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13. 'Memorandum by Mr Bertie on Questions with the Porte in the Persian Gulf, August 1892 to October 1893.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The memorandum, written by Francis Leveson Bertie of the Foreign Office, 15 October 1893, discusses questions relating to the Guttur or El-Katr [Qatar] following rumours that the Ottoman Government intended to separate England from the Sheikhs on the Arabian Coastline of the Persian Gulf that had signed treaty agreements with the British Government.The questions discussed include:the actions of Jasim bin Muhammad bin Thani, Kaïmakan (Shaikh of Qatar) in opposing the authority of the Vali of Bussorah [Basra];the Porte's (Government of the Ottoman Empire) desire to punish the Shaikh, and the British Resident in the Persian Gulf (Colonel Adelbert Cecil Talbot)'s desire to mediate between the two parties which the Porte objected too;attempts by the Vali of Bussorah to bring about a conflict with Shaikh Jasim and Colonel Talbot's recommendation that the El Katr Chief's be reinstated on an independent footing and the 1868 treaty be renewed.Also referred to in the memorandum are:A complaint made by the Porte of the intervention of British Consular authorities in matters concerning the inhabitants of Bahrein [Bahrain], and a reminder to the Porte that Bahrein was under British protection;Work undertaken by Ottoman Engineers to build three military guard posts at Fao [Al Fāw], which were considered to be a potential threat to British commerce on the Shat-el-Arab [Shaţţ al ‘Arab].Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 101, and terminates at folio 102, since it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in the top right-hand corner of the recto of each folio. These numbers are written in pencil, but are not circled.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
14. 'HISTORICAL MEMORANDUM ON BAHREIN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: A memorandum by John Gilbert Laithwaite, India Office, describing the history of Bahrein [Bahrain] with a focus on the political status of the islands at various periods; the claims to sovereignty over them put forward by Persia at various dates since 1783; and the correspondence and discussions which have taken place in connection with such claims.The memorandum begins with a brief description of the geography of Bahrain and continues with a series of summaries of historical events between the years 1783 and 1934. The summaries provide accounts of, inter alia, British punitive expeditions in 1868 and 1869, details of Exclusive Agreements signed by the Government of Bahrain and the British Government in 1880 and 1892, and the Anglo-Turkish Convention of 1913. A conclusion provides a summary of assertions of sovereignty over Bahrain, a review of the basis of Persian claims, and the attitude of the British Government between 1820 and 1934.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 25; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
15. 'Memorandum on the separate claims of Turkey and Persia to sovereignty over the island of Bahrein.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum prepared by Edward Hertslet, Foreign Office Librarian, on 23 March 1874 (printed by the Foreign Office 25 March 1874). The document gives a historical overview (from 1506 to 1874) of claims on the islands of Bahrain (referred to as Bahrein throughout), with particular focus on those of the Ottoman Turks and the Persians.Hertslet quotes extensively from his sources, notes on which appear in the left-hand margin throughout.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence commences at the first folio and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the booklet also contains an original typed pagination sequence.
16. 'Memorandum on the Turkish claim to sovereignty over the eastern shores of the Red Sea and the whole of Arabia; and on the Egyptian claim to the whole of the western shore of the same sea, including the African coast from Suez to Cape Guardafui.'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum prepared by Edward Hertlset, Foreign Office Librarian, on 5 March 1874 (printed by the Foreign Office 10 March 1874). The document gives a historical overview (from 1517 to 1874) of claims on the Red Sea coast, with particular focus on those of the Ottoman Turks and the Egyptians. It discusses attempts by the French, Italians and Americans to gain a foothold in the region. It ends with a summary of things as they stand, with political and commercial considerations, as well as those of the slave trade.Hertslet quotes extensively from his sources, notes on which appear in the left-hand margin.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence commences at the first folio and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A second foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 1-34; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The booklet also contains an original typed pagination sequence.
