Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis view of Bushire (Bushehr), from an elevated position looking south, is taken from the roof of the offices of Gray, Paul and Co. (sister firm to Gray, MacKenzie and Company), a company that acted as shipping agent for British India steamers between India and Europe, via the Gulf ports.A number of buildings are seen in the photograph, though relative degradation of the image obscures much of the background and horizon area. A building under construction extends from the lower left of the image to the centre. Immediately behind this, the terrace of a flat-roofed building is fenced off. Next to the building under construction, and immediately below the centre of the image, bricks can be seen stacked high against the wall of an adjacent building.In the far right of the image, towards the horizon, a domed roof can clearly be seen amongst the flat-roofed buildings. Although the dome is windowless, a smaller dome with openings to allow light to filter through sits atop it. This is possibly a bath house.InscriptionsLower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘83’Below image: ‘The Town looking South from Gray. Paul's Office. 23. Feb. 1902’Physical description: Dimensions:109 x 155 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded throughout, with surface losses along the upper edge.Foliation:'83'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterGeneral view from the outskirts of the town (likely present-day Mutrah) to the harbour and promontory fort, from an elevated position, looking north-northeast. The area of the town and coastline visible in the distant middleground is the part of the town featured in the previous image (Photo 430/8/1). A ship can be seen emerging from behind the promontory right of centre on the horizon near Fort Al-Mirani.While those distant buildings are clearly several-storeyed white-washed buildings, the dwellings in the fore- and middleground are, for the most part, tents and other temporary structures. Overlooking these, on the western ridge a fortified tower can be seen in the far left of the image.A group of figures stands under a single tree in the foreground.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, on image: ‘p. 3’; alongside image, in pencil: ‘b’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘2’Below image: 'The Town looking North. 31 Oct. 1900'Physical description: Dimensions:75 x 104 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is faded throughout with surface losses in the upper left corner. White smeared spot staining in the right hand side of the image and in the lower right-hand corner originate in the printing phase.Foliation:'p 3'; 'b'; '2'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterGeneral view over the town out towards the harbour, from the south-west, looking north-east. Several-storeyed white-washed buildings can be seen in the fore- and middleground. To the far left, two apparently fortified towers can be seen on the foothills of the ridge at left; this is likely to be Fort Al-Mirani.In the bay, two large ships and two smaller boats, possibly dhows, can be seen.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, on image: ‘p. 1’; alongside image, in pencil: ‘a’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘1’Below image: 'Town and Bay. 31rst Oct. 1900'Physical description: Dimensions:77 x 100 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded. There are surface losses in the left-hand lower corner and there is surface staining and residue throughout.Considerable fading.Foliation:‘p. 1’; ‘a’; ‘1’Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis view of the Al-Jalali Fort at the south-eastern end of the Bay of Muscat was likely photographed from the roof of the British Consulate, situated along the shoreline adjacent to it (see also Photo 430/8/3).InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, on image: 'p. 8'; alongside image, in pencil: ‘b’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘4’Below image: ‘Old Portuguese Fort (1550). 31. Oct. 1900’Physical description: Dimensions:77 x 100 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded throughout. Large white spot staining in the upper left of the image probably originate in the printing phase.Foliation:'p. 8'; 'b'; '4'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterView from the shoreline of the British Consulate at Muscat, looking due west.The consulate is a pale-stoned, two or three-storeyed building built along the quays. Two gas lamps can be seen along the quay in front of the building and a single mashrabiyya (a form of enclosed balcony) breaks up the centre of the facade.Above the consulate a flagpole carries a flag. Figures can be seen sitting on the quay to the far left of the image. Several small boats are tied up along the shoreline.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, on image: [illegible]; alongside image, in pencil: ‘a’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘3’Below image: ‘British Consulate. 31. Oct. 1900’Physical description: Dimensions:77 x 102 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded throughout with surface losses along the right-hand edge, lower left corner and 13 mm from left, 40 mm from lower edge. White smeared spot staining in the left-hand side of the image originate in the printing phase.Foliation:'c'; '3'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis scene, taken from an elevated position looking southwards towards a bay, shows the village of Sidāb, approximately 3 km south of the Bay of Muscat.A well-trodden path or dried-up stream can be seen leading through the dwellings, the majority of which appear to be tents, in the direction of the shoreline. A few trees and bushes are discernible.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, alongside image, in pencil: ‘d’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘6’Below image: ‘Sidap. Village. 31. Oct 1900’Along the left-hand side of the image, white, vertical: [illegible]Physical description: Dimensions:76 x 103 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is considerably faded in the right of the image.Foliation:'d'; '6'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis view of the bay of Muscat from an elevated position in the east was likely photographed from Al-Jalali Fort. It shows the Al-Mirani fort at centre, along with the Sultan's Palace and a variety of other buildings lining the shore in the left middleground.Many small craft are visible in the middleground and foreground, while two boats are at anchor further out in the bay at the right of the image.InscriptionsUpper right, in pen, alongside image, in pencil: ‘c’Lower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘5’Below image: ‘Sultan's Palace. 31. Oct 1900’Physical description: Dimensions:72 x 100 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is faded at the left. There are some minor surface losses in the lower half of the image.Foliation:'c'; '5'Process:
Abstract: ImprintHaag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1888Genre/Subject Matter:The volume contains 65 collotype prints (pasted on paper), 5 photolithographs, 4 lithographs and 1 other image. The majority of these – particularly the latter half of the volume – are group portraits of pilgrims en route to Mecca.These photographs were taken evidently in the same courtyard-like space, either at Jeddah or Mecca, where Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje was based from 1884. Although not clearly anthropometric, some of these images can be classified as ethnographic portraits.Other scenes are taken at Mecca and include some photolithographic reproductions of photographs that may have been taken by Muḥammad Ṣādiq Bey (1822 or 1823–1902 or 1903), an Egyptian army engineer who took the first photographs of Medina in 1861 and Mecca in 1880-81, whose photographic prints Hurgronje was aware of and may indeed have collected.Still more photographs may have been taken by al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār, Hurgronje’s working partner during his time in Mecca, and possibly sent to Hurgronje after his departure from the Arabian Peninsula in 1885.Finally, the print attributed to Siegfried Langer (1781.b.6/60) is not likely to have been taken by Langer, rather, according to Durkje van Der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885 (Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 40), the studio portrait was purchased and presented to Snouck Hurgronje.Elements1 Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt2 Die Moschee3 Die Ka’bah4 Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebäude).5 Othman Pascha mit dem egyptischen Maẖmal.6 Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache (links im Hintergrund èç Çafa).7 ‘Aun èr-Rafīq, Grossscherif von Mekka (1882– ).8 Othman Pascha, 1882–86 Generalgouverneur des H̱idjāz.9 Thorhüter der Ka’bah.10 Vornehmer indischer Kaufmann und türkische Beambte in Mekka.11 Vornehmner Kaufmann mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven.12 Muhammad Abd-èl-‘Azīz, Sohn des reg. Grossscherifs13 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.14 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.15 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.16 Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka.17 Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka.18 Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste).19 Kātib (Schreiber) des Grossscherifs.20 Mekkanischer Arzt.21 Sohn des Arztes.22 Kinder aus der Familie der Benī Schēbah (Thorhüter der Ka’bah).23 Sèjjid in Mekka.24 Mekkaner.25 Kaufleute (Mekka und Djiddah).26 Ali Rèjjis (aus einem Geschlechte von Obersten der Mu’èddin, welches von Abdallah ibn Zubair herstammen soll).27 Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste).28 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.29 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.30 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.31 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.32 Ein Stück der Kiswah (der brokanten Bekleidung der Ka’bah). ¼ der Originalgrösse.33 Negersklaven mit dem Ṯúmburah-orchester.34 Pilger aus Sukapura (Java).35 Buginesische Pilger (Celébes).36 Pilger aus Solok (Sumátra).37 Pilgerin aus Banten (Java).38 Pilger aus Baçrah.39 Pilger aus Baẖrain; in der Mitte ein Schēch aus Kabul.40 Pilger aus Zanzibar.41 Pilger aus Baghdad.42 Pilger aus Mandar (Celébes).43 Pilger aus Sumbáwa.44 Pilger aus Djapára (Java).45 Pilger aus Malang und Pasurúan (Java).46 Bettelnde Pilger aus Jèmèn.47 Pilger aus Marokko.48 Indischer Pilger.49 Derwische aus Buchara.50 Haupt der Schēche für malaiische Pilger.51 Schēch für malaiische Pilger.52 Pilger aus Moko-moko und Indrapura. (West-Sumátra.)53 Pilger aus Edi. (Nord- Sumátra.)54 Schēch der Bootsleute in Djiddah mit drei Zunftgenossen.55 Süssigkeitskrämer (Djiddah).56 Ausrufer und Mäkler (Djiddah).57 Mekkanerinn.58 Lohndiener und Eunuch mit dem Kinde seines Herrn.59 Mekkanerinn im Brautanzug.60 Damen in Haus- und Strassentoilette (Djiddah). Aufnahme von Siegfried Langer.61 Pilger aus Selahar (vulgo Saleyar).62 Pilger aus Pontianak (West-Borneo); links ein dort ansässiger Araber aus H̱adhramaut.63 Pilger aus Sambas (Borneo); hinter den Pilgern steht der Wakīl (Bevollmächtigte) des Schēchs.64 Pilger aus Martapura (Süd-Borneo).65 Pilger aus Ambon, Kei und Banda; links der Sohn eines Ambonesen mit einer Mekkanerinn.66 Pilger aus Batjan (Molukken); Sohn des Sultans, Oheim des Prinzen und ein Priester.67 Pilger aus Ternate.68 Pilger aus Palembang.69 Pilger aus Korintji (Sumátra); der hinter ihnen sitzende Schēch stammt auch aus Korintji.70 Pilger aus Mandaïling (Sumátra).71 Pilger aus Gross-Atjeh mit zwei “Wakīl’s”.72 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.73 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.74 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.75 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.InscriptionsFront fly leaf, in pencil: ‘1781.b.6’ ‘Text 10077L4’Rear fly leaf, in pencil: ‘1781.b.6’Physical description: 1 three-quarter leather, published volume (c. 82 pages), illustrated with 65 collotype prints, 5 photolithographs, 4 lithographs and 1 other image
