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121. ‘File 5/187 I – Proclamation prohibiting slave trade’
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains copies of covering letters sent with copies of the 1873 Slave Trade Proclamation, which was reissued on an annual basis. The letters were sent by Bushire Political Residency staff to a range of British representatives around the Gulf, including the Political Agents (Bahrain, Muscat, Trucial Coast, Consulates), representatives at the region’s telegraph stations (including Jask), and a representative of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company at Ganawah [Bandar Ganaveh]. The volume also contains numerous replies from recipients of the treaty, responding that they have posted or distributed it as requested.The volume also contains two copies of the treaty (folios 93 and 148). The treaty is printed in five languages (English, Arabic, Marathi, Gujarati and Kanarese). In a letter of 1926 to the Political Resident (Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Prideaux), the Political Agent in Kuwait (James More) notes the poor quality of the Arabic translation of the treaty. In response, Prideaux arranges for an improved Arabic translation be sent to him by More, for use on future reprints of the treaty. The revised translation is distributed for the first time in 1929. The two copies of the treaty enclosed reflect the ‘before’ (folio 93) and ‘after’ (folio 148) versions of the Arabic treaty text.Physical description: Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to last folio, with small numbers in the top-right corner of each recto. Folio number 7 is omitted, and that there are some instances where the reverse side of pages are numbered if they are written or printed on.
122. ‘File 22/7 Fujairah’
- Description:
- Abstract: The file comprises correspondence relating to the Sheikh of Fujairah’s [Muḥammad bin Ḥamad Āl Sharqi] desire to enter into a treaty agreement with the British Government, thus putting his territory on a footing similar to those of the other Trucial Coast states. The principal correspondents in the file are: the Political Officer on the Trucial Coast (sometimes referred to as the British Agency at Sharjah: H D Michell; Arthur John Wilton); the Political Agent at Bahrain (Cornelius James Pelly); and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel William Rupert Hay).The file includes: correspondence between the Political Officer on the Trucial Coast and the Political Agent at Bahrain, relating to the Sheikh’s repeated requests for a treaty with and recognition from the British Government (ff 20-22); the Political Resident’s referral of the matter to Geoffrey Warren Furlonge of the Foreign Office in London (f 18), and Furlonge’s reply that the British Government would be willing to conclude an agreement with the Sheikh of Fujairah, provided the Sultan of Muscat was informed out of courtesy (ff 16-17); further correspondence relating to: the Political Officer’s attempt to make contact with the Sheikh of Fujairah, who, it transpires, cannot be reached by sea without ‘a walk through five or six miles through hostile or at least potentially hostile (Kalba) territory’ (f 2), and an offer received by the Sheikh of Fujairah from the Peter Pan Philatelic Company, to set up postal services in his territory (f 5).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 23; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-22; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
123. 'File 1584/1913: Mohammerah-Khoremabad Railway'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains correspondence and various papers relating to the survey and construction of the Mohammerah-Khoremabad Railway between the British Consul General in Mohammerah. the Political Agent in Kuwait, and the Political Resident in Bushire. The majority of the papers address the need to secure safe passage for the survey team carrying out the work for the proposed railway.The file also contains numerous agreements to be signed with tribal elders and chiefs in areas surrounding the proposed railway. The agreements principally consist of stipends and allowances in return for safe passage and conduct.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 175; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
124. 'File 2/4 I TAXATION OF SHAIKH’S DATE GARDENS.'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence related to the date gardens owned by the Shaikh of Kuwait, Aḥmad al-Jābir Āl Ṣabāḥ, and the Shaikh of Mohammerah, Khaz'al al-Ka'bi, in southern Iraq. In particular, the correspondence concerns the Government of Iraq's intention to end the immunity from taxation (on the gardens) that had been granted to the former ruler of Kuwait, Shaikh Mubārak Āl Ṣabāḥ, and the Shaikh of Mohammerah by the British Government in return for their military support against the Ottoman Empire in the First World War. The volume contains letters (ff 16-20), dated November 1914, from the British Resident and Consulate-General, Bushire, Persian Gulf, to both shaikhs in respect to this issue. The volume also contains correspondence between British officials discussing the British Government's obligations to Kuwait and how it should react to the Government of Iraq's plans.The Iraq Government had considered and continues to consider that the exemption from taxation is illegal. This issue was discussed in an extract of an article that appeared in Al-Iraqnewspaper and published in 1927, in which the writer gives the exact amount (12.000 Turkish gold liras per year, or 100.000 in the past 7 years) Iraq was losing annually as a result of the exemption from taxes granted to the two shaikhs.The British officials had direct correspondence with the Council of Ministers, Iraq. They conveyed the British Government’s approval to the Government of Iraq to open up direct negotiations with the Shaikhs of Kuwait and Mohammerah regarding their revenue exemptions. Correspondence between the High Commissioner, Baghdad, and the Government of Iraq were made as early as 1924 in regard to the issue. The correspondence between the British officials includes articles of the Anglo-Iraq Treaties as well as reports prepared by the Law Officer of the Crown, Downing Street (ff 116-123).The volume also contains correspondence between Sayid Hamid Bey Al-Naqib, Basra Deputy to the Ruler of Kuwait, and Shaikh Aḥmad al-Jābir conveying to him the procedures taking place in Iraq regarding his date gardens. Al-Naqib also paid visits to the Shaikh on behalf of the Government of Iraq. The volume also includes statements of the properties of both Shaikhs between the years 1914-1928.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 318; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Additional foliation sequences are present in parallel between ff 4-313; these numbers are also written in pencil but, where circled, are crossed through.
