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1. 'Expenditure on Malleson Mission and troops in East Persia, 1918 to 1921'
- Description:
- Abstract: This previously secret file, compiled by the India Office, contains various papers relating to expenditure on the Malleson Mission and troops in East Persia between 1918 and 1921.The file opens with a note about the contents of the file, and is followed by an India Office Political Department Memorandum and a memorandum by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Correspondence regarding expenditure is then included which dates from after the Chancellor's memorandum (November 1919) until January 1921.There are two appendices. Appendix I contains correspondence on the subject which was exchanged prior to the Chancellor's memorandum. Appendix II provides copies of the main military and political telegrams which are referred to in the memoranda and the later correspondence regarding expenditure. At the end of the file is a copy of a separate telegram from the Viceroy, Army Department, to the Secretary of State for India dated August 1919 (folios 16-17).The main correspondents throughout the file are the India Office, the Treasury, the War Office (including the Secretary of State for War, Winston Churchill), the Secretary of State for India (Edwin Samuel Montagu), and the Viceroy, Army Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 17; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
2. 'Arabia. Question of Future Policy, Subsidies to Chiefs, &c'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed report consists of two notes prepared by Richard Marrs and John Evelyn Shuckburgh of the Political Department of the India Office on 19 October 1920 and 29 October 1920 respectively. These notes concern British policy, including the payment of subsidies and grants-in-aid, towards political leaders in the Arabian Peninsula, including Ibn Sa'ud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], Ibn Rashid [‘Abdullāh bin Mut‘ib Āl Rashīd], and the Sharif of Mecca, Hussain [Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī], and his son Faisal [Fayṣal bin Ḥusayn al-Hāshimī], and the Idrisi amir of Asir.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 149 and terminates at folio 150, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 7-147 of the volume; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
3. 'TURKISH JURISDICTION IN THE ISLANDS AND WATERS OF THE PERSIAN GULF, AND ON THE ARAB LITTORAL'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum written by Trevor John Chicheley Plowden, Under Secretary to the Foreign Department, Government of India, 21 Mar 1879, and published 25 March 1879 in Lahore by the Punjab Government.The memorandum addresses the question of Turkish jurisdiction in the islands and waters of the Persian Gulf and on the Arab littoral, looking at the entire southern coast from Koweit [Kuwait] to Ras-el-Had [Ra’s al-Hadd], but focusing primarily on the Arab coast and islands from Ras Tanorah [Ra's Tannūrah] to Ras Mussendom [Ra’s Musandam], including El-Bidaa [al-Bida], Bahrein [Bahrain], Zobara [Zubārah], El-Katr [Qatar] and the territories of the Arab Trucial Coast chiefs.The memorandum commences with a brief history of events at Odeid [Al ‘Udayd] in the 1800s, and the uncertainty in the 1870s over whether or not it was part of the territory of the Chief of Abuthabi [Abu Dhabi] or was an independent territory, and also discusses attempts by the Chief of El-Katr to persuade the Chief at Odeid, Shaikh Buttye to hoist a Turkish flag, which he refused.The memorandum, which cites correspondence from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Colonel Lewis Pelly, Colonel Edward Charles Ross), goes on to consider the Turkish authorities in Nejd [Najd] and their interests in Abuthabi and Debaye [Dubai]; further claims of Turkish interest in Odeid, including in 1877 claims that the inhabitants of Odeid were paying a tribute to the Turks through the Chief of El-Bidaa; and correspondence with the Turkish Government regarding an increase in piracy along the El-Katr coast.The memorandum focuses particularly on events in Odeid from 1877 onwards, including attempts to mediate a settlement between Abuthabi and Odeid; British intentions to support Abuthabi should a settlement not be mediated; vessels belonging to the Chief of Odeid having attacked vessels from Wukra [al Wakrah], breaching the maritime peace. The memorandum then reverts to the original questions relating to Turkish jurisdiction and concludes that Odeid is not a part of El-Katr territory, and is part of Abuthabi territory and is therefore answerable to the Chief of Abuthabi.The memorandum then reverts to the larger question of Turkish jurisdiction and considers the area from Ojair [al-‘Uqayr] to El-Bidaa and noting that they were not considered to be responsible for that area, but could have reasonable claim to do so should they wish; it also discusses the possibility of negotiating a line of demarcation to show where Turkish jurisdiction ends and British jurisdiction commences and the need for the British Government to reserve the right to suppress maritime irregularities at sea. The memorandum concludes by considering whether the question of a line of demarcation should be put to the Secretary of State for India; how to ensure that Bahrein [Bahrain] is recognised as independent of all Governments except Great Britain; and what impact such an agreement might have on Persia.Accompanying the memorandum is a note written by Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall, Secretary to the Foreign Department, Government of India, 7 April 1879 which supports the proposals outlined within it.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 108 and terminates at folio 121, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in the top-right corner of the recto of each folio; these numbers are also written in pencil but are not circled.Pagination: This section of the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
4. 'British Policy in the Yemen'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains an introduction by Major-General Sir George John Younghusband, Political Resident, Aden, introducing two memoranda written by Lieutenant Harold Fenton Jacob, First Assistant Resident, Aden. They are addressed to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay, Political Department, it concerns Italian influence in the Red Sea, and how it is affecting Arabia after the Second World War.Enclosure No. 1 'Memorandum on the employment by Italians at Mogadiscio of Askaris from Arabia', dated 8 September 1915, Aden. It concerns an interview held with Colonel Bodrero of the Italian Benadir Colonial Service on the training of Arabs, and their fighting value.Enclosure No. 2 'Memorandum on the Political Policy of our Hinterland', dated 9 September 1915, Aden. It outlines what will happen politically if Turkey was to retire from Yemen, these being: the Imam of Sanaa [Ṣanʻā'] shifting his headquarters southwards, and taking hold of relinquished areas; conflicting interests of Imam and Idrisi Saiyid of Sabia; and amendments to British policy on expansion and previous agreements with Idrisi and Ibn Nasir Mukbil. Jacob also puts forward his own opinions of the rulers and the Arabs; and suggests future actions such as a strategic railway, raising levies, educating the sons of chieftains, and introducing medical missions.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 96, and terminates at f 99, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 96-99; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
5. 'British Policy in Persia. Minute by Sir A. C. Lyall'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of the Viceroy's Minute by Alfred Comyn Lyall, member of the Council of Secretary of State for India, pertaining to a letter from the Government of India dated 21 September 1899 (IOR/L/PS/7/116: 927/99) regarding British policy in Persia.It comments on the Government of India's views on: the lack of a clearly defined line of policy, the strategic and commercial interests of Great Britain and India in Persia, measures for strengthening the British position, and relations with Russia.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences and terminates at f 109, as it is part of a larger physical volume; this number is written in pencil, and is located in the top right corner of the recto side of the folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
6. 'British Policy in Persia. Minute by Sir D. M. Stewart'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of the Viceroy's Minute by Donald Martin Stewart, member of the Viceroy's Council, pertaining to a letter from the Government of India dated 21 September 1899 (IOR/L/PS/7/116: 927/99) and a Minute by Alfred Comyn Lyall dated 3 November 1899 (IOR/L/PS/18/C99) regarding British policy in Persia.It comments on relations with Russia regarding the integrity of Persia, and the extension of the railway system.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences and terminates at f 110, as it is part of a larger physical volume; this number is written in pencil, and is located in the top right corner of the recto side of the folio.
7. ‘Policy in the Middle East. II. Select Reports and Telegrams from Sir Mark Sykes.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Secret report on British policy in the Middle East, divided into two sections (reports and telegrams) sent by Sir Mark Sykes during 1915, while on his tour of the Middle East, on behalf of the de Bunsen Committee.Report no. 4 (Secret), dated 12 June 1915 from Athens, reporting on an interview held with His Highness Sabah-ed-Din [Sabahaddin] (folio 107);Report no. 14 (Secret), dated 14 July 1915, from the Shepherds Hotel [sic] in Cairo, reporting on interviews held with the Sultan of Egypt [Hussein Kamel], Said Pasha Shucair, Dr Faris Nimr, editor of the Mokattam, M Bartevian, editor of the Houssaper, Mohid Din eh Kurdi of Al Azhar University, and the Pan-Arabist Reshid Rida. At the end of the letter are Sykes’s conclusions and proposals with regard to Syria, based on these interviews (folios 107-10);Report no. 17, dated 2 August 1915, from the Shepheard’s Hotel in Cairo. An analysis of intellectual currents evident in Islamic thought in the Near East. The report distinguishes between strands of ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ thought, and further distinguishes different classes within each. The report is addressed at the end of the letter: Major-General EC Callwell, Director of Military Operations, War Office (folios 110-12);Report no. 19 (Secret), dated 10 August 1915, from Aden. Reporting on conversations held with Sa’ad P Zaglool [Saad Zaghloul], Shaykh Shakir, Secretary of the Al Azhar University, and the French-Dominican archaeologist Père [Antonin] Jaussen (folios 112-13);Telegram no. 18, dated 19 November 1915, to the Director of Military Operations, with recommendations on addressing the difficulties associated with a lack of confidence on the part of the Arab world in British power, and making arrangements with the Arab world that would be ‘inoffensive to French susceptibilities’;Telegram no. 19, dated 21 November, to the Director of Military Operations, discussing an interview with Faruki Bey, and proposals for possible Anglo-French territorial arrangements in the Middle East;Telegram no. 20, dated 21 November, to the Director of Military Operations, discussing in more detail the points raised in the previous telegram, on Anglo-French territorial arrangements in the Middle East;Telegram no. 21, undated, to the Director of Military Operations, on the possibility of a Turkish reoccupation of Syria, and the possibility of Germany and the Turkish Committee of Union and Progress coordinating a massacre of the Christian population in Syria;Telegram no. 22, dated 30 November 1914, to the Director of Military Operations, reporting on interviews held with Baird, Shaykh Mohidin Kurdi of the Azhar University, Faris Nirur, and the Sultan, and reiterating the threat posed by Turkish forces to the Christian population of Syria, should they reoccupy Syria.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 107, and terminates at f 115, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 107-115; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and won't be found in the same position as the main sequence.
