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61. Affairs in Persia and the Bagdad Pachalic
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 3 of 1853, dated 26 March 1853. The enclosure is numbered 21 and is dated 15 February 1853.The enclosure consists of a letter from HM Consul at Bagdad [Baghdad] and Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Political Department, forwarding under a flying seal a copy of a despatch to the address of the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, enclosing copies of two despatches addressed to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Lord John Russell, concerning affairs of Persia [Iran] and the Bagdad Pachalic [Pashalik].In the first despatch to Lord Russell, dated 14 February 1853, Rawlinson states that the mother of Prince Abbas Mirza ['Abbās Mīrzā Mulk Ārā Qājār] has learned that the Shah expresses much regret at having allowed her and her son to leave Persia, and that great efforts will now be made to compel them to return. Rawlinson reports that, fearing for her son’s life, she has implored Rawlinson to bring the case under the special consideration of Lord Russell, and to solicit that if the Porte [the Government of the Ottoman Empire] should rescind permission for Abbas Mirza to reside in Turkish [Ottoman] territory, then he should be allowed to proceed either to England or to India.The second despatch to Russell, dated 15 February 1853, encloses copies of despatches addressed by Rawlinson to HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Tehran, Colonel Justin Sheil, and HM Chargé d’Affaires at Constantinople [Istanbul], Colonel Hugh Rose, relating to the march of the Prince of Kermanshah on Zohab [Sarpol-e Zahab]. Rawlinson states in his letter to Rose that there is nothing to indicate hostile intentions towards Turkey [the Ottoman Empire] on the part of the Persians, but that they appear to be planning ‘some engineering operations’. Rawlinson also discusses a difficult situation which has resulted from the Kurdish tribe the Ja’af [Jaff], which is subject to Turkey but which usually encamps in the pastures of Zohab, going much further into Persian territory than has been the custom, and many ‘refractory’ Persian chiefs taking refuge in the Ja’af camp.Physical description: There is an abstract of contents of the despatch, numbered 1-3, on folio 462. The number 3 is repeated for reference on the verso of the last folio of the enclosure.
62. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 9 dated 16 January 1856. The enclosure is dated 22 December 1856.The item comprises a letter from Captain Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], Baghdad, to the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, forwarding for the attention of the Governor in Council, Bombay, and the Government of India, a copy of two of his despatches to Charles Augustus Murray, HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia [Iran], reporting on the following matters:The recurrent differences between the Persian Consul in Baghdad, and the [Ottoman] Turkish Governor and local authorities in Baghdad, notably regarding the treatment of pilgrims and the ‘tolls and other charges to which [they] are liable in their transit from the frontier to Nejjif [Najaf] and back again’ (f 142)Discussions between the Persian Consul and the Governor of Baghdad, and the respective frontier authorities, regarding a ‘Muradee branch’ of the (‘Turco-Kurdish’) Jaaf tribe which ‘on its descent from the mountains of Ardelan [Ardalan] directs it march on the pasture grounds of Zohab’(f 143r) which is a contested territory.Physical description: 1 item (12 folios)
63. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee [Bombay Secret Letter], No. 22 dated 31 March 1856. The enclosures are dated 16 Janurary-5 February 1856.The item comprises letters from Captain Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq] to the Secretary to the Government, Bombay, for the attention of the President and Governor in Council, Bombay, and the Government of India.The papers cover matters including the following:Events in the Montefik [Muntafiq] District, including the contested ‘chiefship’ of the Montefik tribe, and the decline of the area caused by excessive taxation imposed by the Governor of Bussorah [Basra] and the ‘most revolting means’ (f 397) used by Zeyd en Nasser [Zayd bin Nāṣir], the brother of Bunder en Nasser [Bandar bin Nāṣir] (who was invested with the ‘sheikhship of the Montefik’), for their collection for the Turkish authoritiesThe capture of Kars by Russian forces [Crimean War, 1853-1856] under General Mouravieff [Nikolay Muravyov] and the military situation in that area of the Ottoman EmpireTensions along the Persian [Iranian]-Turkish [Ottoman] frontier notably at Kermanshah and Mohamrah [Khorramshahr], including: concerns of the Governor-General of Bagdad [Baghdad] regarding potential Persian plans to mount a campaign in spring 1856 with Russian allies; British concerns that Turkish troops may march into the disputed territory of Zohab, then in possession of Persia; and Persian fears of an invasion at Mohamrah by the English via the Turkish dominions.Physical description: 1 item (18 folios)
