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1. '[Bushire] The Town looking South from Gray. Paul's Office. 23. Feb. 1902'. Photographer: Arthur Alexander Crookshank
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis view of Bushire (Bushehr), from an elevated position looking south, is taken from the roof of the offices of Gray, Paul and Co. (sister firm to Gray, MacKenzie and Company), a company that acted as shipping agent for British India steamers between India and Europe, via the Gulf ports.A number of buildings are seen in the photograph, though relative degradation of the image obscures much of the background and horizon area. A building under construction extends from the lower left of the image to the centre. Immediately behind this, the terrace of a flat-roofed building is fenced off. Next to the building under construction, and immediately below the centre of the image, bricks can be seen stacked high against the wall of an adjacent building.In the far right of the image, towards the horizon, a domed roof can clearly be seen amongst the flat-roofed buildings. Although the dome is windowless, a smaller dome with openings to allow light to filter through sits atop it. This is possibly a bath house.InscriptionsLower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘83’Below image: ‘The Town looking South from Gray. Paul's Office. 23. Feb. 1902’Physical description: Dimensions:109 x 155 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded throughout, with surface losses along the upper edge.Foliation:'83'Process:
2. '[Muscat] British Consulate. 31. Oct 1900'. Photographer: Arthur Alexander Crookshank
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterView from the shoreline of the British Consulate at Muscat, looking due west.The consulate is a pale-stoned, two or three-storeyed building built along the quays. Two gas lamps can be seen along the quay in front of the building and a single mashrabiyya (a form of enclosed balcony) breaks up the centre of the facade.Above the consulate a flagpole carries a flag. Figures can be seen sitting on the quay to the far left of the image. Several small boats are tied up along the shoreline.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, on image: [illegible]; alongside image, in pencil: ‘a’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘3’Below image: ‘British Consulate. 31. Oct. 1900’Physical description: Dimensions:77 x 102 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded throughout with surface losses along the right-hand edge, lower left corner and 13 mm from left, 40 mm from lower edge. White smeared spot staining in the left-hand side of the image originate in the printing phase.Foliation:'c'; '3'Process:
3. 'Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebäude)'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This street view outside the ‘Hamidiyah’, a two-storey building, described in the title as a government building constructed by Governor General Othman Pascha (cf. 1781.b.6/6; 1781.b.6/8), features many individuals in the foreground as well as a further multi-storeyed building on the right of the image. Awnings at the ground-floor level of the building on the right indicate that these may have been storefronts.The subject of this photograph is probably the same building identified in the drawing of a view inside the Masjid al-Haram (1781.b.6/2) as ‘front-side of the Hamidiyah’, indicating that the building – and therefore the viewpoint in this photograph – was probably situated south of the mosque.The style of the building is neo-classical with domed arches at the main portico as well as long square-shuttered windows on both floors. It was likely constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876–1909) and was therefore relatively new at the time that this photograph was taken. To each side of the main entrance are iron railings and two gas-lamps.The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebäude).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.Physical description: 1 photographic print
4. 'Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt'.
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis panoramic view over Mecca showing most of the Masjid al-Haram and the northwest portion of the city is likely a print of a drawing after a photograph or series of photographs of the same view by the Mekkan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār.Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Office of the Qādhi; Castle on Jebel Hindi; Building housing the Zamzam well; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; and Maqām al-H̱anbalī.An additional note in German states that ‘the steps to the Caaba and the Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’, are obscured from view by the Zamzam building.'InscriptionsPrinted above image, in ink:IPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt.’‘1. Amt des Qādhī’s. 2. Festung auf dem Djèbèl Hindī. 3. Gebäude des Zemzembrunnens. 7. Mimbar (Kanzel). 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. Die Treppen zur Ka’bah und der Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī) sind hier durch das Zemzemgebäude dem Auge entzogen.’Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–3; 7–10Physical description: Dimensions:164 x 410 mmFormat:1 line engraving after a photograph, printed onto two pages and bound into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.Foliation:‘I’
5. 'Die Moschee'.
