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25. ‘Expedition of the Imaum of Muscat against Sevee, and His Highness' right to Bahrain’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-7 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 28 February 1845. The enclosures are dated 1 October 1844-28 February 1845.The enclosures consist of correspondence relating to a claim by the Imam of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘id bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd] to historic rights to possession of Bahrein [Bahrain]. The Imam’s expedition against Sevee [Sofala] is only mentioned briefly.The correspondents are the Political Agent and Consul, Zanzibar, and the Government of Bombay [Mumbai].Physical description: 1 item (34 folios)
26. 'Confidential 86/14-ii B.47 PETROLEUM CONCESSIONS LTD. BAHRAIN'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises correspondence between the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Trenchard C Fowle, Percy G Loch, Olaf K Caroe, Hugh Weightman), the Political Agent at Bahrain (Percy G Loch, Hugh Weightman, Tom Hickinbotham, John B Howes), the India Office (Maurice J Clauson, Roland T Peel, John C Walton, John P Gibson), the Shaikh of Bahrain (Shaikh Ḥamad bin ‘Īsá Āl Khalīfah), the Adviser to the Government of Bahrain (Charles D Belgrave), Petroleum Concessions Limited (John Skliros, Stephen H Longrigg, Frank Holmes, Ernest V Packer) and the Bahrain Petroleum Company (Hamilton R Ballantyne, Edward A Skinner) regarding negotiations for a concession in the unalloted area of Bahrain which would include Bahrain's territorial islands and the Hawar Group of Islands.The correspondence centres on the Shaikh of Bahrain’s decision to postpone negotiations for one year until May 1938 in order to concentrate on the resolution of his ownership claim to Zubarah [Az Zubārah] which was being contested by the Shaikh of Qatar (Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī). Later correspondence relates to the Shaikh’s decision to split the unalloted area into two concessions with the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) being granted the remaining area on the main island and some territorial waters including Sitrah Island; and Petroleum Concessions Limited (PCL) being granted the Hawar Group of Islands and a number of other territorial islands and waters along with an allocated site at Muharraq for use in constructing a refinery and storage areas.Also included is continued discussion around the question of ownership of the Hawar Islands and Fasht Dibal [Fasht ad Dībal]. The India Office concluded that their evidence supported the Shaikh of Bahrain’s claim to the islands and that therefore responsibility for disputing the claim lay with any other potential claimants. The question under discussion however was whether to make the Shaikh of Qatar, as the other potential claimant, aware of their conclusions.Other matters discussed in the volume include:the question of oil rights to Zubarah, which had been granted under the Qatar Oil Concession, and the assurance given by the Shaikh of Bahrain to His Majesty’s Government that should his claim of ownership to Zubarah be recognised it would not affect the Qatar Oil Company’s work in that area;notes on a meeting at the India Office with Hamilton R Ballantyne, a representative of the Standard Oil Company of California who were interested in oil concessions on the Trucial Coast as well as the unalloted area of Bahrain.discussion regarding Major Frank Holmes’ actions during his work for PCL in 1936/1937 on the Trucial Coast and the Political Resident’s wish to prevent him from travelling to Bahrain or the Trucial Coast in order to prevent further potential confusion and intrigue. Also reported on is a conversation between the Political Agent at Kuwait and Major Holmes at which Holmes' vision for oil concessions to drill under the pearl banks between Bahrain and Qatar is revealed.A series of file notes which were maintained as a record of the correspondence in the volume can be found at folios 193-200.The correspondence with the Shaikh of Bahrain and various draft concession documents are in English and Arabic.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the back cover with 205; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 6-192; these numbers are written in pencil and red crayon, are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
27. ‘Affairs of Afghanistan’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-161 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of India, dated 20 August 1841. The enclosures are dated 5 June-20 August 1841, and contain for reference material dated 5 September 1840-4 June 1841.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to the First Anglo-Afghan War and other events in Afghanistan, including:A peace treaty between the Wali of Khooloom [Kholm] and the King of Bokhara [Bukhara], including the territory of Balkh being returned to BokharaA mission to Turkestan by Captain Arthur ConollyContinued Persian [Iranian] claims over Herat, and British considerations for how to prevent another attempt by Persia [Iran] to invade HeratWithdrawal of the Herat Mission and arrangements for the redeployment of its membersBuilding works on fortifications at Cabool [Kabul], Candahar [Kandahar], Kelat-i-Ghilzye [Qalat-e Gilzay] and elsewhereA rebellion at Ghirishk [Grishk] by Akhtar Khan [Akhtar Khān ‘Alīzī, Chief of Zamindawar].The enclosures include a map of a proposed site for new public buildings at Candahar (f 97) and plans for new Indian Army barracks at Candahar (f 97v) and Cabool (f 316).The primary correspondents are: the British Envoy and Minister, Cabool; the Political Agent, Candahar; Yar Mahomed Khan [Yār Muḥammad Khān ‘Alī Kūzāy], Vuzeer [Vizier] of Herat; the Government of India; and various Indian Army officers.Physical description: 1 item (395 folios)
28. ‘Affairs of the Bagdad Pachalie’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosures no. 2-3 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Bombay Castle, dated 7 February 1852. The enclosures are dated 9 October-2 December 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in and around Bagdad [Baghdad], particularly a power struggle in Sook-is-Shiookh [Suq al-Shuyukh, also written as Sak-es-Shiookh in the item] between Sheikh Mansoor [Shaikh Manṣūr bin Rāshid al-Muntafiq] and Faris bin Ajeeb [Shaikh Fāris bin ‘Ujail al-Muntafiq]. Other topics covered include:Reports that pilgrim caravans are being attacked and pillaged by members of the Anizeh [Anazzah] tribeThe need for repairs to the flood protections around BagdadThe capture of seven tribal chiefs who had rebelled against Ottoman controlThe removal of Wejehi Pasha [Muḥammad Wajīh Pāshā] as Governor of Bagdad (incorrectly referred to as Governor of Bussorah [Basra] in the item), and the appointment of Namik Pasha [Muḥammad Amīn Nāmiq Pāshā].The primary correspondents are: the Political Agent, Turkish Arabia; the Political Agent, Bussorah; and the Ottoman Director of Political Affairs in Bagdad.Physical description: 1 item (13 folios)
29. ‘Affairs of the Persian Gulf vol 1’
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of political letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The enclosures to these letters are contained in the subsequent items. It is the first in a series of seven items on affairs of the Persian Gulf (the others are IOR/F/4/2077/95830, 95831, 95832, 95833, 95834, and 95835).The item concerns:Disturbances at Shiraz caused by an attempt to oust the current Governor of Fars, Ameer Mirza Nubbee Khan [Amīr Dīvān Mīrzā Nabī Khān Qazwīnī]A complaint by the Imam of Muscat [Sayyid Sa'īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa'īd] that his vessels were paying higher duty at Mauritius than previouslyReports of vessels from Bombay and Cutch [Kachchh] trading under British colours without the appropriate passesThe military success of Ameer Fysul [Amīr Fayṣal bin Turkī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Sa‘ūd] and possible British reactions to thisThe aborted Persian attack against Bunder Abbas [Bandar-e ʻAbbas]Disputes over customs duties at Bunder AbbasA complaint by Josiah Row Chowdry [Josiah Rao Chaudhari] against the British merchant brig Mary Alicethat he was owed wages by the ship’s masterA violent dispute between the Joasmees [Qāsimīs, i.e. al-Qawāsim] and subjects of Debaye [Dubai]The murder of Beebee Aseeloo [Bibi ‘Asilu], widow of the late Native Agent at MuscatThe English burial ground at Karrack [Jazireh-ye Khark]The item contains a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Collection 8, Draft 78, P.C. [Previous Communication] 4624, [Season 18]45’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 125 and terminates at f 156, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence
30. ‘Affairs of Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-22 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay, dated 28 September 1844. The enclosures are dated 9 August-28 September 1844.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden including:Reports that an army led by the Imam of Sana [Sana’a] is marching in the direction of Aden and has reached as far as Kattobah [Qa’tabah], but has been forced to return to Sana by news of ‘disturbances’Defensive measures taken at Aden in case the Imam had hostile intentions towards itReported disturbances in the Hedjaz [Hejaz] due to the cessation of Ottoman payments to various tribal chiefs, and concerns of an adverse effect on British trade at Judda [Jeddah]A complaint by Moolla Jaffer bin Moolla Abool [Mullā Ja’far bin Mullā Abūl] that he was recalled to Bombay [Mumbai] from his position as Native Assistant and Interpreter at the Political Agency, Aden, while sick and without opportunity to settle his personal affairsA visit by Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, on his return journey to England after having served as Governor-General of India.The primary correspondents are: the Political Agent, Aden; Lieutenant-Colonel William Croker, commanding the troops at Aden; the Imam of Sana; Moolla Jaffer; and the Government of India.Physical description: 1 item (55 folios)