64. Coll 17/30(2) 'Proposed additional outlet to the sea in or near Kuwait territory. Development of port at Um Qasr.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains papers mainly relating to the port at Um Qasr (Umm Qasr). These papers mostly concern a notification of the schedule of dues and charges to be imposed by the Government of Iraq on vessels navigating to Um Qasr port (printed in the Iraq Government Gazette No. 24 of 14 June 1942); specifically, the response HM Ambassador to Iraq should make to the notification, with regards to the rights of the Sheikh [Shaikh] of Koweit [Kuwait], and the wider question of the disputed frontier between Iraq and Koweit.The file also includes some correspondence relating to HM Government’s decision to dismantle the port installations at Um Qasr in 1945.The papers in the file mainly consist of correspondence, India Office internal notes, India Office minutes, and copies of minutes of an interdepartmental meeting of representatives of the India Office, the Military Sub-Committee, the Admiralty, the War Office, the Foreign Office, and the Port Director at Basra, of 27 August 1943, to discuss Um Qasr.The main correspondents are the following: the India Office, the Foreign Office, the External Affairs Department of the Government of India, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and HM Ambassador, Baghdad (Sir Kinahan Cornwallis). Other correspondents include the Political Agent at Kuwait, and the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Persia and Iraq Command.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the outside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 144; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-144; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
65. Coll 17/35 ‘Iraq. Iraq – Saudi Relations. Demarcation of Frontier.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains papers mainly relating to the proposed demarcation of the frontier between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, including the issue of the western termination point of the Saudi-Iraq frontier, at the meeting-point of Saudi, Iraqi and Transjordan territory.The papers largely consist of correspondence between the following:HM Ambassador to Iraq (Maurice Peterson, Sir Basil Newton) and the Foreign Office (including the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: Viscount Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood).The Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia and the Foreign Minister of Iraq.The India Office and the Foreign Office.The file also includes a Foreign Office memorandum entitled ‘The Frontiers between Transjordan and Nejd and Transjordan and the Hejaz’, which includes a map (see IOR/L/PS/12/2897, f 29).The file includes a divider, which gives lists of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 56; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-55; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
66. Coll 6/21(1) 'Hejaz-Nejd: Relations with H.M.G.: Hejaz Legation in London and British Minister in Jeddah.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns relations between the British Government and the Government of the Hejaz and Nejd (later Saudi Arabia).The volume largely consists of copies of Foreign Office and Colonial Office correspondence. The correspondence near the beginning of the volume discusses Ibn Saud's [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd's] wish to enter into full diplomatic relations with the British Government. The Hejazi Government's proposal in 1929 to establish a legation in London is accompanied by a request for the British Government to raise the status of its Agency and Consulate in Jedda to the same status.The subsequent correspondence in the volume discusses the following:The British Government's consideration (and acceptance) of Ibn Saud's proposal, and the appointment of Sir Andrew Ryan as His Majesty's Minister at the British Legation in Jedda in May 1930.Hafiz Wahba's appointment as Hejazi Minister in London in 1930.Complaints made by the Hejazi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, regarding Sir Andrew Ryan's attitude and conduct since his arrival in Jedda.Details of an Hejazi-Nejdi diplomatic mission to Europe (including visits to Italy, France, Britain, and the Netherlands), undertaken in May 1932 and headed by Amir Feisal [Fayṣal bin ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd], Hejazi Minister for Foreign Affairs (this part of the volume includes detailed accounts of the mission's meetings with Foreign Office officials during its visit to London).Sir Andrew Ryan's account of his meeting with Ibn Saud at Taif in July 1934, and their discussion of the 'blue line' (the frontier which marked the Ottoman Government's renunciation of its claims to Bahrain and Qatar, in the Anglo-Ottoman convention of 1913) and the Kuwait blockade.Details of several meetings held at the Foreign Office between Fuad Bey Hamza (Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for Saudi Arabia), Sir Andrew Ryan and George William Rendel (Head of the Foreign Office's Eastern Department), during September 1934, regarding the 'blue line', the Kuwait blockade, and the future of the Treaty of Jedda (the treaty signed between Britain and Ibn Saud in 1927).Requests from the Italian Government for information regarding Fuad Bey Hamza's visit to London.The volume features the following principal correspondents: His Majesty's Agent and Consul at Jedda, a position that was raised to His Majesty's Chargé d’Affaires to Jedda in late 1929 (Hugh Stonehewer Bird, William Linskill Bond, Cecil Gervase Hope Gill, and Albert Spencer Calvert successively); His Majesty's Minister at Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan); His Majesty's Ambassador in Rome (Ronald William Graham); Ibn Saud; Amir Faisal; officials of the Hejazi/Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs; officials of the Foreign Office, the Colonial Office, and the India Office.In addition to correspondence, the volume contains a copy of the minutes of a meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defence's Standing Official Sub-Committee for Questions Concerning the Middle East. The meeting, which took place in London on 8 November 1934, was primarily concerned with the settlement of the 'blue line' issue, the Saudi-Transjordan frontier, and the Kuwait blockade.The volume includes two dividers which give a list of correspondence references contained in the volume by year. These are placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 449; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The front and back covers, along with the two leading and two ending flyleaves, have not been foliated.