17. 'Memorandum on Sheikh Said'
- Description:
- Abstract: The memorandum was created based on the re-awakened interest on the part of the French for Sheikh Said [Shēk Seyd], and is a collection of information held in the Political and Secret Department of the India Office relating to the territory. It Includes a summary of: the acquisition of Sheikh Said by a French company; Turkish claims to sovereignty; the importance of Sheikh Said's location in terms of Perim [Jazīrat Mayyūn]; the extent of French occupation; and the erection of a Turkish fort at Torbeah.The file contains two extracts in French.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 55, and terminates at f 57, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 55-57; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
18. 'Question of issue of Persian passports or travelling passes (Ilm-o-khabar) to subjects of Bahrein, 1910-1922'
- Description:
- Abstract: Memorandum by John Gilbert Laithwaite, of the India Office, on the rules governing travel documents for Persians and Bahrainis travelling in the Persian Gulf. The document gives a brief historical overview on what procedures have been followed by the British and Persian governments since 1910. It discusses the issuing of passports and travel passes (Ilm-o-Khabar) for Bahraini merchants in Persia, Bahrain, and Mohammerah [Khorramshahr], with recommendations for preventing Persia from imposing sovereignty over Bahrain.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence commences at the first folio and terminates at the last folio; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
19. 'Persian Gulf précis. (Parts I and II)'
- Description:
- Abstract: A printed précis of correspondence on various Persian Gulf subjects, prepared for the Foreign Department of the Government of India, Simla, in July 1911 (Part I) and July 1913 (Part II). The document is divided into two parts. Most subjects relate to Turkish claims to sovereignty in the region, including the presence of Turkish garrisons, and were chosen and prepared because of the negotiations between the British and Turkish authorities connected to the Baghdad Railway plans.Part I (folios 2-35) covers various subjects and is organised into eleven chapters, each devoted to a different topic or geographical area, as follows: Chapter I, British interests in the Persian Gulf, Extent of Arabian littoral; Chapter II, Extent of Hasa and Katif [Qatif], Claims of the Turks to the whole of Eastern Arabia, Extent to which Turkish claims on the Arabian littoral are recognised by His Majesty's government, Proposed arrangement with the Turkish Government defining their sphere of influence on the Arabian littoral; Chapter III, Turkish occupation of El Bida [Doha], Extent of the Katar [Qatar] Peninsula; Chapter IV, Turkish designs on Katar, Policy of His Majesty's Government; Chapter V, Trucial Chiefs (Pirate Coast); Chapter VI, Maskat [Muscat] and Gwadar; Chapter VII, Kuwait; Chapter VIII, Um Kasr [Umm Qasr], Bubiyan and Warba; Chapter IX, Bahrain, Zakhnuniyeh [Zahnūnīyah] and Mohammerah [Korramshahr]; Chapter X, Proposed British action consequent on Turkish aggression; Chapter XI, Pearl fisheries. There are three appendices containing further correspondence relating to the main text.Part II (folios 36-60) relates entirely to the Baghdad Railway and the negotiations between the British and Ottoman authorities that the proposal of the railway initiated. The negotiations covered several matters, including: the political statuses of Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar; the location of the railway's terminus; the ownership of the railway; and the creation of a commission for the improvement of navigation in the Chatt-el-Arab [Shaṭṭ al-‘Arab]. It opens with an introduction of the related issues (folios 37-41) followed by the relative correspondence (folios 42-53). It ends with the draft agreements (folios 53-60) - never ratified - drawn up by the two powers.Physical description: Foliation: the sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.Condition: folios 59 and 60 have both been torn in two corners, resulting in the loss of some text.
