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49. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 54 of 1850, dated 17 October 1850. The enclosure is numbered 3 and dated 15 August 1850.The enclosure includes copies of despatches from the Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] to HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], connected to affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Pashalik of Baghdad], sent, for information, to the Secretary to the Government of India.Topics discussed include:The arrival in the vicinity of Bagdad of the Ottoman Commissioner for the demarcation of the Turco-Persian [Ottoman Turkish-Iranian] frontierThe defeat of Turkish forces under Namik Pasha [Nāmiq Pāshā] by a group of Kurds led by by Azeez Beg [‘Azīz Beg] and intelligence as to whether Ali Beg [‘Alī Beg] was in support.Physical description: 1 item (13 folios)
50. Bagdad Pachalic Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay, Secret Department, to the Secret Committee, Number 19 of 1850, dated 3 April 1850.The enclosed papers, dated between 9 January and 14 February 1850, concern affairs in the Ottoman Pachalic [Pashalik] of Bagdad [Baghdad]. They comprise correspondence between Lieutenant Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq]; the Government of Bombay; the Government of India, Foreign Department; and Sir Stratford Canning, British Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, Constantinople [Istanbul].The papers cover several matters, including:Kemball's recent request for the presence of East India Company ships at Mohamrah [Khorramshahr] to support the work of the Turco [Ottoman Iraq]-Persian Boundary CommissionThe return of Abdi Pasha [Abdul-Karim Pasha, or ‘Abd al-Karīm Pāshā], the Governor of the Pachalic to Bagdad from Hindieh [Al-Hindiyah]The financial malpractices of former Governor, Nijib Pasha [Mehmed Necib Pasha, or Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā]The announcement by the Ottoman Government of a full census of the population of the Pachalic and the suspicions of the people about the Government's motivation for doing so.Physical description: 1 item (11 folios)
51. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 94 of 1846, dated 26 August 1846. The enclosure is dated 26 June 1846.The primary document is a despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor-General of India, copies of his communications to Sir Stratford Canning, HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Pashalic [Pashalik] of Baghdad [also spelled Bagdad in this item]. It specifically concerns events which have occurred in Koordistan [Kurdistan, also spelled Kurdishtan in this item].The papers notably cover the following:An attack on Sulimanieh [Sulaymaniyah] by a combined force under Ahmed Pasha [Aḥmad Pāshā] and his relative ‘the notorious Brigand Abdullah Beg [‘Abdullāh Beg]’, and ‘his tribe of Sharaf Bainis [Sharaf Baynī]’ (f 38, f 36)Ahmed Pasha’s flight to Zohab [Sarpol-e Zahab] following his defeat by a force led by his brother Abdullah Pasha [‘Abdullāh Pāshā] of Sulimanieh, and the defection of many of the former’s followers to Abdullah PashaThe force sent by Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad] to re-take the province (on the erroneous assumption of Ahmed Pasha’s success), and Rawlinson’s assertion that Nejib Pasha viewed the attack as ‘the invasion of Sulimanieh by a Persian tribe, rather than as a domestic feud among Turkish Kurds’ (f 38)Rawlinson’s concerns that Mohib Ali Khan [Muḥibb ʿAlī Khān], Governor of Kermanshah, has no real authority over Abdullah Beg and would be unable to coerce him or Ahmed Pasha, and that ‘while they continue to hover on the frontier, the country will be kept in a perpetual state of disorder and alarm’ (f 38)Nejib Pasha’s plan for the permanent stationing of Turkish [Ottoman] troops on the plain of Shahrizar [Shahrizor Plain] and Rawlinson’s concern that he will take advantage of the situation to supersede the Baban administration of Sulimanieh altogether with Turkish officials since Baghdad has ‘long been dissatisfied with Abdullah Pasha’s imbecile and unproductive rule’ (f 40) and desirous of securing the territory of southern Kurdistan and Turkish power generally throughout the mountains of the Baghdad PashalicRumours that Ahmed Pasha is said to have colluded with [Rasūl Pāshā] of Rewandooz [Rawandiz, Iraqi Kurdistan], and Rawlinson’s belief that Nejib Pasha will now make a serious effort to disempower him and prevent further opportunities for rebellion.Also included is a copy of Rawlinson’s letter to HM Minister in Tehran reporting and analysing the events, and a copy of a translated letter from Nejib Pasha to Rawlinson covering the background to the situation in Sulimanieh, his previous ‘most marked consideration’ (f 41) towards the ‘transgressor’ Ahmed Pasha including an invitation to Baghdad, and his hope that Persia will refuse him asylum.Physical description: 1 item (12 folios)
52. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 104 of 1846, dated 14 September 1846. The enclosure is dated 24 July 1846.The primary document is a despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor-General of India, copies of his communications to Sir Stratford Canning, HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Baghdad Pachalic [Pashalik].The papers notably cover the following matters:Reports that the supporters of Ahmed Pasha [Aḥmad Pāshā] have all deserted him, that he left Zohab [Sarpol Zahab] and joined ‘a certain holy man Sheikh [Shaikh] Tahir who resides on the Azerbijan [Iranian Azerbaijan] Frontier of Kurdistan’ and has ‘assumed the habit of a Dervish’, and Rawlinson’s scepticism about Ahmed Pasha’s conversion and suspicion that it may be short-livedInformation indicating that the troops being sent from Baghdad against the Chief of Rowandize [Rasūl Pāshā, of Rawandiz, also spelled Rowanduz in this item] to enforce payment of arrears of revenue and other measures, have been halted following the mediation of the Pasha of Moosul [Mosul] on behalf of the ChiefPreparations being made by the Persian [Iranian] authorities to erect a fort on the Kurdish frontier at Lahijan and Rawlinson’s concerns that this will aggravate the Bilbass [Belbās or Bilbas] inhabitants who pasture their flocks in that district and that any orders issued by Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad] to the Bilbass against impeding the construction will be ignoredA report that the Governor of Kermanshah has advanced in the direction of Zohab, possibly as a superficial response to the Turkish [Ottoman] advance on RowanduzReports that Persian refugees residing in the Turkish town of Khannikeen [Khanaqin, also known as Khaniqin] have in the last few days committed a serious ‘outrage’ in Persia and ‘entirely destroyed the rich district of Kileh Shahm, one of the dependencies of Zohab’ (f 201), and Nejib Pasha’s attempts at restitution and orders to the Governor of Khannikeen to expel the offending parties from Turkish territoryDoubts expressed by Rawlinson and Lieutentant-Colonel Sheil, HM Minister in Teheran [Tehran], regarding the ability of Persian authorities, despite their apparent willingness, to provide redress for ‘outrages’ committed by the various tribes of Looristan [Larestan] on subjects of Turkey or to provide satisfactory compensation for the violent entry into Kerbela [Karbala] by the escort accompanying the Governor of Kermanshah’s wife (on her return from pilgrimage).Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
53. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 8 of 1847, dated 23 January 1847. The enclosure is dated 13 November 1846.The item comprises despatches from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor General of India, copies of his communications with Henry Wellesley, HM Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik, also spelled Baghdad Pashalic in this item], with relevant enclosures.The papers cover the following matters:1) Welleseley’s enquiry to Rawlinson regarding his knowledge of any cases of the ‘injurious bearing of the Mahomedan law of evidence on the lives and property of H[er]. Majesty’s subjects residing within the limits of the Ottoman Empire’ and Rawlinson’s response incorporating his critical assessment of Islamic religious law in general and the Hanifeh [Hanafi] Code (school of Islamic jurisprudence) (ff 85-88).2) Orders issued (at the request of Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad]) by the Persian [Iranian] Government to the Prince Governor of Azerbijan [Iranian Azerbaijan] and the Governor of Ooroomeeya [Urmia, also spelled Orumiyeh in this item] for the removal of the ‘refugee chiefs’ of Sulmanieh [Sulaymaniyah, also spelled Sulimanieh, Sulemanieh and Sooloomanneh in this item] and Rowanduz [Rawandiz, also spelled Rowandiz in this item] from the Turco-Persian frontier.3) A cholera outbreak within the Baghdad Pashalic, which Rawlinson estimates over the last forty days has killed ‘at least 30,000 souls’ (f 89).4) The recent ‘outrage’ committed by ‘a party of Persian marauders’ (f 88) (‘the freebooter Abdulla Beg Sharof Baini’ (f 93) [‘Abdullāh Beg Sharaf Baynī, also spelled Sharaf Baine and Shorof in this item], his followers (refugee subjects of Sulemanieh residing in Kermanshah) and a force of Sinjabis [Sanjâbi tribe, also spelled Sinjabees]) on the Wermazier tribe (dependents of the Jaaf [Jaff] tribe), and responses to the situation including:A petition by the heads of the Wermazier tribe to Abdulla Pasha [‘Abdullāh Pāshā] of SulemaniehAbdulla Pasha’s plea to Nejib PashaNejib Pasha’s complaint to Rawlinson of the ineffectiveness of Mohib Ali Khan [Muḥibb ʿAlī Khān], Governor of Kermanshah, in restraining, punishing and removing Abdulla Beg ‘from his obnoxious position on the frontier’ (f 94), the insecurity of the frontier Turkish tribes who are ‘harassed and tormented beyond all endurance’ (f 95) and intimation that he would not be able to prevent equally violent reprisals occurring in Persian territoryRawlinson’s concerns about the disorganisation on the frontier and suggestion that a complaint needs to be made by the Porte itself in order to make the Persian Government take the matter seriously and put realistic pressure on the Governor of Kermanshah.Physical description: 1 item (18 folios)
54. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 21 of 1847, dated 16 February 1847. The enclosure is dated 26 December 1846.The item comprises despatches from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor General of India, copies of his communications to Henry Wellesley, HM Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik].The papers cover two matters:The orders obtained by Rawlinson, on behalf of Persia [Iran], from Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad], for the repositioning further southward of the Turkish [Ottoman] guard ship stationed off Mohumra [Khorramshahr, formerly Mohammerah], including a copy of his letter to Joannes Parseigh, the British Agent in Bussorah [Basra], directing him to hand the orders to Khurshid Beg [Khūrshīd Beg], Acting Governor of Bussorah, and see that they are implementedThe preliminary arrangements, by Rawlinson, for a conference between the Turkish [Ottoman] and Persian frontier authorities to encourage the suspension of the ‘internecine conflicts’ between the Kurds and avert further violence and retaliation, including: the appointment of a Persian Commissioner; Nejib Pasha’s requirement that Abdulla Pasha of Sulimanieh [‘Abdullāh Pāshā of Sulaymaniyah] collect all chiefs implicated in the latest disputes to attend the conference; and Rawlinson’s encouragement of Mohib Ali Khan [Muḥibb ʿAlī Khān], Governor of Kermanshah, to cooperate and collect together the relevant tribes on the Persian side.Physical description: 1 item (8 folios)
55. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 16 of 1847, dated 12 February 1847. The enclosure is dated 11 December 1846.The enclosure comprises two copies of the same despatch from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], forwarding, for the information of the Government of Bombay and the Governor-General of India, copies of his communications to Henry Wellesley, HM Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople [Istanbul], reporting on affairs in the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik].The papers cover Rawlinson’s concerns that the recent death of Moollah Abdooll Azzeez [Mullā ‘Abd al-‘Azīz], the Persian [Iranian] Consul in Baghdad (also referred to as the ‘Persian Agent’), will engender a number of problems in the Pashalic. He refers to the following:The number of pilgrims in the city without a ‘national protector’The increased mutual depredations of the Turco-Persian frontier tribesThe inability and unwillingness of the unpaid deputy of the late Agent to ‘deal with political questions of any magnitude’ including representing Persia at a conference proposed (on the orders of Tehran) by the Governor of Kermanshah on the frontier to settle the differences between tribes preparatory to the settlement provided for in the Treaty (of Erzurum)Rawlinson’s lack of authority from the Foreign Office to represent Persian interests, but intention to mediate between Nejib Pasha [Muḥammad Najīb Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad] and the Persian authorities to promote good relations.Physical description: 1 item (8 folios)
56. Persian Gulf and Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 67 of 1847, dated 2 August 1847. The enclosure is dated 28 May 1847 (although some internal copy documents date back to 6 April 1847).The primary documents are letters from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, British Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] and British Consul at Baghdad [also spelled Bagdad in the volume], to the Secretary to the Government of India and the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, enclosing his correspondence chiefly with the Honourable Henry Wellesley, HM Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople [Istanbul, Ottoman Empire]; Major Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf; and HE Colonel Justin Sheil, HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Tehran.The subjects covered notably include:Rawlinson’s opinion that Hennell’s suggestion that non-Turkish [Ottoman] vessels convicted of ‘piracy’ on the high seas can be seized at Bussorah [Basra] by the Turkish authorities, could be viewed as an infringement of international law and inflammatory to Turkish-Persian relationsRawlinson’s concerns about the Ottoman Porte’s revival of an obsolete Aliens Act which if put into operation by Nejib Pasha [Mehmed Necib Pasha also known as Muhammad Najib Pasha], Governor of Baghdad, could deleteriously affect the properties owned by British Indians in the Ottoman Dominions as well as Persian [Iranian] property holders in BaghdadInformation on persons exiled by the Shah of Persia who are now residing in the vicinity of Baghdad and are potential focal points for Persian dissentFailure of a Turkish-Persian conference at Khannikeen [Khanaqin] to settle over 200 claims of Turkish villagers against Persian ‘marauding’ tribes on the Turco-Persian border, and proposal for each country to instead keep small forces on the border area to deter further incursionsRawlinson’s concerns about Turkish attempts to place the Sheikh of Bahrein [Shaikh of Bahrain] in dependence on the Ottoman Porte and generally to influence the independence of the Arab Maritime Chiefs, following reports of senior Turkish officials visiting Bussorah [Basra] and MuscatPapers relating to the trade in enslaved peoples on the Arabian coast, including statistics compiled by Hennell of those imported each year to Bussorah; ability of the Arab Maritime Chiefs to evade suppression measures at Turkish ports by using Haffir Creek and Mohamerah [Khorramshahr, formerly Mohammerah]; Governor of Bussorah’s lack of powers over Arab and Persian boats carrying ‘slave cargoes’ apart from preventing them landing at Turkish ports; impact that suppression measures might have on the local labour economy, notably date groves cultivation; and the fate of manumitted ‘slaves’ at Bussorah.Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-4, on folio 265. These numbers are repeated for reference on the verso of the last folio of each enclosure.