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis view, from an elevated position looking east, is taken from the roof of the British Residency at Bushire (Būshehr).The foreground is occupied by a courtyard, from which several doors and windows appear to lead to different compartments. In the left-most corner of the courtyard a figure can be seen emerging from one of the doors.Beyond the compound, in the middle-ground, there is a green area occupied by trees, including at least one palm.Upon close inspection much architectural detail can be observed, even in the far distance along the horizon. For instance, it is clear that the majority of the structures visible are flat-roofed dwellings with roof terraces protected by fencing, or by high parapets punctuated with latticed sections, allowing air to circulate.InscriptionsLower right, in pencil, alongside image: ‘84’Below image: ‘The Town looking East from British Residency. 23 Feb. 1902’Physical description: Dimensions:109 x 158 mm [landscape]Format:Materials:Condition:The image is slightly faded in the left of the image and ther are some small surface losses in the sky area. An elongated white mark at 50 mm from lower, 30 mm from right probably originates in the printing phase.Foliation:'84'Process:
Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This landscape view shows ‘the western part of valley of Muna (Mina), which extends from west to east, during the annual gathering of pilgrims [the hadj]’ from an elevated position northeast of the Masjid al-Khayf in Muna, seven kilometres east of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. Muna (Mina) is a station of the hadj, where pilgrims camp out on the 8th, 11th, 12th (and some on the 13th) of
Dhul-Hijjah, as can be seen in this image.See Photo 174/9 for a comparative view from a similar vantage point but with a closer view of the Masjid al-Khayf, which here appears in the left of the background. The structure to the right of the iwan-like entryway, which appears damaged in the latter view, here appears intact. In the far middle ground at right two and three-storey structures can be seen. A ridge of hills rises along the horizon.The middle ground is occupied by tents, while in the foreground there are a wide variety of beasts of burden, such as horses, camels and donkeys, standing, tethered or couched.The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality, particularly in the background, where the original plate may have been over-exposed.Arabic script written directly into the image has been erased subtly, but is visible upon close inspection in the lower right of the image as well as in the central sky area of the image.This is the first of two photographs taken from the same vantage point, which form a panoramic view over the valley. The second is X463/12.Inscriptions:Above image, on the right, in ink: ‘X’Temporal Context:According to Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885(Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, pp. 43-51), the photographs in this publication that pertain to the hadj (this image included) likely date to August 1888 since this was the period of the last hadj before February 1889, the date Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje received the final consignment of images.Physical description: Dimensions:185 x 237 mmFormat:Collotype print, pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with minor surface dirt and light abrasions throughout.Foliation:‘X’Process:Collotype
Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:This west-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and, behind it, the sacred mountain Jebel Abu Qubays (1220 ft / 460 m), which overlooks the Masjid al-Haram to the east. At the summit stands a squat, apparently unfinished structure which later became the Bilal mosque, according to later photographs, for example Photo 174/5 (
c.1907).The buildings that line the foothills of Abu Qubays, feature distinctive Ottoman-era architectural features, such as a
roshan(known elsewhere as mashrabiyya, or enclosed balcony), which are almost unchanged almost twenty years later in the same view by the Delhi-based photographers H. A. Mirza & Sons (Photo 174/5).Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Ka’bah.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.Temporal Context:This photograph was likely taken by the Egyptian photographer, army engineer and surveyor Muhammad S̱ādiq Bey (1832-1902). The attribution is claimed by Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 40. As such the picture is likely to date to his 1881 visit to the city. How Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje acquired the image is unknown.Physical description: Dimensions:169 x 210 mmFormat:1 photographic print pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with one minor surface loss in the lower portion of the image.Foliation:‘III’
Abstract: Genre/Subject MatterThis panoramic view over Mecca showing most of the Masjid al-Haram and the northwest portion of the city is likely a print of a drawing after a photograph or series of photographs of the same view by the Mekkan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār.Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Office of the Qādhi; Castle on Jebel Hindi; Building housing the Zamzam well; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; and Maqām al-H̱anbalī.An additional note in German states that ‘the steps to the Caaba and the Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’, are obscured from view by the Zamzam building.'InscriptionsPrinted above image, in ink:IPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt.’‘1. Amt des Qādhī’s. 2. Festung auf dem Djèbèl Hindī. 3. Gebäude des Zemzembrunnens. 7. Mimbar (Kanzel). 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. Die Treppen zur Ka’bah und der Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī) sind hier durch das Zemzemgebäude dem Auge entzogen.’Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–3; 7–10Physical description: Dimensions:164 x 410 mmFormat:1 line engraving after a photograph, printed onto two pages and bound into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.Foliation:‘I’