', ff 39r-47;'Persia and Merv', ff 47v-52v;'Continuation of General Status of Persia', ff 52v-61;'Appendices', ff 63-78.'General Status of Persia' provides a geographic description of the Kingdom including details of its boundaries, rivers, and transportation links. It also includes an outline of its demography, and its revenue by province. Military matters are also covered in this section; this includes an in-depth look at the Persian army — its pay and composition — and a look at the employment of British officers in Persia. This section concludes with a narrative of Persia's modern history from the sixteenth century.'Persia and Herat' describes the extent to which the province's boundaries can be defined, and provides a brief description of each district within; Ghorian, Sabzawar, Farah, Bakwa, Kurak, and Obeh. It also includes a description of the town of Herat, and information on the province's demography and climate. The section also provides detailed coverage of the tribes in the region. The development of British policy towards Herat is explained through the use of select correspondence. This includes the relative merits for Britain in either maintaining Herat's independence, or supporting Afghan or Persian rule; extensive reference is made to the Treaty of Paris (1857).'Persia and Seistan' also provides a geographic description of the province, along with information on its administrative divisions, climate, and transportation links. Its main purpose however is to outline the development of British attitudes concerning the governance of this province; should it be overseen by Afghanistan or Persia? To provide context, it covers the historical basis for the two competing claims. It concludes by describing the British arbitration of the matter in 1871-72 by General Frederick John Goldsmid, and its outcome; summaries of the statements provided by the Afghan and Persian sides are included.'Persia and Kohuk' explains how Persia has disputed the award of this province to Khelat by General Goldsmid in 1871, and British reluctance to amend the award in favour of Persia.'Persia and the Navigation of the Karun River' outlines British efforts to open up the Karun River for steam navigation. It explains that Russian success in improving transportation infrastructure in the north of Persia — in contrast to British failure in the south — is seen to be putting British trade at a disadvantage; the Karun River is seen as having the best potential for resolving this. The prospects for the construction of a railway in southern Persia are also briefly examined.'Persia and her integrity' details the development of a diplomatic understanding from 1834 between Britain and Russia, in which both powers established their mutual interest in the maintenance of the territorial integrity of Persia. It chiefly concerns British suspicions that Russian activities in central Asia do not match their professed intentions towards Persia (i.e. British fears that Russia is encroaching on central Asia).'Persia and Merv', in addition to providing an overview of the region's history and ancient settlements, considers what the British consider to be the encroachment of Russia on Persia's northern borders; the British consider any potential Russian occupation of Merv to be a threat, and it is explained that Persian control is preferred.'Continuation of General Status of Persia' concentrates on British concerns over increases in Russian influence at the Persian Court in Tehran; the British fear Persia becoming a vassal of Russia and facilitating Russian expansion towards Afghanistan. It therefore discusses the extent to which Britain should take advantage of Persian overtures to establish friendly relations with that power in order to prevent this scenario. It also briefly discusses Persian designs on Bahrain, and the desirability — for Britain — in maintaining its status as an independent state, in addition to emphasizing the need to maintain Britain's protectorate role in the Persian Gulf. Topics also included in this section, but covered in less detail include: the conference of consular powers on the Resident in the Persian Gulf; the development of telegraph lines in Persia; and negotiations respecting the demarcation of the Persian-Turkish border.The memorandum is signed by Owen Tudor Burne of the India Office.The appendix at the back is divided eight sections as follows:I. 'Employment of British Officers with the Persian Army', f 63;II. A selection of memoranda (dated 20 July-24 December 1868) concerning the need to strengthen British influence over Persia, and the means available to achieve it, ff 63v-64;III. A selection of memoranda (dated 10-30 October 1868) on the possibility of employing British officers with the Persian Army, f 65;IV. 'The Policy of Great Britain towards Persia, ff 66-69;V. Instructions given to Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlingson as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Persia, dated 4 August 1859, ff 68-69;VI. 'Outline Sketch by Colonel Burne of the Shah of Persia's Visit to England, 1873, ff 69-72;VII. 'Note by Colonel Burne on the Persian Army, 20th December 1871', ff 72-73;VIII. 'Abstract of Events in Persia, Afghanistan, &c. from 1722 to the present period', ff 73v-78.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 1A and terminates at f 78, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
6. 'List of Papers relative to Persia sent to the Foreign Office, March 1810'
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of a list of papers, with notes on content, sent to the Foreign Office by the Board of Control and relating to Persia [Iran].Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)
7. 'Memorandum on the proposed Turkish telegraph line from Taiz [Ta‘izz] to Aden.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, 8 January 1878, with later amendments up to 12 April 1882, regarding the proposal for a Turkish telegraph line from Taiz [Ta‘izz] to Aden.The memorandum discusses British policy towards the tribes surrounding Aden, and attempts by Turkish officials in Yemen to extend sovereignty over them, particularly following the capture of Senaa [Sanaa] in 1872; and offences by Turkish forces against the tribes in 1873, which were stopped by British forces from Aden.The memorandum, which includes excerpts of letters to the Foreign Office, subsequently discusses the first proposals for a telegraph line, which were raised in 1875, the objections of the Resident at Aden, General John William Schneider, to the proposals; the possibility of using the proposal for a telegraph line to settle with the Porte (Ottoman Government) the situation with regards to the tribes near Aden under British protection; the suggestion that should the telegraph line be constructed, those parts passing through protected territories should be constructed by British agencies, and paid for by the Ottoman Government; the appointment by Turkish