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1. 'Despatches from HM's Envoy in Persia'
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-3 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 9 March 1848. The enclosures are dated 10-20 January 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Persia [Iran], including:The removal of Meerxa Tekkee Khan [Mīrzā Taqī Khān Farāhānī, also known as Amir Kabir], the Ameer Nizam [Amir-e Nezam], as Prime Minister, his arrest, and his request to the British for protectionA ruling that inheritance disputes between Muslim and non-Muslin heirs will subsequently be decided in the Royal CourtA visit by HM Chargé d’Affaires to the Russian-occupied island of Ashoorada [Ashuradeh]Construction of forts in Asterabad [Gorgon] as defence against Toorkoman [Turkoman] incursions. A map of the forts is included on folio 412Anglo-Russian mediation over Persian-Ottoman border disputes, including the construction of an Ottoman fort at Katoor [Qotur] and outposts near Khoee [Khoy], and Persian occupation of the island of Mehellat [Minu] in the Shut-ool Arab [Shatt al-Arab]An attempt to overthrow Syd Mahomed Khan [Sayyid Muḥammad Khān ‘Alī Kūzāy, Governor of Herat] by his exiled predecessor Yar Mahomed Khan [Yār Muḥammad Khān ‘Alī Kūzāy], and a Persian offer of assistance to Syd Mahomed.The primary correspondents are: the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia; HM Chargé d’Affaires, Persia; the Prime Minister of Persia; the Foreign Minister of Persia; and the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia.The item contains two folios in French, ff 383 and 387, letters from the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary.Physical description: 1 item (73 folios)
2. ‘Assassination of Ali Pasha of Bagdad – temporary succession to the Pashalick, of Soleeman his nephew and Chief Minister – Conduct of Mr Manesty in resolving, without authority, to support Soleeman against Eusuph Pasha, in the probable event of the latter being nominated to the Pashalick by the Ottoman Government’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence, minutes and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, letters from the Government of Bombay.The item is concerned with the assassination of Ali Pasha, Governor of Bagdad [Baghdad], and the interference of Samuel Manesty, Resident at Bussorah [Basra], in the nomination of the new Governor by the Ottoman Court. In particular, the item relates to:The Government of Bombay's criticism of Manesty for abandoning a neutral position by promising his support for the nomination of Soliman Bacha [Sulayman] as the new Governor of BagdadReports on the circumstances of the assassination of Ali PashaManesty's accounts of his conversations with the Mussaleem [Mussallim] of Bagdad regarding the Mussaleem's plans for becoming the Governor of Bagdad in the event of Soliman Bacha's deathThe Government of Bombay's strong protests to Manesty's proposals to travel to Constantinople [Istanbul] in order to address the Ottoman Ministry against the permanent installation of Eusuf Bacha [Yusuf Ziyaeddin Pasha], the temporary Governor of BagdadManesty's opinions that the placement of a 'Contstantinople Turk' in the role of Governor of Bagdad would be disastrous for the East India Company's interests in the area and that the French are supporting the nomination of Eusuf Bacha in order to easily pass through the region into Persia [Iran] and then IndiaManesty's proposals that, in the event of Eusuf Bacha being permanently installed as Governor of Bagdad and this being a result of French influence, he will barricade the river at Bussorah to prevent the entry or exit of any French vesselsConfirmation from the Acting Resident at Bagdad that Soliman Bacha has succeeded Ali Pasha as the new Governor of Bagdad due to Eusuf Bacha declining the offer from the Porte [Government of the Ottoman Empire].The correspondence is mainly between the Government of Bombay and the Resident at Bussorah. The other correspondents included are: John Hine, Acting Resident at Bagdad; Francis Warden, Secretary to Government, Bombay; Neil Benjamin Edmonstone, Secretary to the Supreme Government at Fort William.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Political No. 18, Season 1814/15, Draft 20, Para 73' and 'Examiner's Office November & December 1808'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 59 and terminates at f 98, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence.