125. 'File 3/4 Relations with Persia'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns Britain's relations with Persia (also referred to as Iran in some of the correspondence). It includes the following:cases of Persian customs authorities reportedly inhibiting (and in some cases preventing altogether) the passage of persons travelling between Persia and Kuwait, allegedly because of the Persian Government's claim that Kuwait is part of Persian territory;a copy of a non-aggression clause, written in 1930 and taken from a draft of a proposed treaty between Britain and Persia;copies of correspondence between the India Office and the Foreign Office regarding whether or not the rulers of Muscat, Bahrain, and Kuwait should cancel their respective existing proclamations that give Persian vessels rights to inspect Arab dhows outside Persian territorial waters;a copy of a draft of Iran's 1942 treaty of alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union;copies of correspondence dating from 1934 between the British Legation, Tehran, and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs [Sir John Simon], regarding Britain's response to the Persian Government's refusal to recognise certain agreements between Britain and the Arab rulers of the Gulf, which give Britain the right to represent the latter in their foreign relations.Other subjects of correspondence include the anticipated revision in (1947) of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's concession of 1933 and the presence of Iranian Airways in Kuwait.The principal correspondents are the following: the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Political Agent, Kuwait; the Secretary of State for India; the British Legation, Tehran; the India Office; the Foreign Office; the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; the Commonwealth Relations Office; the Ruler of Kuwait, Shaikh Ahmad al-Jabir as-Sabah [Shaikh Aḥmad al-Jābir Āl Ṣabāḥ].Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 137; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. Two previous foliation sequences, both of which are written in pencil (the set from ff 1-136 are circled, the set from ff 4-122 are not), have been superseded and therefore crossed out.
126. 'File 8/65 IX RENEWAL of COMMERCIAL TREATY'
- Description:
- Abstract: Continuing on from the previous file (IOR/R/15/6/260), this file relates to the termination and proposed replacement of the 1939 Commercial Treaty between Britain and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.Most of the correspondence concerns the drafting of a new treaty between the two parties (eventually concluded in December 1951 and ratified in May 1952). The file contains a series of letters exchanged between the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat (Major Frederick Charles Leslie Chauncy) and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] regarding the precise wording of the English text of the treaty. The remaining correspondence, which is mostly between the Political Agent and the Foreign Office, concerns proposed amendments to drafts of the treaty. Other related matters of discussion include the following: the question of whether the Sultan will agree to allow the British to retain their 'extra-territorial privileges' in Muscat (i.e. jurisdiction over nationals from other British territories); whether the new treaty should cover consuls and consular functions; the duration of the new treaty, with the Foreign Office preferring a minimum of twelve years; the possibility of prolonging the existing treaty until 31 December 1951.Also included is a draft of the proposed new treaty (ff 93-103). The Arabic language material consists of the aforementioned correspondence between the Political Agent and the Sultan (English translations are included).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 121; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
127. 'File 8/65 X RENEWAL OF COMMERCIAL TREATY'
- Description:
- Abstract: Continuing on from the previous file (IOR/R/15/6/261), this file relates to the conclusion of a new Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Britain and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd].The file features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; officials of the Foreign Office and India Office.Most of the correspondence concerns final amendments to the treaty. Also covered are the following: the extension of the existing treaty (concluded in 1939) until 31 December 1951, to allow time for the completion of its replacement; preparations for the signing of the new treaty in Muscat on 20 December 1951, as well as an exchange of letters (on arrangements relating to jurisdiction); a request in December 1951 from the Government of India for a three-month extension of the 1939 treaty, while preparations are made for its own treaty with the Sultan.In addition to correspondence, the file includes the following: copies of the respective speeches given by the Sultan (in both Arabic and English) and the Political Resident, on the occasion of the signing of the treaty (ff 12-16); signature copies of the new treaty, in English and Arabic (ff 20-31); draft copies of the English text of the treaty (ff 42-48, ff 116-126, and ff 137-151).All of the file's material is dated between 14 October and 21 December 1951, with the exception of a note on folio 11, dated 4 February 1952.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 197; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
