Abstract: The volume contains correspondence and memoranda relating to the affairs of the Aden Protectorate. The correspondence is mostly between the Political Residency in Aden, the Political Agency in Dthala [al-Ḍāli‘], the Government of Bombay, the Government of India, the India Office, and the Foreign Office. There are many enclosures to the correspondence, often in the form of printed series of related papers. This includes translations of correspondence to and from tribal leaders.The papers cover discussions around a number of main subjects:the deployment and later withdrawal of a British officer and troops at Dthala;inter-tribal relations;the delineation of the Ottoman Turkish border to the north;treaty negotiations with some of the tribes of the hinterland.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 458; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Additional foliation sequences are present in parallel between ff 115-130, between ff 174-213 and between ff 221-240; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
Abstract: The volume contains correspondence and memoranda relating to the affairs of the Aden Protectorate. The correspondence is mostly between the Political Residency in Aden, the Government of Bombay, the Government of India, the India Office, and the Foreign Office. There are many enclosures to the correspondence, often in the form of printed series of related papers. This includes translations of correspondence to and from tribal leaders.The papers cover the discussion over, and conclusion of, treaty relations with several tribes and sections of tribes in the Aden Hinterland. This was largely brought about by the delineation of the border with Ottoman Turkish territory and the need to secure support from the tribes of this region.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 264; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes, relating to the Turkish occupation of Zakhnuniyah Island, the Ottoman attitude towards piracy cases, and the appointment of officials in Zubara, Odeid and Wakra.The discussion in the volume relates to the Turkish occupation of a disused fort (built by Shaikh Ali bin Khalifah, Ruler of Bahrain) on Zakhnuniyah Island and the placing of Ottoman officials in Zubara, Odeid and Wakra. Correspondence reflects British concerns over Turkish claims to sovereignty in the coastal area of the Qatar Peninsula and how these could best be resisted, particularly in the strategic context of the construction of the Berlin to Baghdad railway. In discussing Zakhnuniyah, reference is made to typed extract of the relevant page (1937) of Lorimer's
Persian Gulf Gazetteer(Geographical and Statistical Volume) which describes how the Dawasir tribe halted there, during the course of their emigration from Najd (see folio 236).Further discussion surrounds Turkish obstruction of the investigation of cases of piracy in the Persian Gulf and the proposed visit of H M S
Redbreastto Al Bidaa.Included in the volume are copies of the Committee for Imperial Defence papers 'Turkish Agression in the Persian Gulf" and 'Local Action in the Persian Gulf' (ff 12-15).The principal correspondents in the volume include the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Sir Edward Grey); the Viceroy of India; the ruler of Bahrain; the Political Agent, Kuwait (Captain William Henry Irvine Shakespear); the British Ambassador to Constantinople; His Britannic Majesty's Acting Consul for Arabistan (Lieutenant Arnold Talbot Wilson); the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Zachariah Cox); the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 241; these numbers are written in pencil and are located at the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the two leading and ending flyleaves.A flap is pasted to the verso of folio 188.