20. 'File 4/13 II Zubarah'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence regarding tensions between Qatar and Bahrain over the ownership of Zubarah and related clashes that took place between the forces of Qatar and members of the Al Naim tribe (allied to the Al Khalifa, the ruling family of Bahrain).Much of the correspondence relates to British-mediated negotiations and as such, it consists of letters (in Arabic and English translation) between Tom Hickinbotham, Britain's Political Agent in Bahrain, and the rulers of Qatar and Bahrain, Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī and Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah, respectively. The file also contains correspondence between Hickinbotham, Shaikh Rashīd bin Muḥammad, Chief of the Al Naim tribe and Charles Belgrave, the Adviser to the Government of Bahrain.The file contains copies of British Government correspondence from 1874-1876 when similar tensions had arisen between Qatar and Bahrain over Zubarah (ff 178-197) and also includes a series of 12 black and white, aerial photographs of Qatar, mainly of Zubarah (ff 251-263).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional incomplete foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 219-234; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
21. 'File 4/13 Zubarah 3'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence regarding tensions between Qatar and Bahrain over the contested ownership of Zubarah on the Qatari peninsula, as well as other issues concerning Qatar-Bahrain relations more broadly.This correspondence includes original copies of letters (in Arabic) from Shaikh Abdullah bin Qasim Al Thani [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī], the ruler of Qatar, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa [Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah], the ruler of Bahrain and his successor, Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa [Shaikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah]. These letters are primarily to Hugh Weightman, the British Political Agent in Bahrain and Charles Belgrave, Adviser to the Bahrain Government. They are accompanied by translations in English.The file contains two English translations of Arabic-language press articles related to the Zubarah issue:'Zubarah Problem' - published in Rabitat Al Arabiehin Cairo on 21st July, 1937 (ff 37-40);'Is This True?' - published in Um-ul-Qorain Mecca on 23rd July, 1937 (f 46).The file also contains a British Government memorandum entitled 'Note on History of Zubara and Claims of Shaikh of Bahrein to Zubara' that is followed by a simple map of the Persian Gulf (ff 132-134).Physical description: Foliation: The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
22. 'File 4/13 Annexe Zubarah. Misc: Papers, Personal Correspondence, Shaikh Hamad's Visit, ETC.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence concerning a request made by Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī, the ruler of Qatar, to allow his son, ‘Alī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Thānī, to enter Bahrain in order to be admitted in to the American Mission Hospital for medical treatment.This request - to which Shaikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah, the ruler of Bahrain objected - came in the context of tensions between Qatar and Bahrain over ownership of Zubarah situated on the Qatari peninsula.The file contains a number of letters in Arabic sent from Shaikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah, to Tom Hickinbotham, Britain's Political Agent in Bahrain.The file also contains a copy of an agreement from 24 June 1944 signed by Shaikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah of Bahrain and Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī of Qatar in order to restore friendly relations between the two states (folio 28).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An addition foliation sequence is also present between ff 4-44; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
23. 'File 4/13 I Zubarah'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence regarding a dispute that broke out between Qatar and Bahrain over the ownership of Zubarah on the Qatari peninsula. The hostilities began after the ruler of Qatar, Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī, attempted to impose taxation on members of the Al Naim tribe who were resident in Zubarah but proclaimed allegiance to the Āl Khalīfah family.The correspondence (in English and Arabic) is primarily between British officials (Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, Percy Gordon Loch and Political Agent in Bahrain, Tom Hickinbotham) and the rulers of Bahrain and Qatar, Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī and Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah, respectively. The file also contains correspondence between Charles Belgrave, Adviser to the Government of Bahrain and Hickinbotham.The file contains three black and white aerial photographs of Zubarah (ff 80-81).On folios 82-92 the file contains a report written by Hickinbotham entitled 'Zubarah incident' that contains a summary of relevant events and recommendations for British Policy on the issue.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 7-323; these numbers are also written in pencil, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence, but they are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
24. ‘File 22/14 Tunb and Abu Musa Islands’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises correspondence relating to Sharjah’s sovereignty over the islands of Abu Musa [Abū Mūsá] and Tunb, chiefly in response to a Persian challenge to this sovereignty over Abu Musa. The principal correspondents in the file are the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel William Rupert Hay); British Embassy representatives at Tehran; and representatives of the British Navy, including the Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf, and Captain Richard Courage of HMS Flamingo.The file contains:correspondence relating to reports of the visit of a Persian warship at Abu Musa in February 1951, including: initial reports of the intention of Persian officials to visit Abu Musa to take a census of the population and distribute identity cards (f 36); British arrangements to send a vessel to investigate the claims, including discussion of whether the Ruler of Sharjah should accompany them; a report by Captain Richard Courage of HMS Flamingoof his visit to Abu Musa in March 1951, with notes on red oxide mining operations on the island, ownership of the island, the visit of a Persian warship on 25 February 1951, and details of a conversation held between a Persian officer and a shopkeeper on the island (ff 15-17); the Political Resident’s recommendation that the new ruler of Sharjah should visit Abu Musa more frequently;correspondence between the Political Agent at Bahrain (William Scott Laver) and the Political Resident, November 1951, relating to efforts to trace papers on the history of the ownership of Tunb island in the Residency archives. A copy of a note on the ownership of Tunb, undated, is also included (ff 5-6).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 37; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-36; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence.