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13. 'File 35/134 II A 44 Jaalan. Amirs of.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to the rebellion of the Sur area and issues of the extension of the authority of the Sultan of Muscat. Includes discussion by the Political Agent, Muscat of the creation of a protectorate in Muscat and Oman; a 'note on our present policy in Muscat'; questionnaire on planning for an occupation of Sur in terms of availability of water; and other factors as well as the assessment by Captain O'Connor of issues in occupying Sur; travelling permits issued by the Amirs of Jaalan.Correspondents include Major Gerald Patrick Murphy, Political Agent, Muscat; Sir Frederick William Johnston, Political Resident Persian Gulf; Evelyn Berkeley Howell, Foreign Secretary to the Government of India; Secretary for State for India, India Office, London; Sheikh Muhammad bin Nasir al Hamudah [Muḥammed bin Nāṣir al-Ḥamūdah], Amir of Jaalan; Shaikh Hamdan bin Nasir al Hamudan [Ḥamdān bin Nāṣir al-Ḥamūdah], Amir of Jaalan's brother; Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah [Banī Bū ‘Alī] of Bani Bu Ali; Sayid Taimur bin Faisal [Taymūr bin Fayṣal], Sultan of Muscat; Commander, HMS Cyclamen; Shaikh Isa bin Salih al Harithi [‘Īsá Bin-Ṣāliḥ al-Ḥārith]; Captain Roderick Louis O'Connor, Officer on Special Duty; High Commissioner, Baghdad.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
14. 'File 35/134 IV (A 56) Sur. Ja'alan - Amirs of.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to actions against the Bani Bu Ali [Banī Bū ‘Alī] in Sur in 1932 who were claiming independence from the Muscat State. Correspondence discusses how the Bani Bu Ali led by Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah al-Hammuda [Muḥammed bin Nāṣir al-Ḥamūdah] were rebelling against the Sultan of Muscat's authority and in particular the creation of a customs post in Aiqa. Shaikh Ali had deployed armed forces to Aiqa fort and prevented the establishment of the customs post. The timing for deployment of aircraft from Iraq including Wapitis and flying boats is discussed and in particular the implications of reconnaissance flights during Ramadan. One Wapiti crashed 40 miles south of Muscat but the occupants were unhurt and safely rescued. Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr] visited Sur in a sloop along with HMS Emerald. Correspondence details the agreement of the Foreign Office, Air Ministry and India Office in London to the use of aircraft. A letter from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty concurs in the action whilst expressing concern over the use of aircraft and the repercussions this could have on relations with Arab rulers, and suggests only use of naval bombardment. The Air Ministry responded noting the Political Resident's view that 'action by warship alone would be entirely ineffective; past history has shewn this.' The India Office notes that the action proposed by the Government of India were based on discussions with the Senior Naval Officer Persian Gulf and Air Officer Commanding, Iraq; furthermore, 'aerial demonstration will precede punitive air action.'The Political Agent, Muscat discusses the relations between the Bani Bu Ali ,[Banī Bū ‘Alī] Bani Bu Hassan [Bani Bū ‘Hasan] and Bani Amer; also the likely response of the Bani Bu Ali to any British attack and the need to take precautions to avoid the experience of a British Indian force in 1821. In 1821 a force was dispatched to avenge the defeat there of a different expedition the previous year but three hundred of the Bani Bu Ali attacked at night resulting 16 killed. Correspondence discusses the negotiations with Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah bin Abdullah bin HammudaCorrespondence between the Air Officer Commanding, Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt and Colonel Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident, Persian Gulf discusses the reconnaissance photos and the bombing of the Jaalan [Ja’alān] fort following the dropping from aircraft of warning messages. There are also extracts from a report by Group Captain W L Welsh on reconnaisance by two Rangoons and three Wapitis of the Sur area with arrangements for the deployment of flying boats to conduct bombing missions and their protection by the Muscat Infantry.Correspondence includes letters betweeen Saiyid Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, to Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah and Hugh Vincent Biscoe, Political Resident Persian Gulf. Following aerial demonstrations by Rangoon flying boats Shaikh Ali accepted the customs post and agreed to meet the Sultan on board the Sultan's vessel. The Senior Naval Officer Persian Gulf wrote to Shaikh Ali informing him that as he had accepted the customs post the bombardment would not take place.Includes aerial photos (ff 128D-128P) of Jaalan and Khor Janaba which were made in preparation for a possible punitive bombing raid. Also includes a sketch map of Khor Janaba and an enclosure with a 'Sheikhly family of Bani Bu Ali.Correspondents include H.V. Biscoe, Political Resident Persian Gulf; Trenchard Craven Fowle, Political Agent Muscat; Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt, Air Headquarters, Iraq Command, Hinaidi; Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf; Eion Pelly Donaldson, India Office, London; Christopher Llewellyn Bulloch, Air Ministry, London; No. 203 (Flying Boat) Squadron; Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty; Saiyid Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Shaikh Ali bin Abdullah bin Hammudah; Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, Simla.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system in use is the sequence of numbers in the top right hand corner of each folio including the covers.