3. ‘Bahrainese abroad’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises correspondence from two distinct periods. Correspondence at the beginning and end of the file is dated 1909 to 1913 (ff 2-16, ff 52-87), and discusses the British protection of Bahrainis in Ottoman Turkey, in response to Ottoman Government representatives in Constantinople [Istanbul] questioning Britain’s claim of Bahrain being under its protection, and the registration and status of the increasing numbers of Bahrainis residing in the port of Mohammerah [Khorramshahr], thanks to that port’s relative stability and affluence. Some of this correspondence deals with a specific incident occurring in March 1911 in which three Bahrainis were detained by the Basra authorities, with the latter refusing to recognise that the men were under British protection (ff 56-63). The principal correspondents in these parts of the file are: the British Ambassador at Constantinople [Istanbul] (Sir Gerard Augustus Lowther); the British Consul at Bussorah [Basra] (Francis Edward Crow); the Acting British Consul for Arabistan (Arnold Talbot Wilson).The middle portion of the file (ff 17-50) comprises copies of correspondence from the Basrah [Basra] archives, dated 1873-1878, sent to the Political Agent at Bahrain (Major Stuart George Knox) by Wilson in December 1910 (covering letter, f 16):letters dated 1878 from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Charles Ross), reporting of the destruction of Zobara [Zubarah] by the Shaikh of el Bidaa [Al Bidda] with ‘two or three thousand followers’, under a Turkish flag (ff 20-21);letters dated 1873-1874, chiefly between the British Consul at Baghdad (Colonel Charles Herbert) and the British Ambassador at Constantinople (Sir Henry George Elliot), discussing a disagreement between British and Turkish Government officials over the Turkish Government’s intention to conscript Bahrainis residing in Turkish-administered Iraq into the Ottoman army, including a copy and translation of a memorial from the ‘Bahrainees of Kerbulla [Karbalā']’ (ff 22-50).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 88; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional mixed foliation/pagination sequence is also present in parallel between ff 2-87; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.Condition: There is considerable insect damage on some pages in the file, in the form of small holes in the paper. However the damage is not sufficient to impair the legibility of any text.
4. ‘Bussora. Orders issued by the Turkish Government that vessels sailing under Flag from the Port of Bussora shall be provided with a Register.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, an extract Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, dated 30 November 1847.The item relates to news from Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent, Turkish Arabia, that the Ottoman Government has instructed that all boats belonging to the port of Bussorah [Basra, also rendered in text as Bussora] must have certified papers. Rawlinson has suggested steps that Johannes Parseigh, British Agent at Bussorah, can take to prevent fraud and a notification is subsequently ordered to be published in the Bombay Government Gazette in English, Persian, and Arabic.A draft of the notification, prepared by the Collector of Customs, can be found at folio 897.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft N. 152/48’, ‘Collection No. 5 of No. 150’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 891, and terminates at f 898, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
5. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part I)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, Assistant Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 1 September 1879.The document is a summary of correspondence, government reports, and published literature relating to the Turkish expedition into El Hassa [Al Hasa] in 1871, and was compiled in light of a proposed comprehensive arrangement with the Porte about the positions of the two powers along the Gulf coast, and policing responsibilities at sea. The correspondence is from the period 1870-1874 and is principally between various British Government departments and offices connected to the region, and the Turkish Government.The Turkish expedition called into question the sovereignty and jurisdiction of much of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the coastline and islands of the Gulf. The correspondence contains discussions of these matters and reflects British fears of a loss of their monopoly over the control and security of the Gulf, and a disruption of the treaty relations they maintained with rulers in Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar], the Trucial Coast, Muscat, and Aden.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation for this description commences at folio 131 and terminates at folio 144, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.Condition: folio 131 is torn along one edge, with some loss of text.
6. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part III)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed memorandum written and compiled by Adolphus Warburton Moore for the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, and dated 2 December 1881.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part II)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/2) and broadly addresses the same issues, namely, how to respond toTurkish claims to sovereignty along the southern coast of the Gulf that could potentially impinge on Britain's commitments with local rulers (in Bahrain and the Trucial Coast) and their security responsibilities at sea (the suppression of piracy).The document summarises correspondence from the previous two years (1879-1881) that had dealt with the matter, beginning with an outline of the opinions of officials from the main departments and institutions involved: the Foreign Office, the Government of India, and the India Office (whose opinion Warburton represents). Other correspondents include officials from the Residencies and Agencies in both the Persian Gulf and Turkish Arabia, as well as the Ambassador at Constantinople.The documents cover several topics, including:The threat to Bahrain from the Beni Hajir tribe and Ottoman ambitions to extend their sovereignty to the island, including the Turkish plan to build a coal depot on the island as a pretext to further political involvement;Questions of how to police the waters under Turkish authority;How Britain should deal with Shaikh Jasim [Jāsim bin Muḥammad Āl Thāni] of El Bidaa [Doha];Turkish claims to parts of the coast of Guttur [Qatar].The document concludes with the perceived outcomes of the discussions, including closer ties with the ruler of Bahrain, who, in December 1880, agreed not to open relations with any foreign power other than Britain.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation for this description commences at folio 4 and terminates at folio 18, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 4-197; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the bottom right corner of each folio.Pagination: the document also has an original printed pagination sequence.
7. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part II)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, Assistant Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 1 September 1879.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part I)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/1) and broadly addresses the same issues, namely, what to do about Turkish claims to sovereignty along the southern coast of the Gulf that could potentially impinge on Britain's treaty commitments with local rulers and their security responsibilities at sea (the suppression of piracy), and whether to come to some kind of comprehensive arrangement with the Ottoman Government to settle the matter. To support this, the document gives a history of recent affairs in the region, making extensive use of correspondence and memoranda mostly written between 1874 and 1879. The principal correspondents are from the Government of India, the Foreign Office, the India Office, and various political and diplomatic offices in the Persian Gulf, Turkish Arabia, and Constantinople. The matters covered by the document concern events at Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] - including Zobarah [Al Zubarah], Odeid [al-‘Udaid], and El Bidaa [Doha] - Lahsa [al-Hasa], and the Trucial states.The memorandum concludes by outlining the position of the Foreign Office, the Government of India, and the India Office (represented by the author) on the following four matters:1. The status of Odeid;2. The need to better define areas of responsibility and jurisdiction with the Porte, and whether to hold them responsible for order along the coast under their authority;3. A revision of Britain's treaties with Bahrain, the Trucial chiefs, and Muscat;4. The arrangement of Persian Gulf business between the Bushire Residency and the Baghdad Political Agency.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 148 and terminates at folio 168, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
8. 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part IV)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed memorandum written and compiled by Adolphus Warburton Moore for the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, and dated 12 February 1884.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part III)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/4), dealing with British relations with Shaikh Jasim [Jāsim bin Muḥammad Āl Thāni] of El Bidaa [Doha] in light of his recent poor treatment of British Indian traders resident in the town.The document summarises correspondence on the matter, outlining the opinions of officials from the departments and institutions involved, which include the Foreign Office, the Government of India, the India Office, and the Residency at Bushire.The document covers the British response to Jasim's actions, including claims for compensation, and the subsequent Turkish reaction to British threats against what was perceived to be Turkish sovereign territory.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence for this description commences at folio 19 and terminates at folio 26, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 4-197; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the bottom right corner of each folio.Pagination: the document also has an original printed pagination sequence.
9. ‘Persian Gulf. Slave Trade.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes, which are enclosures to a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, dated 18 June 1846. A copy of this letter can be found at IOR/F/4/2157/103838.The item relates to suggestions by Samuel Hennell, Resident in the Persian Gulf, for the effective suppression of the ‘slave trade’ [trade in enslaved people] in the Gulf. Hennell points to deficiencies in the current agreements with the rulers of Ras-el Khyma [Ra’s al-Khaymah]; Amulgavine [Umm al-Qaywayn]; Ejman [Ajman]; Debaye [Dubai]; and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi]. He recommends that the British government should try to establish agreements with the courts of Persia [Iran] and Turkey to suppress the ‘slave trade’.A minute by the Government of Bombay states that it would be for Her Majesty’s Government to approach Persia and Constantinople [Istanbul] on this subject. A copy of both Hennell’s letter and the minute are forwarded to the Government of India.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 5410, Draft 786/46’, ‘Vol: 4’, ‘Collection N. 1 of N. 83’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’. The ‘N. 1’ has been crossed out with different ink.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 852, and terminates at f 856, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
10. 'Sheikh Said. Memorandum in Continuation of Departmental Memorandum of 7th March 1893. (With Sketch Map.)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A memorandum written by Edmund] Neel, Political and Secret Department, India Office, in continuation of a previous memorandum [IOR/L/PS/18/B60], in which the Resident at Aden is urged to ascertain the present situation at Sheikh Said [Ra’s Shaykh Sa‘īd] following fears that the French Government planned to occupy the place.The memorandum reproduces a report written by Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Vincent Stace, First Assistant to the Resident at Aden, which provides a sketch map (f 7) and a description of the geographical setting and principal buildings at Sheikh Said, and also raises the possibility that the French intend to dredge the lagoon there in order to create a basin for vessels of war.The memorandum goes on to reproduce correspondence in which the opinions of the Resident at Aden, the Director of Military Intelligence, and the Secretary of State for India are given; the memorandum further notes that assurances have been received from the Turkish Porte that the French Government will not be allowed to take over any part of the Arabian coast.However, as the French Government did not recognise Sheikh Said as Turkish, and since a Russian gunboat was known to have landed on the African shore of the Red Sea, the memorandum concludes that the British authorities should keep a close eye on French and Russian movements in the area.The sketch map at folio 7 shows a region around Ras Shekh Said and Perim Island at the south-western tip of the Arabian Peninsula, indicating hydrology, settlements, principal buildings and the routes of a telegraph line, a submarine cable and a suggested canal. Hachures are used to show relief, and a brief note explains the map's sources. The map was published in June 1893 by the Intelligence Division, War Office, sheet no. 985.Physical description: This item consists of 14 sections, with a map (f 7).
11. 'Relations with Ibn Sa'ud: note prepared by Arab Bureau, Irak Section'
- Description:
- Abstract: This note was written by the Arab Bureau, Iraq Section, in Basra in January 1917. It reviews the rise of Ibn Sa'ud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], his fight against Ibn Rashid and the role of Captain William Henry Irvine Shakespear, Political Agent, Kuwait, in this conflict. Other topics are Ibn Sa'ud's relationship with Shaikh Mubarak of Kuwait and Ibn Sa'ud's battle against the Ottoman Turks in the context of British interests.Physical description: Foliation. There are three copies of this item, of which only one copy (the foliated copy) has been digitised. The foliation sequence is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto of each folio. It begins on the first folio, on number 1, and ends on the last folio, on number 5.