67. Coll 30/23 'Persian Gulf. Koweit: Status. Position vis a vis Iraq and Ibn Saud. Boundaries of Koweit'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence between British officials regarding the delineation of the Iraq-Kuwait frontier. This correspondence is between officials of the India Office, Foreign Office, Political Residency in Bushire, British Embassy in Baghdad, Geographical Section of the War Office and the Political Agency in Kuwait.In addition to correspondence, the file contains the following documents:'British Political Relations with Koweit' Foreign Office Memorandum, 1922 (folios 272-273)'Precis of the Treaties and Engagements between the British Government and the Chiefs of the Arabian Coast of the Persian Gulf' India Office Memorandum, 1928 (folios 277-279)'Koweit, 1908-1928' India Office Memorandum, 1928 (folios 280-286)A note on Kuwait written by Major James Carmichael More in 1927 (folios 310-315).The file also contains a number of maps of the region (folios 15, 67-68, 76 and 97).The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 347; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
68. Coll 28/56 ‘Persia. Perso-Turkish & Perso-Russian Frontier Affairs. Rowanduz Trade Route.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence and other papers concerning the development of trade routes in northeast Persia [Iran], on the Iraq border, with particular focus on routes through Rowanduz (also spelt Rawanduz [Ruwāndiz]) and in Azerbaijan. HM’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Tehran, Percy Loraine, and the (Acting) High Commissioner in Iraq, Bernard Henry Bourdillon, discuss the Persian Government’s desire to facilitate exports in its northern and eastern provinces, in response to Russia's embargo on all goods except cotton from Persia. The correspondence also concerns British-administered Iraq’s desire to encourage greater trade between Iraq and Persia. The file includes: a memorandum dated 2 November 1926 on Persian exports and inland transport, written by the Acting Secretary in Charge of Commercial Affairs at the British Legation in Tehran, Eric Ralph Lingeman (ff 43-46); a report dated 29 June 1931 on the Rawanduz road and other main roads in Azerbaijan, written by the British Consul at Tabriz, Clarence Edward Stanhope Palmer (ff 19-39); a memorandum dated 30 March 1932 on the Rowanduz Rayat road, written by the Director of the Iraq State Railways, Joseph Ramsay Tainsh (ff 10-15).The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 76; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
69. Coll 28/57 ‘Persia. Perso-Turkish relations; Treaty of Friendship & Security’
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence and papers concerning relations between Persia [Iran] and Turkey. Subjects covered include: the signing of treaties of friendship and neutrality between the two nations in 1932; the proposed visit of the Shah of Persia [Reza Shah Pahlavi] to Angora [Ankara] in 1934; the visit of a Turkish delegation to Persia in 1936, for talks on a number of issues including security, frontiers, judicial assistance, extradition, commerce and customs; newspaper cuttings from Le Journal de Tehran, dated 1937, reproducing a number of treaties, conventions and agreements between the Governments of Persia and Turkey, for ratification in the Persian parliament (ff 22-38); the rectification of the Perso-Turkish frontier, including a report by J P G Finch (with map) entitled ‘Turco-Iranian Frontier: Rectifications of January, 1932, and May, 1937, in the area of Marbishu [Mārmīshū]’ (ff 9-15).The file’s principal correspondents are: HM’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Tehran, Reginald Hervey Hoare, Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen, and Horace James Seymour; HM’s Ambassador to Turkey, George Russell Clerk and Percy Lyham Loraine. The file contains a number of items written in French, being copies of treaties and communiqués exchanged between the Governments of Turkey and Persia.The file includes a divider, which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the file by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 78; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
70. Coll 28/82 ‘Persia; Perso-Baluchistan Frontier; Tribal disturbances’
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence and other papers relating to social unrest and violence in the border region between Persia [Iran] and western Baluchistan (located in present-day Pakistan), chiefly arising from the resistance offered by the Baluchi tribes to Persia’s occupation of western Baluchistan in 1928. The file chiefly comprises extracts of intelligence summaries and various diaries (consular, political, confidential) from a number of British officials in the region: the British Consul at Khorasan, Clive Kirkpatrick Daly; the Baluchistan Agency; the British Legation at Tehran. The file covers: intelligence reports on the activities of individuals and tribes in the border region, including Sardar Juma Khan, leader of the Ismailzai tribe; reports of robberies, raids and border infractions; correspondence exchanged between British officials in Persia and the Government of India, dated 1939 and 1940, in response to the beginning of the Second World War, and a perceived ‘weakness of the military situation’ reported by the Political Agent at Chagai, making the region prone to attack from hostile forces through Persia and Afghanistan.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 152; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
71. Coll 28/28 ‘Persia. Perso-Baluchistan Frontier. Demarcation near Mirjawa.’
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence, memoranda, maps and other papers relating to the establishment of a precise position of the frontier between Persia [Iran], British Baluchistan [in present-day Pakistan], and Afghanistan, arising in response to the proposed transfer to Persian ownership of the Mirjawa [Mīrjāveh] to Duzdap [Zahedan] stretch of the North Western Railway, and territorial claims made by the Khan of Kalat, Mir Mohammad Azam Jan Khan, and the Persian Government. The volume’s correspondents include: Foreign Office and India Office officials; the British Legation at Tehran (Reginald Hervey Hoare; Charles Dodd); the Government of India (Francis Verner Wylie); the Agent to Governor-General and Chief Commissioner for Baluchistan (Alexander Norman Ley Cater); the British Consul for Sīstān and Kain [Ka’īn] (Clive Kirkpatrick Daly).The correspondence covers:The historical basis for negotiations, being surveys carried out in the 1870s, and a demarcation agreement concluded on 24 March 1896 by Colonel Thomas Hungerford Holdich, later referred to as the Holdich Line. Papers include correspondence from the 1930s in response to uncertainties about the precise position of the line (including extracts of the agreement in Persian), and copies of correspondence from 1895-1896 relating to the conclusion of Holdich’s agreement.Arrangements in 1932 for a joint British and Persian survey party to map the frontier, with Captain Guy Bomford of the Survey of India leading the British party. The results of Bomford’s survey are summarised in a copy of a secret letter, dated 9 June 1932, with accompanying maps (ff 113-119).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 321; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the two leading and two ending flyleaves.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
72. Coll 28/28A ‘Persia: Perso-Baluchistan frontier; demarcation near Mirjawa [mostly copies of papers on 28/28]’
- Description:
- Abstract: Photographic reproductions of letters, memoranda, printed copies of correspondence and maps, relating to the demarcation of the border between Persia [Iran] and British Baluchistan (in present-day Pakistan) around the town of Mirjawa [Mīrjāveh]. The majority of the file’s papers are duplicates of material in the file Coll 28/28 ‘Persia. Perso-Baluchistan Frontier. Demarcation near Mirjawa.’ (IOR/L/PS/12/3425).Correspondence dating between 1924 and 1935 comprises the first part of the file (ff 2-153). The second part of the file is preceded by a cover slip attached to folio 154, which reads: ‘Collection ‘B’’. Papers in this part of the file (ff 154-286) comprise copies of correspondence dating between 1871 and 1912. Three of the file’s thirteen maps (f 223, f 224, f 242) are not duplicates of maps included IOR/L/PS/12/3425.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 286; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.