15. 'Mesopotamia. Causes of unrest. Report No. II'
- Description:
- Abstract: This undated printed memorandum, marked 'Very Secret', is the second part of a preliminary report by Major Norman Napier Evelyn Bray, Special Intelligence Officer attached to the Political Department, India Office. This part focuses primarily on the role of Bolsehvist policy in regards to the Iraqi revolt. The report is divided into the following sections: 'Soviet Union', 'Germany', 'Union of C.U.P. [Committee of Union and Progress, i.e. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti] Turkish Nationalists and Arabs and Formation of Asiatic Islamic Federation', 'Bolshevik Negotiations', and 'Appreciation of the Situation', which includes notes on Bolshevist policy with regards to Afghanistan, Persia, Anatolia, Armenia and Mesopotamia. A 'Chart illustrating German-Bolshevic-Asiatic Intrigue' appears on folio 141. The first part of the report is 'Mesopotamia. Preliminary Report on Causes of Unrest', IOR/L/PS/18/B348.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this sequence commences at folio 135, and terminates at folio 143, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 7-153; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
16. 'Mesopotamia. Preliminary Report on Causes of Unrest'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed memorandum, marked ’Very Secret', is the first part a preliminary report by Major Norman Napier Evelyn Bray, Special Intelligence Officer attached to the Political Department, India Office, dated 14 September 1920, concerning the causes of the Iraqi revolt against the British in 1920. There are details concerning pro-Turkish, pan-Islamist and nationalist elements in Iraq, as well as external influence from Germany and Bolshevik Russia. The report includes a 'Chart Showing Inter-Connection of the various Intriguing Elements' (folio 129). Marginal references are made to an appendix which is not present. The second part of the report is IOR/L/PS/18/B350.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this sequence commences at folio 126, and terminates at folio 130, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between folios 7-153; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
17. ‘IRAQ COMMAND REPORT APRIL, 1924-NOVEMBER, 1926.’
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume is a report submitted to the British Air Ministry by Air Vice-Marshal John Frederick Andrews Higgins. It consists of a chronological narrative of significant military events in Iraq during his time as Air Officer Commanding, British Forces in Iraq, from April 1924 until November 1926. It is divided by year and by geographical area.The report discusses general military activities undertaken during the period, including the aerial observation of settlements and groups deemed potentially dangerous to the Government, the movements of British and Iraqi troops, and the training of the Iraq Army by British officers.It notably covers the following:Turkish attempts to assert control over the Mosul Vilayet, including ‘infiltration’ of northern Iraq by Turkish personnel, the build-up of troops on the Turkey-Iraq border, and incursions of Turkish cavalry units across the border, which were stopped by British aerial bombardmentBritish planning for the defence of Mosul in the event of a full-scale Turkish invasion, the eventual resolution of the Turkey-Iraq border dispute by the decision of the League of Nations, and a subsequent agreement between Turkey, Iraq, and BritainKurdish resistance to British occupation and the central Iraqi Government, focusing on the continuing anti-British activities of Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji [Maḥmūd Barzanjī], particularly: British ground and aerial attacks on Kurdish villages; a clash between Assyrian levy troops and local Muslim inhabitants at Kirkuk; the suppression of an uprising led by Shaikh Mahmud, including discussions with Riza Khan [Reżā Shāh Pahlavī, Shāh of Iran] about coordination between Iraq and Persia [Iran] against Shaikh Mahmud; British attempts to protect Jaf [Jaff] tribespeople from Shaikh Mahmud’s demands for money during their migration to Persia; and punitive attacks by the British on tribesmen from the Auroman [Hawraman] region for supporting Shaikh MahmudIssues in southern Iraq, primarily involving Akhwan [Ikhwān] raids on nomadic Iraqi herding communities, including: steps taken by the British Government to prevent these raids, such as improved communications in the desert borderlands; aerial bombing of raiding groups; and the detailed mapping of the area to improve the accuracy of British counterattacks against the Ikhwan. The report also mentions the bombing of the house of Shaikh Salim Al Khayun [Sālim al-Khayyūn] in the village of Chubaish [Al-Chibayish], and the Shaikh’s subsequent surrender to Government authoritiesFighting between the forces of ‘Daham, Chief of the Syrian Shammar Jarba’ [Dahhām bin al-Hādī bin al-ʿĀṣī al-Jarbā] and ‘Ajill, Chief of the Iraqi Shammar Jarba’ [‘Ujayl al-Yāwar al-Jarbā], and details the deployment of British armoured cars and aeroplanes to assist Ajill in fighting Daham’s forces.The report contains six appendices:‘Appendix A- Forces in Iraq, April, 1924’‘Appendix B- Note on History of Sheikh Mahmud Prior to April, 1924’‘Appendix C- Composition of Frontier Force under Colonel Commandant H.T. Dobbin, C.B.E., D.S.O., September, 1924’‘Appendix D- Composition of Chapforce under Colonel Commandant J.G. Chaplain, C.B.E., D.S.O.’‘Appendix E- Anti-Akhwan Organisation’‘Appendix F- Reduction of Garrison Following Treaty with Turkey’.Four maps are included in the report. These are catalogued as ‘‘Iraq-Persia Map No. 1’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 32); ‘Map No. 2’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 33); ‘Map No. 3’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 34); and ‘Basra. Map No. 4’ (IOR/L/PS/20/C204, f 35).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 36; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