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This south-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and surrounding structures is a print of a drawing after a photograph of the same view by the Meccan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār. This photograph, in the collection of the Universiteit Leiden's Oriental Institute, is reproduced as Fig. 14 in F. E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.In the left background, a fortified structure can be seen. This is identified as ‘Jiyad Castle’. Some Ottoman-era buildings can be seen in the nearer background, immediately outside of the mosque, including a large pale-coloured building almost immediately below the castle. This is referred to as the Hamidiyah and is likely a building constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II.Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Gate of the Banī Shaybah; The Hijr [Ismail]; Building housing the Zamzam well; Stairs to the Caaba; Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; Maqām al-H̱anbalī; front-side of the Hamidiyah.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Moschee.’‘1. Das Thor der Benī Schēbah. 2. Das H̱idjr. 3. Gebäudes Zemzembrunnens. 4 und 5. Treppen zur Ka’bah. 6. Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī). 7. Mimbar (Kanzel) 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. 11. Vorderseite der H̱amīdijjah. 12. Die Festung des Djijād.’Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–12Physical description: Dimensions:199 x 260 mmFormat:1 print of a drawing after a photograph, bound into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.Foliation:‘II’
6. 'Erste Ansicht der Stadt Mekka: links im Hintergrund die Festung Djijād. Das grosse Gebäude rechts ist ied [sic for ‘die’] H̱amīdijjah, links daneben die Druckerei'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis image shows a view over the city of Mecca from an elevated position east of the Masjid al-Haram, or Grand Mosque. Parts of the city due south of the mosque are visible in the middle ground. (Compare, for example, X463/1.)In the left of the image on the horizon, the fortified structure known as ‘Jiyad Castle’ is visible. The large building on the right is identified in the title as the ‘Hamidiyah’, a two-storey building which is described in the title of a photograph in Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje’s earlier publication of 1888, Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka(1781.b.6/4) as a government building built by Governor General Othman Pascha. This was likely constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876–1909) and was therefore relatively new.The two-storey pale-coloured building to the left of this is identified as the ‘printing house’ (cf. X463/6).Derelict or semi-derelict structures make up the foreground while hills rise in the background.This is the first of four photographs taken from the same vantage point, which form a panoramic view over the city of Mecca. The second, third and fourth are X463/3, X463/4 and X463/5 respectively.InscriptionsAbove image, on the right, in ink: ‘II’Lower centre and upper centre: Illegible, partially erased Arabic scriptPhysical description: Dimensions:190 x 243 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions, though no surface losses in the lower right of centre.Foliation:‘II’Process:Collotype
7. 'Dritte Ansicht der Stadt Mekka: links die nördliche Ecke der Moschee; ein wenig südostlich von derselben das Bāb ès-salām, durch welches die Pilger in die Moschee eintreten'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis image shows the city of Mecca from an elevated position due east of the Masjid al-Haram, or Grand Mosque. Parts of the city due north of the Masjid al-Haram are visible in the middleground.A large two-storey, fortified building is situated immediately below the horizon on the foothills of the northern ridge, to the right of the image. The northernmost part of the Masjid al-Haram is visible just below the central point on the left edge of the image.Derelict or semi-derelict structures make up the lower left foreground while a long ridge is visible in the background.This is the third of four photographs taken from the same vantage point, which form a panoramic view over the city of Mecca. The first, second and fourth are X463/2, X463/3 and X463/5 respectively.The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality along the left-hand edge.InscriptionsAbove image, on the right, in ink: ‘IV’Lower centre and upper centre: illegible, partially erased Arabic scriptPhysical description: Dimensions:188 x 245 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions, though no surface losses in the lower right of centre.Foliation:‘IV’Process:Collotype
8. 'Zweite Ansicht der Stadt Mekka über die nordwestliche (rechts) und die südwestliche Seite (links) der Moschee hinaus'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis image shows the Caaba and Sanctuary at Mecca from an elevated position due east of the Masjid al-Haram, or Grand Mosque. Parts of the northwest and southwest of the city of Mecca are visible in the middleground. (Compare, for example, ‘Picture of the City of Mecca the Great’ Photo 174/3 from almost the same vantage point.)Due to the relatively slow shutter speed used by the photographer, the movement of the pilgrims performing tawaf– the ritual of circumambulation of the Caaba seven times in a counter-clockwise direction during the hadj or umrah, starting from the black stone – is captured here as indistinct blurring of the figures closest to the Caaba on the left. There is a range of activity occurring through the mostly empty expanse around the Caaba. White, straight lines to the right and left of the Caaba as well as some activity near the cloisters on the right may indicate some form of construction work underway.A large two-storey building is situated immediately below the horizon on the foothills of the northern ridge.In the immediate foreground a wall or parapet is out of focus. Derelict or semi-derelict structures make up the lower left foreground while hills rise in the background.This is the second of four photographs taken from the same vantage point, which form a panoramic view over the city of Mecca. The first, third and fourth are X463/2, X463/4 and X463/5 respectively.The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality.InscriptionsAbove image, on the right, in ink: ‘III’Lower centre and upper centre: Illegible, partially erased Arabic scriptPhysical description: Dimensions:186 x 240 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions, though no surface losses in the lower right of centre.Foliation:‘III’Process:Collotype
9. 'Die (vor wenigen Jahren errichtete) Druckerei in Mekka'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis street-view shows the front entrance of a pale-coloured building in Mecca described as the Printers. The title suggests that it had been ‘built in recent years’. The style of the building is clearly Ottoman and is similar to the Hamidiyya, which was built close by during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876–1909).The pale-coloured building at left, of which only the corner can be seen is almost certainly the Hamidiyya, as the two buildings were located adjacent to one another, as can clearly be seen in X463/2.Notable features include a plaque above the door featuring Arabic script, a decorative lamp on the right hand corner of the building and a series of rainwater spouts to compensate for what may be a flat roof.In front of the build two benches, made of naturally bent wood as well as another structure are unoccupied, but nearer to the camera several men sit or stand near a series of benches in front to of a building on the right, some beneath an awning, which may point to the presence of a café or some other informal meeting place.To the right of these men, a group of four boys stand and look towards the camera. A further awning, out of focus due to its proximity to the camera, is evident in the upper right corner of the image.In the left foreground three figures in motion are captured. Though two of their faces have been roughly re-inscribed into the negative, adding to the ghost-like quality of the figures, it is clear the one furthest from the camera is a woman wearing a headscarf while the figure closest to the camera is a man wearing a turban.Behind the two-storey Printers one taller building in a style more common in Mekka can clearly be seen, as well as a large two-storey rawashin.Aside from merely the faces of the figures, the negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality in places.InscriptionsAbove image, on the right, in ink: ‘VI’Physical description: Dimensions:165 x 235 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions, though no surface losses in the lower right of centre.Foliation:‘VI’Process:Collotype
10. 'Das Grab der Mèjmūnah und die nächste Umgebung'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This landscape view shows the ‘the grave of our lady Maymūna [the last of nine wives married to the prophet Mohammed] and surrounding area’ at a place near Mecca called Sarif (Saref or ‘èn-Nawwārijjeh’, according to Snouck Hurgronje). Snouck Hurgonje, in the second volume of his publication Mekkadescribes the place, as well as the festival of ‘Sittanā Mèjmūnah’ in detail.The white-washed low-lying wall – broken only by an arched entryway in the middle – forms an enclosure with two white-washed buildings facing one another. This small cluster of structures is the building visible from afar in X463/7. Both buildings are flat-roofed with rounded crenellations. The building on the right features a low, white-washed onion-dome. Tradition relates that Maymūna requested to be buried at this location, where she married Mohammed.In the left of the foreground rows of awnings cover a long stall beside which people are seated, in the shade. Tents, animals, people and bundles occupy the rest of the foreground as well as the background. Five rocky outcrops are visible in the background along the horizon.Inscriptions:Above image, on the right, in ink: ‘IXb’Temporal Context:According to Durkje van der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885(Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, pp. 43-51), the photographs in this publication that pertain to the hadj (this image included) likely date to August 1888 since this was the period of the last hadj before February 1889, the date Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje received the final consignment of images.Physical description: Dimensions:103 x 145 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions throughout.Foliation:‘IXb’Process:Collotype
11. 'Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This street view depicts the main guardhouse or police station in Mecca, described as being newly built by Othman Pascha. The two-storey building features the Ottoman star and crescent symbols on the cornice and what appears to be a royal toughra at the centre of the pediment. Ottoman soldiers, wearing fezzes stand guard in front.Several figures appear in small groups on the street in the foreground along with three donkeys and one horse. Although it is not obvious, the title mentions that ‘al Ṣafā’, one of the two hills or mounds at Mecca between which pilgrims run during the hadj or umra in commemoration of Hagar’s search for water to feed her son. The proximity of al Ṣafā to the guardhouse indicates that this scene was close to the Masjid al-Haram.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:VIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache (links im Hintergrund èç Çafa).’Physical description: Dimensions:166 x 236 mmFormat:1 print of a drawingCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘VI’
12. 'Ansicht der Moschee, während darin ein gemeinschaftliches Çalāt abgehalten wird (vergl. hierzu Mekka, Bd. II, S. 88)'. Photographer: al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis image shows a roughly due south facing view inside the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca during the Çalāt(prayers) and should be compared to Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje’s description of the Çalātin volume II (1889) of his publication Mekka, p. 88:‘[…] according to custom, the Imam chooses an extract from the Qur’an to be read during the Çalāt, which is accompanied by prostration; the solemnity is increased due to the fact that the ‘standing’ position of the congregation, which accompanies recitation during the Çalāt, is interrupted in a moment by an extraordinary prostration.’The image should also be compared with the print from a photograph of a similar view (1781.b.6/2) published in Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje’s 1888 publication Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka.Also in view are: the Caaba; Gate of the Banī Shaybah; Building housing the Zamzam well; Stairs to the Caaba; Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’; Minbar; Maqām al-Mālikī; outside of the Masjid al-Haram, the front-side of the Hamidiyah (likely a building constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II) is visible; and a fortified structure known as ‘Jiyad Castle’, on the low hill in the background on the left.There are also several Ottoman-era buildings featuring intricate tile or brickwork visible outside the mosque.A large number of pilgrims, the majority of which are men, are shown standing and facing the Caaba.Arabic script written directly into the image has been erased subtly, but is visible upon close inspection in the lower centre of the image as well as in the central sky area of the image.InscriptionsAbove image, on right, in ink: ‘I’Lower centre and upper centre: illegible, partially erased Arabic scriptTemporal Context:Since the shadows beneath the feet of the pilgrims are not very deep and are angled fractionally to the east, it is likely the photograph was taken soon after midday.According to Durkje van der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885(Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, pp. 42-51), the photographs in this publication that pertain to the hadj (this image included) likely date to August 1888 since this was the period of the last hadj before February 1889, the date Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje received the final consignment of images.Physical description: Dimensions:184 x 236 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions, though no surface losses in the lower right of centre.Foliation:‘I’Process:Collotype
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