31. ‘Affairs at Aden’
- Description:
- Abstract: Enclosure nos. 2-6 to a despatch from the Secret Department, Government of Bombay [Mumbai], dated 3 February 1852. The enclosures are dated 12-27 January 1852.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in Aden, particularly the arrival from Berbera of the East India Company ship Mahiwith reports of an attack by the Hebrowul [Habr Awwal] tribe on a fort belonging to Shumarkhi [Ḥājjī Sharmārkī ‘Alī Ṣāliḥ], former Governor of Berbera, and that his followers were allowed to evacuate unharmed. The item also mentions the gift of a horse received by the Political Agent, Aden, from Ali M Houssain [‘Alī I bin Muḥsin al-‘Abdalī], Sultan of Lahidge [Lahej].The primary correspondents are the Political Agent and the Commander of the Mahi.Physical description: 1 item (10 folios)
32. 'Memorandum on Bahrein'
- Description:
- Abstract: This printed memorandum, produced by the Foreign Office, dated 13 Jan 1947, deals with the history of Bahrein [Bahrain] from the point of view of the political status of the islands at various periods and dates since 1783, and contains copies of related correspondence and discussions. The principal authorities quoted in the memorandum are listed on folio 1v and appear as references in the right or left hand margin. The memorandum includes an index on folio 1r and a list of appendices on folio 1v. The index contains the the following sections:Geographical situation;Bahrein priot to 1783;1783-1820;1820-30;1830-40;1840-50;1850-61;1861-67;Discussion and Incidents, 1868-70;1870-80;1880-92. From the conclusion of the First to the conclusion of the Second Exclusive Agreement with Her Majesty's Government;1892-1913. From the Second Exclusive Agreement to the Anglo-Turkish Convention of 1913;1913-34;Summary (A. Claims to or assertions of soverignty over Bahrein, 1783 to 1934. B. Basis of the Persian claim. C. Attitude of His Majesty's Government, 1820-1934);Reference to Law Officers of the Crown;Independent Status of Bahrein;1934-46 (Establishment of Naval Base at Bahrein; Persian Government's refusal to recognise visas and endoresments of Bahrein; Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the Saudi Arabian Government regarding Transit Dues at Bahrein; The Liabilities of His Majesty's Government in the Persian Gulf; Treatment of Bahreinis in Persia; Bahrein Nationality and Property Laws; Treatment of Persians in Bahrein; Postal Services between Persian and Bahrein; Persian Government decree regarding import of Petroleum Products from Bahrein; Remarks of the Persian Prime Minister to the United States Ambassador; Recent references to Bahrein in the Persian Press).The memorandum is marked 'Confidential' and 'The Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government'.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
33. ‘File 21/1 I Zubarah’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises correspondence concerning the ongoing dispute between the Rulers of Bahrain and Qatar over the sovereignty of Zubarah and the surrounding area on the Qatar Peninsula. The principal correspondents in the file are: the Political Agent at Bahrain (Cornelius James Pelly; Lieutenant-Colonel Arnold Crawshaw Galloway), the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel William Rupert Hay), the Ruler of Bahrain (Sheikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah), and the Ruler of Qatar (Sheikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī).The volume includes:an initial exchange of letters between the Political Agent and the Rulers of Bahrain and Qatar, between February and July 1945, relating to the Ruler of Bahrain’s complaints that some of his subjects had gone to a place called Bruk on the Qatar Peninsula (near Zubarah) to collect wood, and had been harassed by men associated with the Ruler of Qatar (ff 2-41). Underlying the dispute are the differing interpretations of the two Rulers to the agreement, signed by them in June 1944, to restore friendly relations between the states of Bahrain and Qatar, and to restore conditions at Zubarah to what they had been prior to 1936;correspondence between the Political Agent and Political Resident, relating to Bahrain-Qatar relations and the 1944 agreement, including: comment on the vagaries of the 1944 agreement (ff 61-63); the difficulties encountered in the handing over of the role of Political Agent from one individual to another; the historical context of Bahrain-Qatar relations, including a note, prepared by the Political Agent (Galloway) on the history of Zubarah, up to the present day (ff 100-107); discussion over the possibility of requesting the Ruler of Qatar to demolish his fort at Zubarah;ongoing correspondence amid a stalemate in the disagreement over Zubarah, including: the imposition by the Qatar Customs