Abstract: The volume comprises two parts. Part 1 concerns social unrest and British administration around the frontiers between British Baluchistan [Pakistan], Persia [Iran], and Afghanistan. Part 2 concerns the sale of the Mirjawa [Mīrjāveh] to Kwash [Khāsh] telegraph line by the British authorities to their Persian counterparts.Each part includes a divider which gives the subject and part numbers, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained in that part by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 471; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
Abstract: The volume concerns the mission of Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton in 1928 to Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], King of the Hejaz [al-Ḥijāz] and of Najd and its Dependencies. The purpose of the mission was to conduct negotiations concerning the frontier between Ibn Saud's territories and Iraq and Trans-Jordan, and to discuss relations between the states.In addition to India Office correspondence and memoranda, the file includes correspondence from: the Colonial Office, the High Commissioner for Iraq, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, the Foreign Office, HM Consul and Agent, Jeddah, and Ibn Saud.The papers include: draft instructions to Clayton prepared by the Colonial Office; Air Ministry 'Memorandum on Air Matters in which Ibn Saud and His Majesty's Government are Mutually Interested' (folios 379-385), and 'Brief History of Negotiations with Persia' (folios 386-388); memorandum entitled 'Situation in Najd', by Captain John Bagot Glubb, Administrative Inspector, to the Ministry of the Interior, Government of Iraq, containing remarks on the character of Ibn Saud, and discussion of whether Ibn Saud had been the instigator of tribal raids on Iraq; correspondence concerning the inclusion in the mission of British officials in Iraq (Lieutenant-Colonel Kinahan Cornwallis, Adviser to the Ministry of the Interior, and Glubb); the defence of the frontier zone; and the export of ammunition to the Hejaz.The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 465; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 4-462; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
Abstract: The volume concerns the defence of the frontier of Koweit [Kuwait] against raids by Akhwan [Ikhwan] tribesmen (also referred to as 'Wahabis') from the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, and the activities of the Akhwan along the border with Kuwait and Iraq.In addition to India Office correspondence and memoranda, the file includes correspondence from: the Colonial Office; the High Commissioner for Iraq; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Political Agent, Kuwait; the Air Ministry; the Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf (SNOPG); and the Foreign Office.The papers cover: the use of motor cars, armoured cars and machine guns in the defence of Kuwait; the supply of arms to the Shaikh of Kuwait; tribal movements; reports of raids (e.g. folios 474-476, description of fighting at Riqa'i involving the Mutair [Muṭayr] in 1928; and folio 165, description of raid on Iraq tribes, 1929); naval support for Kuwait from Royal Navy ships and landing parties; proposed air reconnaissance of the Kuwait frontier; the attitude of the Akhwan to Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] (e.g. folio 295); intelligence concerning raids; the death of a United States citizen at the hands of Akhwan raiders (folios 156-196); the policy on Nejdi refugees from Ibn Saud entering Kuwait, March-May 1929; and reports on 'Relations with Kuwait' by Captain John Bagot Glubb, Administrative Inspector-in-Charge, Southern Desert, Government of Iraq (folios 64-83).The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 555; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 1-555; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
Abstract: The volume contains parts 4 and 5 of the subject 'Iraq Nejd Relations'.Part 4 (folios 1-682, IOR/L/PS/10/1237/1 'Iraq-Nejd Relations: Mission of Sir G. Clayton to Ibn Saud.') concerns the mission of Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton in 1928 to Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], King of the Hejaz [al-Ḥijāz] and of Najd and its Dependencies.Part 5 (folios 684-723, IOR/L/PS/10/1237/2 'Iraq-Nejd Relations: Interpretation of the Oquair Protocol.') contains papers relating to the interpretation of Article 3 of the first Protocol signed at Oqair [Al-ʻUqayr] on 2 December 1922, between the governments of Iraq and Najd. The interpretation of the Protocol formed an important part of Clayton's discussions with Ibn Saud in 1928.Each part includes a divider which gives the subject and part numbers, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained in that part by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 723; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 6-723; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
Abstract: The part concerns the administration of the Southern Desert of Iraq, and the situation on the border between Iraq and the kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.The papers cover: correspondence from Sir Andrew Ryan, HM Minister at Jeddah, the Foreign Office, and the Colonial Office concerning the Hejaz and Nejd Government's objections to the proposed appointment by the Government of Iraq of Sherif Nasir as Kaimakam [Deputy-Governor] of the proposed new administrative organisation in the Southern Desert, 1930 (the Hejaz and Nejd Government stating that Captain John Bagot Glubb would be a more acceptable choice, folio 39); and a copy of an Air Ministry
Report on the Operations Carried out in the Southern Desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd Borders, June 1928-May 1929, issued July 1930, with map of Basra and Hail (folios 12-26), and related correspondence, 1930-33.Physical description: 1 item (36 folios)
Abstract: The volume concerns the situation on the frontier between Iraq, Koweit [Kuwait], Transjordan, and the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (usually referred to separately as Hejaz or Nejd), following the operations of Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], King of Hejaz and Nejd, against 'rebel' Nejdi tribes (also referred to as Akhwan [Ikhwan]), including the Mutair [Muṭayr] and the Ajman [‘Ajmān]. The main issues covered are: refugees, the fate of the rebel leaders, and negotiations over a settlement.In addition to India Office correspondence and memoranda, the volume includes correspondence from: the High Commissioner for Iraq; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Vincent Biscoe); the Colonial Office; the Foreign Office; HM Chargé d’Affaires, Jeddah; and Ibn Saud.The papers include: intelligence reports concerning the movements of rebel tribes and the activities of their leaders; the role of the Royal Air Force (aeroplanes and armoured cars) in reconnaissance and defence; the policy on the Awazim tribe, who had been allowed to enter Kuwait; the policy on refugees from the rebel tribes who attempted to enter Iraq, Kuwait, and Transjordan; the return of property stolen by the rebels; measures to prevent rebels crossing into Iraq and Transjordan; discussion of the policy on the rebels' women and children; the activities of Faisal al Dawish [Fayṣal bin Sulṭān al-Dawīsh], including his unconditional surrender in January 1930; the British Government's policy on the bombing of rebel refugees, the objective of which was said to be to intimidate, rather than cause casualties (folio 326); the activities of the Hejazi Government official Hafiz Wahba; the question of whether to hand over rebel leaders to Ibn Saud; Colonial Office instructions to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf concerning his negotiations with Ibn Saud (folios 247-258); the progress of Biscoe's negotiations; Ibn Saud's attitude to rebel leaders (e.g. folio 79); proposals for a meeting between King Faisal [Fayṣal I] of Iraq, and Ibn Saud; a petition from persons claiming to represent various Hejazi political parties in Egypt, expressing opposition to the Hejaz Government (folios 65-66); letters from Fayṣal bin Sulṭān al-Dawīsh to Ibn Saud (folios 46-48); and the successful outcome of Biscoe's negotiations with Ibn Saud.The volume also contains a minute dated 1934 concerning a rumour that two of the rebel chiefs had been executed on the orders of Ibn Saud (folio 3).The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 508; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 376-508; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
Abstract: The volume concerns negotiations over the signing of a friendship and bon voisinage [border co-operation] agreement between the Kingdom of Iraq, and the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (usually referred to separately as Hejaz or Nejd), following the suppression by the Hejaz Government of the Akhwan [Ikhwan] 'revolt'.In addition to India Office correspondence and memoranda, the volume includes correspondence from: the High Commissioner for Iraq; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Vincent Biscoe); the Colonial Office; the Foreign Office; HM Minister, Jeddah (Sir Andrew Ryan); officials of the governments of Iraq, and Hejaz and Nejd; Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd, King of Hejaz and Nejd]; and King Faisal [Fayṣal I] of Iraq.The papers cover: the presence of rebel Akhwan refugees in Iraq and Koweit [Kuwait]; correspondence concerning the request of the Hejaz and Nejd Government for the extradition from Iraq of the Ikhwan leader Farhan Ibn Mashhur [Farḥān bin Mashhūr al-Sha‘lān], who was regarded by the Hejaz and Nejd Government as a rebel and criminal; the surrender to the Hejaz and Nejd Government of Faisal al Dawish [Fayṣal bin Sulṭān al-Dawīsh], January 1930; negotiations over the payment by Ibn Saud of £10,000 as compensation for raids by rebel tribes into Iraq and Kuwait, in the proportion £7,000 to Iraq and £3,000 to Kuwait; papers concerning the conference between Ibn Saud and King Faisal on board HMS
Lupin, February 1930; negotiations over the signing of a friendship and bon voisinage agreement between the two states, and a protocol on arbitration; drafts of the agreements (folios 448-455 and 689-693); reports by Captain John Bagot Glubb, Administrative Inspector, Government of Iraq, including praise for his work from Ibn Saud (folio 506); reports by the Political Agent, Kuwait (Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Richard Patrick Dickson) concerning the settlement of frontier issues between Kuwait and Nejd; the Hejaz and Nejd Government's insistence that an extradition treaty should be negotiated before the signing of a treaty of friendship and bon voisinage; difficulties over the definition of 'political offenders' under the terms of an extradition treaty; the claim by Iraq of £30,000 from Ibn Saud in settlement of raids from Nejd into Iraq; arrangements for the extradition of Ibn Mashhur to Hejaz and Nejd; complaints by the Iraq Government over the activities of agents of Ibn Saud on the Iraq frontier; claims by the Hejaz and Nejd Government totalling £20,500 for damages for losses sustained by Nejdi tribesmen, including £4,000 for casualties incurred during operations by the Royal Air Force (RAF); comments by British officials on the draft bon voisinage agreement; and attempts by Ibn Mashhur to avoid returning to Hejaz by remaining in Syria, December 1930.The French language content of the papers consists of two items (two folios in total) of diplomatic correspondence.The file includes a divider which gives the subject number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 922; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 631-922; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves.
Abstract: This item relates to a violent incident on 14 July 1919 in Amadia [Amadiya], central Kurdistan, during which Captain D Willey and Lieutenant Hamish MacDonald, both of the 13th Hussars, were killed by ‘local gendarmes’ (f 200) and other officers and civilians injured. The papers notably cover and include:The origins of, and course of events during the outbreak of ‘trouble’ (f 202) in Amadia, including a ‘Report on murders in Amadia’ (ff 175-178), by Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard E Leachman, Political Officer, Mosul, 25 August 1919Discussion of the possible anti-Christian as well as anti-British tone of the outbreak, following reports of the murder of Christians in the neighbourhood and pillaging of Christian villages (f 200)The military operations and punitive measures undertaken by British forces to suppress further ‘uprisings’ and to ‘restore peace’ (f 184), and discussion of possible future British presence in AmadiaA report to the Under Secretary of State for India, by Arnold Talbot Wilson, Civil Commissioner in Mesopotamia, dated 4 August 1919, detailing proposals for the repatriation to Kurdistan of Assyrian refugees (mostly Nestorian Christians) currently at Ba’qubah [Baqubah], involving the removal (with compensation) of Kurds in specified areas (ff 191-193)India Office correspondence with James F MacDonald, father of Hamish MacDonald, including the father’s virulent criticism of the policies of British authorities in Mesopotamia (ff 157-172)A report to the Civil Commissioner, Baghdad, by J H Bill, Indian Civil Service, Political Officer, Mosul, entitled ‘Notes on Frontier affairs in the Amadia-Zakho area’, 21 October 1919, indicating the current situation and the way in which he proposes to deal with it (ff 144-153).The primary correspondents are the: India Office and Secretary of State for India; Civil Commissioner, Baghdad; General Officer Commanding in Mesopotamia; War Office; and the Political Officer, Mosul.Physical description: 1 item (64 folios)
Abstract: The volume contains India Office correspondence with the Foreign Office, mainly about the latter’s proposal to seek ratification of the Aden boundary settlement of 1905, as part of British counter-concessions to be tabled at the Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention negotiations in London, 1913-1914. Included in this correspondence are observations made by the Viceroy of India, representing the views of the Government of India on the Aden frontier question; and discussions with the War Office, London, and the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, about the reproduction of the Aden boundary protocols and maps in connection with the ratification process. The volume includes two, mainly French versions of the Aden Boundary Protocols of 1903, 1904 and 1905, jointly signed by Colonel R A Wahab and Colonel Moustapha Remzi Bey, the respective British and Ottoman boundary commissioners, together with two War Office maps dated 1906 and 1914, showing the Aden Protectorate boundary line and on the earlier map, tribal names and boundaries. There are also printed copies in French of a draft version (signed and dated 13 February 1914) and final version (signed and dated 9 March 1914) of the Anglo-Ottoman convention on the Aden frontier, in which both governments agreed to exchange instruments of ratification in London within three months.The volume also contains less extensive correspondence about the commercial proposal (in French) dated 31 July 1913, drafted by Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, the chief Ottoman negotiator in London. This correspondence includes detailed observations made by the British Chargé d’Affaires at Constantinople [Istanbul] and the Board of Trade in London, about the further trade concessions in Persian Gulf countries sought by the Imperial Ottoman Government.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 132; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.