18. 'Muscat Rising of 1913'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the 1913 uprising of the Ibāḍī imamate and the tribes of the interior of Oman under the leadership of Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, al-Sayyid Fayṣal bin Turkī Āl Bū Sa‘īd, and the subsequent intervention and deployment of British Indian troops of the 2nd Rajput Regiment stationed at Bushire. The correspondence in the file is between Major Percy Zachariah Cox, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and Major Stuart George Knox, Political Agent at Muscat. There are also correspondence with Sayyid Muammad bin Sayyed Saeed [Sayyid Muḥammad bin Sayyid Sa‘īd]; Faysal bin Turki Al Bu Said, Sultan of Muscat; Foreign Department of the Government of India; Foreign Office officials Tehran; Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf; Commander of the Steam Ship Dwarka; Major Smith, Officer Commanding of troops at Reshire; General Officer Commanding, Bombay Brigade; Residency Agent, Sharjah, ‘Abd al-Latif; and Arnold Talbot Wilson, India Office.Physical description: Foliation: The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A second incomplete foliation sequence runs between ff 4-17 and ff 73-296; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence. Foliation errors: 1, 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D; 26 and 26A. Fold out folios: 67 and 246.
19. 'Muscat Rising'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file is a continuation from the previous file concerning the events of the 1913 uprising of the Ibāḍī imamate and the tribes of the interior of Oman under the leadership Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultans of Muscat and Oman, al-Sayyid Fayṣal bin Turkī Āl Bū Sa‘īd and Taymūr bin Fayṣal Āl Bū Sa‘īd, and the subsequent intervention and deployment of British Indian troops of the 2nd Rajput Regiment stationed at Bushire. The correspondence is between Major Percy Zachariah Cox, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf at Bushire, and Major Stuart George Knox, Political Agent at Muscat, and later between Knox as officer on special duty as Resident in the Perisan Gulf, and Liutenant-Colonel Robert Aruthur Edward Benn, Political Agent at Muscat.Subjects included are: the illness of the Sultan (f 2); Muscat Arms Warehouse (ff 12-13, 18-22); the death of Sultan (f 11); succession following the death of the Sultan by his son (ff 16-17, 24, 43-44); funeral of the late Sultan (f 30) blockade of Muscat and the Batinah coast [al-Bāṭinah] (f 23); relations with the French Consul (f 45); Special Diary of the events connected with the Imam’s rising for the period 29 March to 5 April (ff 70-74); movements of the Sultan and the Imam; assistance from Shaikh Hamdan bin Zaid [Ḥamdān bin Zāyid Āl Nahyān] and other Trucial Coast chiefs (ff 120-121).There are also various extracts from Muscat News.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the cover and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A second foliation sequence is also present in the volume between ff. 2-122; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
20. 'Muscat Rising'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence discusses the attacks on Muscat and Mutrah by the tribes of the Omani interior. Correspondence between Robert Benn, Political Agent Muscat, the Foreign Office in London and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf discusses:The immediate context of the situation whereby in 1913 tribal forces from the interior attacked and occupied the coastal towns of Barka and Quaryat [Qurayyāt]. These were bombarded by H.M.S. Foxand Dartmouth.The context of the outbreak of World War I which emboldened the rebels as they thought no ships would be available for defence of Muscat. Reports continued to be received of the determination of Shaikh Hamyar bin Nasir, the Imam's chief Lieutenant, to harrass Matrah of the Bani Battash to attack Muscat.Discussions of troop deployment and development of armed forces by Sultan Taimur bin Faisal [Taymūr bin Fayṣal].Discussion of 'pro-German propaganda'.Timing of Imam's decision to attack on 11th January 1915.Report on the events leading up to the attack with enclosures on casualties and a letter from Shaikh Isa bin Saleh al Harithi to the Sultan of Muscat; sketch map of the attack drawn by Robert Arthur Benn, Political Agent, Muscat, to illustrate the report.Correspondents include Robert Arthur Benn, Political Agent, Muscat; Stuart George Knox, On Special Duty for Political Resident Persian Gulf; Saiyid Hamad bin Hilal [Ḥamad bin Hilāl] ; Shaikh Isa bin Saleh al-Harithi [‘Īsá Bin-Ṣāliḥ al-Ḥārithī]; Sultan of Muscat.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation system in use is the sequence of numbers appearing in a circle in the top right hand corner of each page.