57. Bagdad Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 64 of 1850, dated 15 November 1850. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 12 November 1850.The papers relate to affairs in the vicinity of the Bagdad Pachalic [Baghdad Pashalik], specifically events involving Kurdish tribes on the Ottoman/Persia [Iran] border.The principal correspondents are as follows: Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Acting Political Agent in Turkish Arabia (also referred to in the item as Acting HM Consul at Bagdad and Officiating Political Resident, Bagdad); Sir Stratford Canning, HM Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul].Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
58. Persia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay, Secret Department, to the Secret Committee, Number 4 of 1850, dated 10 January 1850.The enclosed papers, dated 17 October to 17 November 1849, concern affairs in Persia [Iran]. They consist of correspondence between: William Taylour Thomson, British Chargé d'Affaires, Tehran; Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Farrant, Acting British Chargé d'Affaires (en route to Tehran); Viscount Palmerston [Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston], British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; and Lieutenant-Colonel William Fenwick Williams, British Commissioner for the Turco [Ottoman Iraq]-Persian Frontier Commission.Several matters are covered by the papers, including:The unsettled state of affairs in Persia, including rebellion in Khorasan, the murder of the Deputy Governor in Ispahan [Isfahan], and the difficulty of administering the provincesRelations between the Persian Government and the Muslim clergy, in particular between the Prime Minister and the 'chief priest' [Emām-e Jom‘a] in TehranProgress of a commission to settle the Turco-Persian frontier.Physical description: 1 item (19 folios)
59. Persia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 61 of 1850, dated 2 November 1850. The enclosure is numbered 3 and is dated 14 September 1850.The papers relate to affairs in the vicinity of Persia [Iran] including:Observations by HM Minister at Tehran on the discourtesy shown by the Persian authorities in Tabreez [Tabriz ] to the Representative of the Ottoman Porte and correspondence expressing this to the Ameer-i Nizam [Amīr-i-Niẓām]The opinions of HM Minister at Tehran on the establishment of a railway line through Persia and the attendant topographical, political, military, and financial considerationsEvents and actions of Kurdish tribes in the strategy of the Pasha of Erzeroom [Pāshā of Erzurum] relating to the demarcation of the Ottoman-Persia borderAdvice to the Chief of Bahrain [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] regarding how to respond to a letter from Mirza Jaffa Khan [Mīrzā Ja‘far Khān], Commissioner of Frontier Demarcation, addressing him as subject to the Government of Persia and enjoining him to meet a representative of the Shah [Shāh]The execution of the Bab [Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad Shirāzi] in TabreezThe possibility of training for the Persian Army officers from officers of a German state.The principal correspondents are HM Minister at Tehran and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London.Physical description: 1 item (66 folios)
60. Persia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay, Secret Department, to the Secret Committee, Number 12 of 1850, dated 27 February 1850.The enclosed papers, dated 6 November 1849 to 2 January 1850, concern affairs in Persia [Iran]. They comprise despatches from Justin Sheil, British Envoy and Minister to the Court of Persia, and William Taylour Thomson, British Chargé d'Affaires in Tehran, to Viscount Palmerston [Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston], Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Copies of these despatches are sent to the Government of Bombay and the Government of India.Several matters are covered by the papers, including:Sheil’s overland journey to Persia and his arrival in Tabreez [Tabriz, also spelled Tabriez in this item]Sheil’s conversations with Prince Bahman Meerza [Bahman Mīrzā Qājār] in exile in Teflis [Tbilisi]Relations between the Russians and Circassians, Russian military strength along the Kuban frontier, and recent outbreaks of conflictSheil’s diplomatic engagements with Persian officialsNews from the civil war in Khorassan [Khorasan] and British efforts of mediationProgress of the Turco [Ottoman Iraq]-Persian Boundary CommissionRelations between Russia and Persia, including Russian demands to build a military hospital in Persian territorySheil’s assessment of the Persian Government and country in generalUnrest in the city of Ispahan [Isfahan]Relations between the Imam i Joomeh [Emām-e Jomʿa] in Tehran and the Persian Prime MinisterConflict in the province of Asterabad [Golestan]The lifting of the siege of Bushire [Bushehr].Physical description: 1 item (37 folios)