12. ‘Book No 157 Old Index From May 1847 To November 1849’ Vol 157 Secret letters outward
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains copies of letters sent by Major Samuel Hennell, British Political Resident in the Persian Gulf at Bushire, mainly to Arthur Malet, Secretary (later Chief Secretary) to the Government of Bombay in the Secret Department, at Bombay Castle.Their correspondence discusses events in the Persian Gulf between 1847 and 1849 and their significance for British foreign policy, relations and interests in the region. The main topics of discussion are: anti-slavery measures and the ambitions of both the Ottoman Turkish Government and the Persian Government, to extend their influence and authority over Bahrain and other Arab Maritime Chiefdoms of the Trucial Coast.Many of the enclosures referred to by the Resident in his letters to the Bombay Government and others, are present in the volume. Copies of the Resident’s Arabic correspondence with British Government native agents and ruling sheikhs, as well as his copies of correspondence between Ottoman Turkish and Persian officials, are in the form of English translations only and comprise:Letter of friendship from the Ottoman Governor of Bussorah [Basra] to Sheikh Mahomed bin Khuleefa [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] the Chief of Bahrein, inviting the latter to put himself under the protection of Turkey (folios 10-11);Letter from Hajee Yacoob, British Government Pilot at Kharg [Khārk], reporting the intelligence gathering activities of Ottoman Turkish officials in Koweit [Kuwait] (folios 11-12);Letter from the Governor of Bunder Abass [Bandar-e ʻAbbās] enquiring about an alleged request made by the Imam of Muscat, to transfer to British protection, Bunder Abass and other lands in the Persian Gulf leased to him by Shah of Persia (folio 31);Letters from the British Government Native Agent at Muscat, reporting cases of public sale and purchase of slaves in the ports of Muscat, in contravention of the anti-slavery provisions of the Treaty of 1845 between Muscat and Great Britain (folios 36-38, 48-49);Letters from Mirza Abdool Jubbar [Mirza Abdul Jabbar], the Persian Consul at Bagdad [Baghdad] to Abdullah ben Ahmed [‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah] the former Chief of Bahrein, to Ali and Mahomed [Alī bin Muḥammed Āl Khalīfah and Muḥammed bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Khalīfah] the sons of the present ruler of Bahrein, Sheikh Mahomed ben Khuleefa about the desire of the Persian Government to establish its authority over Bahrein (folios 51-55);Letter from the British Government Native Agent at Shargah [Sharjah] reporting the renewed importation of slaves into Lingah, in contravention of the Imperial firmans (royal decrees) and orders issued by the Persian authorities, prohibiting the maritime slave trade in their ports on the Persian Gulf (folios 61-62);Exchange of letters between the British Political Resident and Syed Soweynee [Sayyid Thuwaynī bin Sa‘īd Āl Bū Sa‘īd] Governor of Muscat, regarding alleged Persian aggression against Bunder Abass and other lands on the Persian coast of the Gulf, belonging to the Imam of Muscat (folios 66-68);Exchange of letters of friendship between the British Political Resident and Sheikh Mahomed ben Khuleefa, Chief of Bahrein (folios 74-76, 84);Exchange of letters between the British Political Resident and Sheikh Syed Humood ben Azan [Ḥamūd bin Azan Āl Bū Sa‘īd] the Chief of Sohar [Ṣuḥār] and the agreement with the British Government, signed by his son Syed Syf ben Humood [Sayyid Syf bin Ḥamūd Āl Bū Sa‘īd] on 22 May 1849, prohibiting the African slave trade in the ports of Sohar (folios 79-81).The volume also contains copies of several letters from the Resident to: Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, British Political Agent for Turkish Arabia at Baghdad; Lieutenant-Colonels Justin Sheil and Francis Farrant, British Minister Plenipotentiary and British Chargé d’Affaires respectively, at the Court of the Shah of Persia, Tehran; Commodore Hawkins, commanding the Indian Naval Squadron in the Persian Gulf. The correspondence discusses similar topics, including the merits of seeking an extension of the anti-slavery orders issued by the Ottoman Porte, to allow for the confiscation of foreign Persian and Arab slave ships in Turkish waters, as well as native Turkish slave ships.Physical description: Foliation: the contents are numbered 2 to 140, from the front to the back of the volume. The numbering is written in pencil on the recto, in the top right hand corner and encircled. Folios 42, 71, 87-133 and 136-140 are blank. The front cover of the volume and the inside back cover of the volume are unnumbered. This is the main numbering system and should be used for referencing this volume.Pagination: the contents were originally numbered 1-101, 103-167, from the front to the back of the volume. Pages 78-80 and 136-138 are blank. The number 102 has been omitted, resulting in an unnumbered page between pages 101 and 103. The numbering is written in ink in the top right or left corner of the recto and verso respectively. Unnumbered pages: the index at the front and back of the volume and the numerous blank pages towards the end of the volume.Condition: broken spine cover. Folio 26 and the unnumbered folio adjoining it have been stuck together at the corners. This does not obscure any text, since the inaccessible side of both folios is blank.