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85. 'File 6/79 Kharitas for Shaikh of Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence concerning the forwarding of kharitas (messages of good wishes sent at times of change) to the ruler of Bahrain. The correspondence enclosing the kharitas was sent from the External Affairs Department of the Government of India to Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al-Khalifah [Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah], the Ruler of Bahrain, via the Political Residency in the Persian Gulf and the Political Agency in Bahrain. Two kharitas were sent, one for the end of Lord Linlithgow's Viceroyalty and the other for the assumption of the role by Field Marshal the Viscount Wavell. Copies of both are present in the file, along with English translations of Shaikh Salman's replies.Folio 15 is internal office notes.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 17; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located at the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-14; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
86. 'File 6/68 Visit of H. E. Shaikh Sir Hamad bin 'Isa al Khalifah, K. C. I. E., C. S. I. Ruler of Bahrain to England'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence relating to the visit to the United Kingdom by Shaikh Hamad bin 'Isa al Khalifah [Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah], ruler of Bahrain. The majority of the correspondence is between the Political Agency in Bahrain, the Political Residency in the Persian Gulf at Bushire, the India Office in London, and the Adviser to the Government of Bahrain (Charles Dalrymple Belgrave).The file contains the following:correspondence with the Consul in Basra, Ambassador in Baghdad, and Embassy in Angora [Ankara] regarding arrangements for the Shaikh's passage from Bahrain to London via Basra, Baghdad, Turkey, Paris, and Folkestone, including discussion over appropriate ceremony and permissions for weapons to be carried;correspondence with the India Office, Government Hospitality Fund, and the Foreign Office regarding arrangements and payment for the Shaikh while in Britain, including the programme for his time there (folios 193-96);correspondence with Belgrave and the Council of Regency (Shaikh Abdullah bin Isa Al Khalifah [Shaikh ‘Abdullah bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah] and Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifah [Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah]) regarding the running of the state in the absence of Shaikh Hamad;public notices issued by the Government of Bahrain concerning the trip;coverage of the trip in the regional and international press (folios 78-83, 85, 223-24, and 236);reports on various stages of the trip, including that of W Hendry, Acting Consul in Basra (folios 87-93), and Archibald Clark Kerr, Ambassador in Baghdad (folio 102);correspondence concerning arrangements for the Shaikh's return and arrival in Bahrain;telegrams from the Shaikh himself throughout his trip with brief updates;exchange of letters and telegrams of good wishes, thanks, and appreciation between numerous offices in England, Iraq, Bahrain, and India, including a copy of a letter from the Shaikh to King Edward VIII (folio 189);a copy of 'The Zodiac', Staff Journal of Cable and Wireless, Vol. XXIX, No. 338, September 1936.Folios 237-48 are internal office notes.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 249; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 4-235; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
87. 'Exercise of Jurisdiction in Cases affecting Foreign Subjects in Bahrein by the British Political Authorities.'
- Description:
- Abstract: A summary of legal judgments, agreements and amendments to agreements between the British Government and the Shaikh of Bahrein between 1861 and 1930, concerning the exercise of jurisdiction by British political authorities over British subjects and foreigners in Bahrein. Written by John Gilbert Laithwaite, India Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 2; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
88. ‘37 File 483 Memorandum on Bahrain; Major E L Durand’s Notes on the Antiquities of Bahrain’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume’s contents fall into two categories:Reports and memoranda on Bahrain, dated 1875, including a report on the rulers of Bahrain (folios 2-7); a history and genealogy of the Uttoobee [ʿUtūb] tribe (folios 9-10); names of the ʿUtūb rulers (folios 11-13); a memorandum on Bahrain (folios 15-44) covering etymologies of the islands’ names, its inhabitants, political character, and history from the earliest known period to the present day; and a list of some of the principal families in Bahrain (folios 45-46). The first three of these reports are ascribed to an individual called Hajee Abdool Cassim, and are present in the volume in Arabic original and English translation. The author of the last two reports is unclear.The second part of the volume contains correspondence relating to arrangements for the excavation of Bahrain’s tumuli. There are a number of letters dated 1879 (folios 49, 52, 53, 58, 59-60) exchanged between Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Ross, Resident in the Persian Gulf, and the Principal Librarian of the British Museum (Edward Bond), the latter being eager to initiate excavations of the tumuli at Bahrain, and forwarding funds of £100 sterling for the project. Later correspondence covers arrangements for the purchase and delivery of pickaxes to Bahrain for the excavations (folios 61-74), and arrangements and letters of recommendation to Shaikh Esau bin Khuleefah [Shaikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah] for Theodor and Mabel Bent to visit Bahrain in 1889 to undertake excavations (folios 91-98).Note that Durand’s notes on the antiquities of Bahrain, cited in the original file title, are not themselves included in the volume.Physical description: Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using pencil numbers in the top-right corner of each recto. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a, 1b, 1c.
89. 'File 18/68 II (D 115) Kuwait Order in Council'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume includes papers relating to the implications of the assumption by the British Government of jurisdiction over foreigners in Kuwait, especially in view of the possibility of the influx of large numbers of non-Muslim foreigners (particularly Americans) to work in the Kuwaiti oil industry, June 1932 - March 1933; and papers relating to the discussion and drafting of the Kuwait Order in Council, 1935(His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1935), March 1933 - July 1935, which was designed to clarify the question of British jurisdiction over non-Muslim foreigners in Kuwait, including papers recording discussions of the matter between British officials and the Ruler of Kuwait [Sheikh Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah], July 1934, which resulted in the Sheikh's acquiescing in the terms of the revised Order in Council.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system in use commences at the front cover of the volume and continues through to the back cover. The sequence appears written in pencil, circled, in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio. Foliation anomalies: f.1 is followed by ff. 1A, 1B, 1C. A second numbering system also appears, starting at 1 on f.2 and continuing to 259 on f.257. This sequence is again written in pencil, but not circled, and appears in the top right hand corner of every page that bears text.
90. 'File H/4 Persian Gulf Residency Bushire Office Records. Miscellaneous D/O's'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains miscellaneous demi-official correspondence between the British Political Agent at Bahrain and the British Political Resident at Bushire, as well as with the British Political Agent at Kuwait and Sheikh ‘Īsā bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah.This correspondence concerns various issues related to Bahrain affairs and the British Political Agent's interactions with Sheikh ‘Īsā bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah and the Sheikh Qāsim bin Mahzā’, Qāḍī of Bahrain. In addition, issues covered within this correspondence include the subject of slavery; the appointment of Inam ul Hakk; Captain Francis Beville Prideaux's archaeological interests; the visit to Bahrain of George Ambrose Lloyd, Honorary attaché of the Embassy of Constantinople, in 1907; and British compensation claims against Turkey following the First World War.Physical description: Foliation: There are two foliation sequences. The first sequence, which is circled in crayon, is incomplete. The second sequence, which is written in pencil in the top right corner, begins on number 1, on the first letter, and runs through to 21, ending on the inside of the back cover of the file.
91. 'File H/14 Vol I Turkish Customs on Mainland'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence between Stuart George Knox and David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer, British Political Agents at Bahrain, and Percy Zachariah Cox and Richard Lockington Birdwood of the British Political Residency in the Persian Gulf at Bushire, as well as with Sheikh ‘Īsā bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah, ruler of Bahrain. In addition, included within the file are office notes of various conversations between the Political Agent with the ruler of Bahrain and Seth Rao Sahib Tirathdas Maharaj, Director of Customs at Bahrain.The correspondence and notes concern Turkish customs regulations at the Eastern Arabian ports of al-Qaṭīf and al-‘Uqayr pertaining to the landing and levying of duty on Bahraini and non-Bahraini goods, and the system of issuing cargo certificates. Included in this file are two examples of stamped cargo certificates in Arabic (f. 6 and f. 7).Physical description: Foliation: Foliation starts on file cover and terminates on the final folio before the back cover. Foliation is in pencil in circled numbers in top right of recto.
92. 'File 18/68 I (D 114) Kuwait Order in Council'
- Description:
- Abstract: Papers relating to the composition, drafting and publication of The Kuwait Order in Council, 1925(His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1925). The volume includes papers relating to initial objections and subsequent agreement on the part of Sheikh Ahmad al-Jabir as-Subah [Sheikh Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah], the ruler of Kuwait, to the exercise by the representative of the British Government of jurisdiction over the subjects and protected persons of all non-Muslim foreign governments in Kuwait, including a letter of agreement from the Sheikh written in Arabic, November - December 1925; Rules of Court relating to fees, October 1926; papers relating to the registration of British subjects in Kuwait, November 1925 - December 1926; and papers relating to the regularisation of the position of American missionaries in Kuwait, so that, if the need arose, they would be entitled to British protection, February - December 1928.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system in use commences on the title page and continues to the last folio that bears any text (seven folios from the end of the volume). The sequence appears written in pencil, enclosed in a circle, in the top right hand recto page of each folio. Foliation anomalies: folio 1 is followed by folios 1A, 1B and 1C. Folio 186 needs to be folded out in order to be read. A second sequence also appears, again written in pencil in the top right hand corner of most of the folios, but not enclosed within a circle. This appears to start at [3] on folio 4 and continues to 287 on folio 254. This sequence marks all pages bearing text.
93. Persian Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This item comprises copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai] Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 25 of 1844, dated 25 March 1844. The enclosures are dated 20 February 1844.The enclosures chiefly comprise despatches from Lieutenant-Colonel Justin Sheil, HM Chargé d’Affaires at Tehran, to the Secretary to the Government of India with the Governor-General, enclosing copies of his despatches to the Earl of Aberdeen [George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen] Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, with their respective enclosures notably letters from Sheil to E W Bonham, HM Consul at Tabreez [Tabriz], Lieutenant-Colonel Williams at Erzeroom [Erzurum], and Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Farrant, agent in Bagdad [Baghdad] for HM Ambassador in Constantinople [Istanbul].A wide variety of subjects are covered, notably including:Matters relating to the Persian Gulf, including: Persian [Iranian] plans to build fortifications at Bushire [Bushehr] (as well as Asterabad [Gorgan, formerly Astarabad] and Mazanderan [Mazandaran]); Persian objections to the British coaling station on the island of Karrack [Kharg] on the basis that Russia could use it as a pretext for establishing a fuelling station on one of the islands near Asterabad; and the arrival at Bushire of Sheikh Abdoollah [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah], the former Chief of Bahrein [Bahrain], requesting assistance from the Resident and from the Governor of Sheeraz [Shiraz] to help restore him to possession of the islandThe conflicting claims of Persia and Ottoman Turkey with regard to possession of Mohemmera [Khorramshahr], particularly the tribe of Chaab [Banū Ka‘b tribe?] and the revenue of Fellaheea [Fellahiah] in Chaab territory. Includes reference to the memorandum by Major Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia, on the background to the dispute (a copy of the memorandum is in IOR/L/PS/5/428 ff 437-487)Concerns of Sheil and the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Meerza Abool Hassan Khan [Mīrzā Abū al-Ḥasan Khān Shīrāzī, Īlchī Kabīr] concerning the increase of ‘aggressive’ Russian influence over the Shah and the Persian Government, notably: the local Russian Consul by-passing the authority of the Governor of Resht, province of Geelan [Rasht, Gilan]; Russian intimidatory activities in Asterabad and on the Toorkoman [Turkoman] coasts; and continued pressure by Count Medem [Aleksandr Ivanovich Medem], Russian Minister Plenipotentiary at Tehran, on the Shah and Persian Prime Minister Hajee Meerza Aghassee [Ḥājjī Mīrzā Āqāsī, Ṣadr-i Aʿẓam] for the abrogation of Article 14 of the Treaty between Russia and PersiaProgress of the negotiations between Persia and Turkey at Erzeroom [Erzurum], mediated by Britain and Russia, regarding frontier disputes, notably: arbitration of tribal incursions; arrangements for the return of plundered property; ineffectualness of the Turkish and Persian plenipotentiaries (representatives) at Erzeroom; Persian claims against Turkey over the capture of Kerbela [Karbala] and demands for the dismissal of the Governor of Bagdad [Baghdad]; rumours that Turkey is amassing a military force near Erzeroom and Persian response in kind; arguments over territorial rights in Sooleimanieh [Sulaymaniyah], Van, Kars, and Akhilska [Akhaltsikhe?]; and attempts by the Persian Prime Minister to make the Persian plenipotentiary at Erzeroom tone down his territorial demands and to confer with the British and Russian commissioners. Includes translations of letters from the Persian Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and the Shah (ff 405-416)Information conveyed to Sheil by HM Consul General at Tabreez, regarding the conflict in Daghistan [Dagestan] between Russian and Lesgee [Lezgian, also spelled Lezgee in this item] forces (Persia had ceded Daghistan to the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Gulistan 1813 but was pro-Lesgee), notably: rumours of severe losses on both sides; the Lesgee attack on Russian forces at Avran [Yerevan?], capture of the Governor of Georgia and besieging of Derband [Derbent]; rumours of Russian plans to send 40,000 troops under the command of General Yermaloff [Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov], to the Caucasus to invade Daghistan as soon as weather permits; and Persia’s desire to drive Russia out of Georgia.Physical description: The enclosure numbers 3-4 are written on the verso of the last folio of each enclosure, which also contain an abstract of the contents of the enclosure.
94. Ext 2103/44 'Presentation of naval sword to Shaikh of Bahrain'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence concerning the presentation of a naval sword to His Highness the Shaikh of Bahrain [King of Bahrain] on behalf of the Royal Navy. The initial proposal was made by Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf (Captain John Montagu Howson), to the Commander in Chief, Eastern Fleet, and the Naval Officer in Charge, Bahrain. Further correspondents include the Under Secretary of State, India Office, and the Foreign Office (Charles William Baxter). Folio 5 includes the sword inscription text and folio 2 provides a Bahrain Intelligence Summary extract reporting on the presentation.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 12; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
95. Secret Letters Inward
- Description:
- Abstract: The file consists of secret letters sent to Samuel Hennell, British Resident in the Persian Gulf. The majority of this correspondence is from either the Government of Bombay, or the Secret Committee based at India House in London. These letters frequently contain enclosures (i.e. copies) of communications sent between the Government of Bombay, the Government of India, and the home authorities in Britain; this also includes correspondence with HM Consul-General to Egypt.The principal correspondents in the file are as follows:Patrick Campbell, HM Consul-General to Egypt.George Eden, Governor-General of India.Thomas Henry Maddock, Officiating Secretary to the Government of India with the Governor-General, writing in the Secret Department.Rear-Admiral Sir Lewis Frederick Maitland, Commander of the East Indies and China Station.Lestock Robert Reid, Acting Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay.Henry John Temple, Third Viscount Palmerston, Foreign Secretary for the United Kingdom.John Pollard Willoughby, Secretary to the Government of Bombay, writing in the Secret Department.The subject matter concerns the conquest of Nedjd [Najd] by Khorshid Pasha [Khūrshid Pāshā] on behalf of Mahomed Ali Pasha [Muḥammad ‘Alī Pāshā], Viceroy of Egypt; and his subsequent efforts to subjugate Bahrein [Bahrain] and the Arab tribes of Oman. It therefore covers British efforts to prevent the further advancement of Egyptian forces towards the Persian Gulf; this includes their reaction to the voluntary submission of Abdoola bin Ahmed [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah], Chief of Bahrein, to Egypt, and their efforts to coordinate the Arab tribes against the Egyptians.The other main subject covered by this file is the diplomatic rupture between Britain and Persia. The occupation of Karrack [Khārk, Jazīreh-ye] by a British force from India, and the removal of the Residency from Bushire to that island are therefore covered as a result. The feasibility of an invasion of southern Persia is also discussed within the correspondence.Topics featured in the correspondence to a lesser extent include the following:The reprimand of Lieutenant-Colonel James Shiriff, Commander of the British force at Karrack, for undermining the political position of the Resident.The strengthening of the Indian Naval Squadron in the Persian Gulf.The removal of Shaikh Nasir [Shaykh Nāṣir] from the island of Karrack.A visit to the Persian Gulf by Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Maitland aboard HMS Wellesley.A report from Captain Aikins Hamerton and Captain John T Leslie on their mission to obtain mules for the British force at Karrack.The provisioning of two steamers for an expedition to navigate the rivers Euphrates and Tigris.The correspondence in French only amounts to 5 folios (see ff 75-79), and consists of translations of Egyptian correspondence relating to British pressure on Khorshid Pasha to abandon his designs on Bahrein.Please also note that in the file Mahomed Ali Pasha is also spelt Mehemet Ali, and there is a degree of variation in the spelling of Khorshid Pasha. Pasha is also frequently spelt Pacha.Physical description: Condition: The content of the file is largely in good condition. However, ff 81-88 have a section missing — possibly a result of pest damage — and some of the text has been lost as a result.Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The file also contains an original pagination sequence, which is written in ink.
96. Political No. 220 of 1874, Forwarding a Copy of Papers Relating to the Operations of the ‘Turks’ in Nejd, and their Complaints Against the Chief of Bahrein
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of a Political Despatch from the Government of India Foreign Department to the Secretary of State for India, dated 11 December 1874, forwarding a copy of papers relating to the operations of the ‘Turks’ [Ottomans] in Nejd [Najd], and their complaints against the Chief of Bahrein [Hakim of Bahrain] for his hospitable treatment of the Wahabee [Wahhābī] Prince, Abdool Rehman [‘Abd al-Raḥmān], who was lately released from detention at Baghdad.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 572, and terminates at f 575a, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The sequence contains three foliation anomalies: f 572a, f 573a, and f 575a.