21. 'Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence concerning the uprising of the tribes from the interior of Oman against the Sultan of Muscat [Taymūr bin Fayṣal]. Topics discussed include:A survey of causes and history of rebellion of the Omani tribes under their elected Imam until 1915;The Ibadhi sect of the Omanis.Agreements between the Sultan's government and the Bani Ghafir;The Indian Army garrison at Muscat and Muscat Levy Corps;Co-operation between Indian and Muscat Customs Departments;British ships at Muscat including HMS Britomartand HMS Clio;A report on the situation and requirements at Muscat by Major Lionel Berkely Haworth, October 1917;A statement showing the estimated income of the Sultan of Muscat and his recurrent expenditure together with a statement of his debts, 1917;Proposed meeting at Sib between the Political Agent, Muscat and the sheikhs of Oman.Physical description: Foliation: The main foliation sequence commences at the first cover and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A second foliation sequence is also present between ff 4-269; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
22. 'Dhufar affairs'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence relating to the region of Dhofar and the authority of the Sultan of Muscat over it. The letters are primarily exchanges between the British government in Bombay, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, as well as copies of less frequent letters from Sultan Turki bin Said, Omar bin Saleh, the Naqeeb of Mukalla, and Sayyid Fadhl, the Amir of Dhofar. The subject of the letters concerns the authority of the Sultan in Dhofar, and specifically, British views on how to secure it.Most of the Arabic letters are copies transcribed and signed by Darwish Ahmed working on behalf of the British government. Translations of the Arabic letters are all included in folios immediately preceding or after the letters themselves.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 213; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
23. 'File XXIX/7-A Rising of Oman 1913-1920 Imam’s Rising 1917-1918.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence in the form of letters and reports between British officials and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi. The correspondence is related to the Imam’s rising and the news of his forces besieging the Rustaq region. The file includes reports on the history of the Imamate in Oman, the Hinawi/Ghafiri fraction, the relations between the local Omani leaders and the British authorities in Muscat, and the history of the rising of the Imam against the Sultan. In one of his reports, the Political Agent, Muscat provides statements showing the estimated income of the Sultan of Muscat and his debts.The file includes correspondence related to the arrangement of a meeting between Shaikh Isa bin Saleh al-Harthi and the Political Agent, Muscat to negotiate settling the issue between the Imam and the Sultan. It also includes correspondence regarding the situation and requirements at Muscat, the question of whether the British Government should employ Baluch or Arabs in the Sultan troops, and the news of the possible attack of the Imam and his followers on Buraimi.Among other correspondents in the file are the Political Resident, Bushire, and the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 130; these numbers are written in pencil and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
24. ‘File XXIX/1 RISING OF IMAM OF NIZWA MAY 1913’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence in the form of reports, news extracts, mainly from Muscat News, and a considerable number of translated letters of notable local Omani shaikhs and members of al-Bu Sa‘id ruling family. The correspondence is mainly concerned with the rising of the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi against the Sultan of Oman, Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi in 1913, with the cause being the supposed leaning of the Sultan to foreign governments. The Political Agent, Muscat, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire, as well as the Sultan of Oman, all raised concerns regarding the threat of attacks on Muscat and Mutrah by the 'rebels'. The Political Resident requested that the Sultan of Muscat issue a notification to the Omani shaikhs not to attack these towns. The Sultan then issued a warning similar to the one which was issued during the rising of the previous Imam in 1895.Among other issues discussed in the volume are:the present situation in various regions including Sama’il, Nizwa, and othersthe possible attacks by Shaikh ‘Isa bin Salih al-Harthi and his followers on British subjects in the areas under the Sultan’s controla report (ff 70-73) on the history of the rising of the Imam of Tanuf brought up to 31 July 1913the fall of Nizwa, Izki, Bidbid and Sama’il into the hands of the Imam of Omanthe British assistance to the Sultan by sending troops of 250 men to protect Muscat and Matrahnews of the Imam of Oman collecting zakat (alms) money and pulling tobacco plants from various regions in Omannews that the Imam had been discredited and his followers were quarrelling among themselvesthe death of the Sultan of Oman on 4 October 1913, and the succession of his son Taimur bin Fayṣal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idiAmong other correspondents in the volume are the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, the Imam of Oman, Salim bin Rashid al-Kharusi and the Sultan of Oman, Faisal bin Turki al-Bu Sa‘idi.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 181; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.Pagination: the file also contains a printed and handwritten pagination sequence.