8. 'Future Policy on the Trucial Coast. Correspondence between the Secretary of State for India, the Government of India, and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (1929)'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains a note written by John Gilbert Laithwaite of the India Office introducing enclosed correspondence between the Secretary of State for India, the Government of India, and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf concerning the Trucial Coast policy of His Majesty's Government.Consisting of:views of Sir Frederick Johnston, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, to the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, 23 April 1929. Johnston considers a policy of interference in terms of successions and supporting shaikhs, assesses the current setup of the Residency Agent and the need to post a full-time Political Agent at Dubai, and recommends reviewing policy with regard to actual conditions and needs.paraphrase telegrams between the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy, Foreign and Political Department regarding Johnston's despatch on Trucial Sheikhdoms, and the need to wait for Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett to take over as Political Resident.recommendations of Colonel Barrett, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, to the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, 5 September 1929. In includes the following: a discussion of the system of succession by murder; a response to the views expressed in Johnston's correspondence; an assessment both of the post of current Resident Agent and of its present incumbent; the attitude of Arab chiefs; the appointment of a British Political Agent; and the policy to be adopted.views of the Government of India pertaining to the recommendations of Colonel Barrett, paraphrase telegram from Viceroy, Foreign and Political Department, to Secretary of State for India, 22 October 1929.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 100, and terminates at f 104, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
9. ‘Policy in the Middle East. I. Memorandum by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Mark Sykes.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Secret memorandum, prepared by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Mark Sykes. The report is preceded by a letter from Sykes to Major-General Charles Edward Callwell, Director of Military Operations, War Office, London, dated 15 November 1915, which includes Sykes’s opinion on the occupation of Ahwaz, and an assessment of the Turkish forces outside Aden.The memorandum, dated 28 October 1915, is divided into the following sections:(i) military situation in Mesopotamia: the relative weakness of troop numbers in Mesopotamia; implications of taking and holding Baghdad; supply of gunboats and ammunition. The political situation in Mesopotamia: the opinions of the notables of Basra, and of the general population; future policy, particularly in relation to the connection between India and Mesopotamia; colonisation by Indians, and the risks associated with the ‘Indianisation’ of Mesopotamia;(ii) Indian Moslems [Muslims] and the War, including: Sykes’s assessment of the ‘extreme ignorance’ of Indian Muslims of Islamic theological doctrine; sympathy of Indian Muslims with the Turks and the Committee of Union and Progress; British educational policy towards Islam in India;(iii) General situation: the political situation in India, Persia, Egypt and Arabia, and three proposed lines of action in order to defeat the Ottoman Empire. Military situation, identifying the regions and fronts critical to the region. Final observation on ‘certain psychological idiosyncrasies’ of the Ottoman armies.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at f 100, and terminates at f 106, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 100-106; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and won't be found in the same position as the main sequence.
10. 'BRITISH RELATIONS WITH KHAZAL, SHEIKH OF MOHAMMERAH.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of a memorandum of British relations with Khazal Khan, Shaikh of Mohammerah. The memorandum describes the inter-acting strategies over time of Khazal, the British Government and the Government of Persia, and reproduces the texts of British assurances of support given to Khazal. The memorandum goes on to describe Khazal's arrest and detention by Reza Shah in Tehran, and his death there eleven years later.The memorandum was written by Hugh K Grey, Foreign Office, in response to a claim made by Khazal's eldest son that British assurances given to his late father should pass over to him.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 12; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
11. 'British Interests in Persia and the Gulf'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of a letter concerning British interests in the Persian Gulf by William Lee-Warner of the Foreign Office. It questions if interests are clearly defined and reviews former declarations of policy made by the India Office.It includes the following:the attitude of the India Office;the position of competitors;a summary of leading diplomatic understandings and agreements;suggestions of possible courses of action.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 82, and terminates at f 84, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
12. 'Persia - policy to be pursued towards. Minute by the Viceroy of 29 December 1871 with a note'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of a memorandum and additional note by Lord Mayo, Viceroy and Governor-General of India in Council, concerning British policy in Persia.It expresses Lord Mayo's opinion on Anglo-Indian foreign policy such as building relations of friendship, the maintenance of peace, and opposing the interference of any European power in Persia's affairs. Discussed are: boundary disputes, relations with Russia, and the suggested employment of Indo-British officers in the Persian service.The note describes the military force of Persia, and focuses on instances where British officers attached to the Persian army were forced to withdraw, which is used to demonstrate the need for a new system of external policy or internal military administration. It also includes extracts from Sir William Kaye's Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India. Vol. 2(London: A. Strahan and Co., 1867), on Major D'Arcy Todd who wrote on the treatment of British officers and the state of army affairs generally in Persia 1833-38.The file has been annotated with markings and comments on key words and points.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 137, and terminates at f 143, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.