authorities of a telegraph agent at Aden in July 1875; a report from the Director of the Telegraph Department for the Ottoman Empire stating that the construction of such a telegraph line was not contemplated and would present many difficulties, November 1875; and the re-opening of the proposals in January 1878.A postscript to the memorandum records the continuing discussion on the matter up to 12 April 1882, including Lord Salisbury (Secretary of State for India)'s opinion that although the Government had no objections to the scheme, there were concerns regarding the territories occupied by those tribes under British protection, and that any proposal which would involve Turkish troops or officials there could not be agreed to; as well as suggesting that a submarine cable might be laid instead. These views were communicated via the Foreign Office to the Porte in March 1878 and the subject lay dormant until February 1882 when Her Majesty's Ambassador at Constantinople, Lord Dufferin was again informed of the intention to construct a telegraph line from Taiz to Aden, to which he replied with the same objections as in 1878 and again proposed that a submarine cable might be equally suitable.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 56 and terminates at folio 65, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
8. 'NOTE ON BRITISH MISSION AT TEHERAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of a note written by Owen Tudor Burne, in which the author provides a historical summary of the administration of the British Mission at Teheran [Tehran], describing a number of occasions on which the Mission had been transferred, administratively and financially, between the Foreign Office and the India Office.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 204 and terminates at the last folio with 205, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 204-205; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
9. 'Memorandum as to Persian Government Loans'
- Description:
- Abstract: The memorandum outlines a number of loans and advances made to the Persian Government by Britain and Russia respectively at the turn of the twentieth century; this includes information on the securities pledged by Persia to meet repayments. It also covers British concerns over the definition of the Southern/Gulf Ports of Persia (pledged as security for British loans), and British fears that the customs of these ports might fall under the control of another foreign power, or be used as security for non-British loans. Also outlined in the memorandum are a number of proposed loans that never reached fruition, and a proposed conversion loan in 1910 from the Imperial Bank of Persia in order to consolidate the Persian Government's debt.Information on some of the diplomatic discourse which has taken place from 1900 to 1912 between the Foreign Office, the India Office, and Russian representatives regarding the payment of loans to Persia is also included.The appendix on folios 48-53 contains supporting transcripts, which include:an extract from a memorandum by Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia, dated 29 March 1903; it provides background details on the Imperial Bank of Persia (f 48);a note on the Caspian Fisheries (f 48);the text of an agreement for the advance of £200,000 by the Imperial Bank of Persia to the Persian Government (ff 48v-49)a table showing the amortization scheme for the Anglo-Indian Loan of 1903-04; extracted from a report on Persia by Sir Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (f 49);a statement (in French) by the Administrator of the Persian Customs as to 'fixed charges' on the customs revenue, dated 1909 (ff 49v-50);the text of an agreement between the Imperial Bank of Persia and the Persian Government, dated 8 June 1910, with supplementary letters from the Bank to the Persian Finance Minister, dated 2-4 June 1910; it regards the repayment of debts owed to the bank (ff 50-51);a list of payments and receipts from the Imperial Bank of Persia (1903-1910) respecting loans or proposed loans to the Persian Government (ff 51v-52).Some extracts quoted in the main body of the memorandum are in French, as are a number of the appendices. An index can be found on folio 54.This memorandum is continued in a subsequent memorandum dated 27 November 1912 (see IOR/L/PS/18/C120b).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at f 33, and terminates at f 53, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the item also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
10. Ext 216/48 'Revision of General Instructions to Immigration Officers (list of territories)'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence regarding revisions to the list of Protectorates and Mandated Territories that are the respective responsibilities of the Colonial Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, Foreign Office and India Office, for inclusion in a new edition of the General Instructions to Immigration Officers. The primary correspondents are: Home Office; Commonwealth Relations Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 7; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
11. PZ 2024/1939 'Desire of Japanese diplomatic staff to visit Bahrain and Kuwait'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence relating to a proposed visit of Japanese diplomatic staff to Bahrain and Kuwait. The main correspondents are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf and the India Office. The main recipients are the Political Agents in Kuwait and Bahrain and the Secretary of State for India.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at inside back cover with 8; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
12. Coll 28/94 ‘Iran. Difficulties experienced by British subjects in Iran in remitting money abroad.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to the difficulties encountered by British (predominantly British-Indian) subjects in Iran, in remitting money abroad after the introduction of the Iranian Government’s Foreign Exchange Control Law on 1 March 1936. The correspondence is chiefly exchanged between: officials at the British Legation in Tehran, including HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Horace James Seymour, Acting Counsellor Nevile Montagu Butler, and Second Secretary P N Loxley; the India Office; and the Foreign Office. The file includes: copies of correspondence sent to the Iranian Government on the problems encountered by British subjects in remitting money abroad from Iran; discussion amongst British Government representatives on what methods could be used to facilitate the remittance of money abroad; copies of petitions and letters written by representatives of the British-Indian community in Iran.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 123; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
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