Officer of export duties on limestone shipped from Qatar to Bahrain (ff 50-54); the Ruler of Bahrain’s agreement that the Al Bu Rumaih tribe be allowed to emigrate from Bahrain to Qatar (ff 95-96); the dispatch of a deputation to Zubarah by the Ruler of Qatar; continued letters, some enclosing petitions, from the Ruler of Bahrain, making his historical claim to Zubarah (ff 125-138);correspondence relating to an incident in early 1947, in which an individual from the Al Bu Rumaih tribe, on returning to Qatar, was arrested and imprisoned by the Ruler of Bahrain (ff 167-204). An attempt by the Assistant Political Agent (Captain Hugh Dunstan Rance) to intervene in the matter in the Political Agent’s absence, provoked a strong complaint from the Ruler of Bahrain, which in turn brought a rebuke from the Political Agent (Pelly) on his return. In correspondence exchanged with the Political Resident in the wake of the incident, Pelly suggests that Arab rulers, including the Ruler of Bahrain, are beginning to challenge British orders, in light of Britain’s ‘recessive’ policy in Egypt and India (ff 203-204).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the back cover with 235; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 4-213; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence.Pagination: the file notes at the back (ff 214-232) have been paginated using pencil.
34. 'File 39/24 Seabed concession, Qatar'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file contains correspondence, mostly in English and Arabic, between the Ruler of Qatar, Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī (from August 1949 Shaikh ‘Alī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Thānī); the Ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh Salmān bin Ḥamad Āl Khalīfah; the Adviser to the Government of Bahrain and the Political Agent at Bahrain; regarding the jurisdiction over the seabed adjacent to the coastline, for the purpose of oil drilling offshore. The papers include a dispute between the Ruler of Qatar and Petroleum Development Qatar Ltd on the interpretation of the oil concession with regard to the Qatar coastal waters and Decision of Arbitrators (folios 13-19).The file also contains correspondence with the Ruler of Qatar and Superior Oil Company, concerning the Company’s request for permission to drill in the shoals represented on folio 41, and considering claims of the Ruler of Bahrain over the same shoals.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the back cover with 52; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional incomplete foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 2-51; these numbers are written in a combination of pencil and ink, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence.
35. 'File 8/61 Muscat State Affairs: Fujerah'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the claim of the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] to Fujairah (transliterations vary throughout). The correspondence begins with the reported death of Shaikh Saif bin Hamad ash-Sharqi [Shaikh Saif bin Ḥamad Āl Sharqī], Ruler of Fujairah, on 24 December 1938. The rest of the file concerns the Sultan's claim that the Shaikh of Fujairah is a subject of Muscat.In the file the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat reports that he has received from the Sultan a passport – given by the Muscat Government to Shaikh Saif bin Hamad's brother and successor, Muhammad bin Hamad – so that the Political Agent may grant a visa for Muhammad bin Hamad's passage to Bahrain. The remaining correspondence is concerned with how the Political Agent should respond, since it is suspected that the granting of a visa would amount to the British recognising the Sultan's claim.The principal correspondents are the following: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman.The Arabic language material consists of a letter received by the Political Agent from the Sultan of Muscat and Oman (an English translation is included).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 20; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-18; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
36. 'File 8/64 I Naim Tribe'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns a dispute between the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] and Shaikh Rashid of Ajman [Rāshid bin Ḥumaid Āl Nu‘aymī]. It consists of a letter from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat, and includes an enclosed copy of a letter from the Political Officer at Sharjah, forwarded to the Political Resident by the Political Agent at Bahrain. The correspondence concerns a complaint from the Sultan that Shaikh Rashid has been interfering with tribes in the Sultan's territory. The letters discuss the origins of the dispute, as well as the question of whether the British authorities should interfere in the matter.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 6; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.