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13. ‘File XXVIII/3 Internal Politics and Relations with Oman Correspondence re rebellion of 1895 and subsequent warning to shaikhs against any further attack on Muscat.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains letters regarding the threat of attacks on Muscat and Mutrah (also called Matrah). The Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, requested that the Sultan of Muscat issue a notification to the Omani shaikhs not to attack these towns, or to otherwise hinder the trade undertaken by British subjects. Drafts of the notification are passed between the Sultan, the Political Agent, Muscat, and the Political Resident. The letters also discuss the Sultan’s health, his probable visit to Bombay, his inability to protect Muscat and Mutrah during his absence, and his payment of debts.The volume also contains correspondence related to the declaration of a British protectorate over Oman, the rebellion of Shaikh Salih bin Ali al-Harthi and his followers and their attack on British subjects in the areas under the Sultan’s control.The majority of the correspondence is between 1895-1896, apart from (f 61) which is dated 1900.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 62; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the leading and ending flyleaves. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 56-62; these numbers are also written in pencil, are circled, and have been superseded and therefore crossed out.
14. 'File 8/62 III PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES of OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman. The bulk of the file consists of an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (ff 9-33), which provides written summaries of each of the main tribes and tables with further details including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The correspondence, which mainly consists of letters from the Political Agent to the Political Residency in Bahrain, discusses rumours that the Imam of Oman, during a spell of ill health in 1948, recommended his successor to an assembled group of leading tribal chiefs. Also discussed is the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] attempts to obtain the allegiance of the Omani tribal leaders, and his hope of persuading them to discard the Imamate altogether when the present Imam dies.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 35; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
15. 'File 8/62 IV PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES OF OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman, and also to the Imam of Oman's administration. It largely consists of copies of (and various amendments to) two reports. The first of these is an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (full versions found at folios 11-37 and folios 90-116, the latter of which includes an enclosed map). This account provides written summaries of the main tribes, plus tables with further details, including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The second report is entitled 'A Note on the Imam's Administration in the interior of Oman' (ff 3-9 and ff 38-44). It includes details on the extent of the Imam's administration, a list of the tribes that currently support the Imam, and a list of walis appointed by the Imam.The correspondence, most of which is between the Political Agent and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, mainly concerns details from, and revisions to, the Political Agent's aforementioned account on the tribes of Muscat and Oman.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 139; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence between ff 95-138, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
16. 'File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns relations between the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] and the shaikhs of the Omani tribes. Much of the correspondence discusses the Sultan's ambition to secure the allegiance of the Omani shaikhs and consolidate his authority in the interior of Oman. The correspondence recounts meetings between British representatives and the Sultan, in which the Sultan discusses his intentions to assert control in the Omani interior once the Imam of Oman has died, and requests British assistance in order to do so.In addition, the file contains extensive discussion regarding British policy in relation to the internal affairs of Oman. Matters covered include whether the Sultan should be supplied with arms, ammunition, and RAF assistance, and whether the British should approach the Omani tribes directly, in order to smooth the way for oil exploitation in the interior. Also covered are exchanges of correspondence and meetings between certain Omani shaikhs and the British representatives at Muscat.As well as correspondence, the file contains compiled notes on the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman (ff 5-9), and notes on the tribes of Buraimi and Trucial Oman (ff 118-135, including details of tribes beyond the limits of Trucial Oman and within the limits of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman), the latter being described by the Political Resident as 'scanty'.The Arabic language material consists of several items of correspondence, of which English translations are included.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 148; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-106; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
17. ‘File XXVIII/9 Internal Politics and Relations with Oman Sohar, Sharaqiah, Nizwa and Baraimi News. 1925 to 1931.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of reports, letters and translated letters related to political affairs in Oman. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the news of Ibn Sa'ud’s probable attempt to take over the al-Buraimi region in north-west Oman and the arrangement of the shaikhs of Trucial Oman and Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi on behalf of the Imam of Oman to militarily unite against Ibn Sa'ud. To discuss the matter, members of the Bani Yas tribe from Dubai visit Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih in his home town al-Qabil (mistakenly referred to in the file as Kabul).The Political Agent at Muscat reports to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, on internal affairs taking place in various towns that belong to the regions of al-Dhahira, al-Dakhiliyya and al-Sharqiyya of Oman. He also reports on clashes between the two main Omani factions, the Hanawi and the Ghafiri, and the role played by Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi to settle the cases, reportedly in order to unite various Omani tribes against Ibn Sa'ud.The file also includes news of the areas of Al-'Ainain, 'Ibri and Yanqul falling under the influence of Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih, and news of the murder of some local Omani shaikhs and the names of those who took over their positions.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 91; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-90; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
18. Persian Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 149 of 1846, dated 14 December 1846. The enclosure is dated 14 October 1846.The enclosure consists of a despatch, with enclosures, from Lieutenant-Colonel Justin Sheil, HM Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia [Iran], to Viscount Palmerston, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, relating to affairs in Persia. The despatch is copied to the Governor and President in Council, Bombay, and the Governor-General of India, for information.The papers notably cover the following matters:The efforts of Sheil and the Russian Minister in Tehran, Prince Dolgorouki [Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Dolgorukov], to persuade Meerza Tekkee Khan [Mīrzā Taqī Khān Farāhānī], the Persian Minister at Erzeroom [Erzurum], to conclude negotiations with Turkish [Ottoman] representatives and sign the Treaty between Persia and Turkey. Included are copies of instructions to Meerza Tekkee Khan from the Persian Prime Minister, Hajee Meerza Aghassee [Ḥājī Mīrzā (ʿAbbās Īravānī) Āqāsī] (ff 427-429, ff 438-442), with a warning of ‘severe reprehension’ if ‘this business is further suspended or delayed’ (f 442)Sheil’s investigations into alleged British captives in AfghanistanThe opinion of Sheil that the Persian Prime Minister has rejected recent overtures for an attack on Herat as it would involve the aggrandisement of the asef ood dowleh [Āṣaf al-Dawlah]The cholera outbreak, including; its spread in Persia and towards Bagdad [Baghdad]; Sheil’s belief that it will not extend to Europe; and its prevalence in Tehran causing the Shah [Shāh of Persia] to remain at his summer encampment, outside the citySheil’s report of anti-British ‘intrigues’ by Russian diplomats in Tehran in connection with Treaty negotiations at Erzeroom and dissent in HeartThe plea to Sheil of the Ameer of Kaeen [Amīr of Qaen] to intercede on his behalf to the Persian Government for the restoration to him and his son of their territories, and the Persian Prime Minister’s promise to guarantee the Ameer’s safe passage to Tehran and the restoration of his governorship (ff 420-421)The proposal by the Governor of Fars, supported by the Resident in the Persian Gulf, to engage a ship of war in ‘punishing the chiefs on the Persian Coast of the Persian Gulf who had committed aggressions on British commerce’ (f 417)Persian grievances regarding the Turkish ship of war anchored near Mohemmera [Khorramshahr, formerly Mohammerah]Orders issued by the Persian Government for the removal of Rasool Bey, Chief of Rewadooz [Rasūl Beg, Ruler of Ruwandiz or Rawandiz, Iraqi Kurdistan] and Ahmed Pasha [Aḥmad Pāshā], Governor of Sooleimaneeya [Sulaymaniyah] from Ooshney [Oshnaviyeh?] a frontier town in the Ooroomeeya [Urmia or Orumiyeh] district in Azerbijan [Azerbaijan].Physical description: 1 item (36 folios)
19. Letter from Harford Jones to Marquess Wellesley
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Harford Jones, Resident in Bagdad [Baghdad], to Marquess Wellesley, Governor-General of Bengal, sent from Bagdad and dated 9 May 1802.The letter contains a report on affairs in Bagdad. It covers:Internal affairs of the Government of Bagdad, including: the health and family of the Pashaw [Büyük Sulaymān Pāshā, Governor of Baghdad]; the distribution of key posts in the Government; the public attitude towards the Pashaw; and likely successors to the Pashaw, in particular the Kia Aly [‘Alī Pāshā al-Kahyah, Chief Minister of Baghdad] and Abdullah Aga [‘Abdullāh Āghā], Governor of Merdin [Mardin]The relations of the Government of Bagdad with Persia [Iran] and the Wa-ha-by [Wahhābī movement], in particular relating to an attack on Meshed Hossein [Shrine of Imām Huṣayn bin ‘Alī, Karbala] by the Wa-ha-by. Includes an extract in French from a 1796 report by the Pashaw to the Porte [Government of the Ottoman Empire] concerning the feasibility of military action against the movementThe state of affairs in Bagdad and its dependencies, including: the defences of Bagdad, Bussora [Basra], and Hillah [Al Hillah]; plague; affairs in Coordistan [Kurdistan]; and the attitude of local tribes towards the Government of Bagdad and the Wa-ha-by.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
20. Turkish Arabia Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises a copy of an enclosure to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 25 of 1856, dated 14 April 1856. The enclosure is dated 18 February 1856.The enclosure consists of a copy of despatch from Captain Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia [Ottoman Iraq], to Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, HM Ambassador at the Porte [Government of the Ottoman Empire], Constantinople [Istanbul], and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London, forwarded for the information of the Government of Bombay and Government of India. The despatch notably concerns the following matters:The measures of the Persian [Iranian] Government to induce Prince Abbas Meerza [‘Abbās Mīrzā Mulk Ārā Qājār], brother of the Shah of Persia, to return to Persia; the Prince’s association with a relation of the Sudder Azzam [Ṣadr A‘ẓam, minister to the Shāh] and avoidance of communication with his mother and with Kemball; the refusal by Kemball of authorize an escort for the Prince to Samarrah [Samarra]; and the request of the Prince’s mother that British and Ottoman authorities prevent his return to Persia without her consentClaims that the Shah has sent a deputation to Tabreez [Tabriz] to foster a reconciliation with the recently departed British MissionRumours of a Persian occupation of an island near Mohamrah [Khorramshahr, formerly Mohammerah] and plans to build a fort there, and Kemball’s persuasion of the Governor of Baghdad not to send troops to forcibly eject them.Physical description: 1 item (8 folios)
21. Coll 20/39 'Muscat: Tours of Political Agent; General Situation in Oman; Including assistance to Sultan of Muscat - RAF support'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence, notes, and minutes relating to the situation in the interior of Oman. The papers cover the following matters:the Sultan's ambition to assert his authority over the tribes of the interior of Oman due to the Imam's ill healththe question of what military (arms and personnel) support the British should provide for the Sultan, including the appointment of a Military Adviser and a cash subsidythe financial responsibility for such supportthe question of whether to provide Royal Air Force (RAF) support to the Sultanthe question of securing the co-operation of the tribes of the interior for the development of oil resources in the region.Principal correspondents include officials at the Political Residency in the Persian Gulf, India Office, Government of India (External Affairs Department), Admiralty, War Office, Treasury, Ministry of Fuel and Power (Petroleum Department), Foreign Office, and Air Ministry.Also contained in the file are the following reports:'Report on a Visit to Sur in August 1940' by Tom Hickinbotham, Political Agent at Muscat, with a letter to the Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf regarding fresh water sources in the area, dated 27 August 1940 (folios 137-140)Report on a trip to Jabal Akhdhar by Arnold Crawshaw Galloway, Political Agent at Muscat, dated 18 March 1945 (folios 131-34, with sketch map on folio 127).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 140; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
22. Enclosure in Letter from Henry Willock to the Secret Committee of 14 Aug 1824
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Henry Willock, HM Chargé d’Affaires in Persia [Iran], to George Canning, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent from Abher [Ābhar] and dated 11 August 1824.The letter concerns:Internal affairs at the Court of Persia, reporting on a meeting between the Shah [Fath-‘Ali Shāh Qājār] and Princes at Sultanieh [Soltānīyeh]The appointment of Meerza Abul Hassan [Mīrzā Abūl Hassan] Khan as Foreign MinisterThe situation in Khiva following the death of Mahomed Raheem Khan [Muhammad Rahīm Bahādur Khān I]An earthquake in Cazroon [Kāzerūn]A proposed expedition by the Prince of Shiraz [Husayn ‘Ali Mīrzā Farmānfarmā, Prince-Governor of Fārs] against Bahrein [Bahrain].The letter was enclosed in Willock’s letter to the Court of Directors of the East India Company dated 14 August 1824 (IOR/L/PS/9/69/209).Physical description: The letter was perforated in an attempt to stop the spread of disease.
23. Enclosure in Letter from Henry Willock to the Secret Committee of 14 Jul 1824
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Henry Willock, HM Chargé d’Affaires in Persia [Iran], to George Canning, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent from Sultanieh [Soltānīyeh] and dated 8 July 1824.Subjects covered in the letter include:Events in KhorasanThe rumoured death of the Khan of Khiva Mahomed Raheem Khan [Muhammad Rahīm Bahādur Khān I]The dismissal of Mahomed Reza Mirza [Muhammad Rezā Mīrzā] as Governor of GilanAn earthquake on 2 June which caused extensive damage in Cazroon [Kāzerūn] and elsewhereA reported act of ‘piracy’ in the Gulf originating from Sharga [Sharjah]Conflict in Arabia between the Wahabees [Wahhabis] and the forces of Mahomed Ali Pasha [Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, Wāli of Egypt].The letter was enclosed in Willock’s letter to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company dated 14 July 1824 (IOR/L/PS/9/69/186).Physical description: The letter was perforated in an attempt to stop the spread of disease.
24. Enclosure in Letter from Henry Willock to the Secret Committee of 18 Oct 1824
- Description:
- Abstract: A copy of a letter from Henry Willock, HM Chargé d’Affaires in Persia [Iran], to George Canning, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent from Tehran and dated 18 October 1824.The letter reports on internal affairs in Persia, including:The departure of Ameen ud Dowleh [‘Abdullah Khān Amīn al-Dawlah, Prime Minister] to attend to affairs in Isphahan [Esfahān]Rivalry between Abbas Meerza [‘Abbās Mīrzā, Crown Prince], and Abdulla Meerza [‘Abdullah Mīrzā] which has led to violenceThe effects of an earthquake around Sheeraz [Shīrāz] and Cazeroon [Kāzerūn]The abandonment of the proposed expedition against Bahrein [Bahrain] by the Prince of Sheeraz [Husayn ‘Ali Mīrzā Farmānfarmā, Prince-Governor of Fārs].The letter was enclosed in Willock’s letter to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors of the East India Company dated 18 October 1824 (IOR/L/PS/9/69/222).Physical description: 1 item (4 folios)
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