128. 'File 8/65 III RENEWAL of COMMERCIAL TREATY MAY 1938 – Feby. 1939'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns the renewal of the 1891 Commercial Treaty between Britain and Muscat. The original treaty was given a term of twelve years, which was extended at regular intervals afterwards, initially for several years at a time and later on an annual basis.The volume covers the period May 1938-February 1939 (abbreviated as 'Feby' on the volume's cover). It documents informal discussions between the two parties regarding the replacement of the treaty; it also includes extensive correspondence discussing amendments, drafts and revised drafts. Also discussed are discrepancies between the English and Arabic texts of the draft treaty, and preparations for the final signature copies of the new treaty.The correspondence largely consists of interdepartmental discussion between officials of the India Office, Foreign Office, the Colonial Office, the Board of Trade, and the Government of India's External Affairs Department. Other correspondents include the Secretary of State for India, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd].In addition to correspondence the volume contains a full draft of the new treaty (ff 11-45) and notes on meetings between British representatives and the Sultan of Muscat and Oman in April 1938, concerning amendments to particular articles (ff 48-60).The Arabic language material consists of several items of correspondence and draft Arabic translations of certain passages from the treaty (English texts appear alongside the Arabic translations).Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 262; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 63-259; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
129. 'File 8/65 IV MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: RENEWAL OF COMMERCIAL TREATY.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the renewal of the 1891 Commercial Treaty between Britain and Muscat. The original treaty was given a term of twelve years, which was extended at regular intervals afterwards, initially for several years at a time and later on an annual basis.The file concerns the replacement of the existing treaty with a new treaty, following a request from the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] that the two parties enter into negotiations to revise the existing treaty. Matters covered include the following: informal discussions with the Sultan regarding the revision of the existing treaty; the Sultan's reported unwillingness to agree to any further renewals of the treaty in its existing form after 11 February 1938; amendments to the initial draft of the new revised treaty, and the preparation of signature copies, in English and Arabic; the signing and ratifying of the new treaty, on 5 and 7 February 1939 respectively; the extension of the provisions of the treaty to certain British territories.The file features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Secretary of State for India; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; officials of the India Office, the Foreign Office, the Dominions Office, the Colonial Office, and the Government of India.In addition to correspondence, the file includes the following: copies of the initial draft of the revised treaty, in English and Arabic (ff 18-53 and ff 54-70 respectively); a signature copy of the draft treaty, in Arabic (ff 100-111); copies of the draft certificate of exchange of ratifications, in English and Arabic (f 177 and ff 179-180).The file's Arabic material consists of the aforementioned copies of the treaty, several items of correspondence, and a transcript of a speech given by the Political Resident on the occasion of the signing of the treaty (English translations are included).Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 246; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 100-241; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
130. 'File 8/65 V MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: RENEWAL OF COMMERCIAL TREATY'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the Commercial Treaty between Britain and Muscat. The original treaty of 1891 was given a term of twelve years, which was extended at regular intervals afterwards, initially for several years at a time and later on an annual basis. In 1939 a replacement treaty was signed between the two parties.The correspondence primarily concerns the effect on the new treaty of the constitutional changes in India, and relations between Muscat and Pakistan under the terms of the treaty. Most of the correspondence discusses whether newly independent India remains a party to the treaty, and whether the new dominion of Pakistan will be required to accede to the treaty.The principal correspondents are the following: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; officials of the India Office (later the Commonwealth Relations Office) and the Foreign Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 24; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
131. 'File 8/65 VI RENEWAL OF COMMERCIAL TREATY 1939'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the renewal of the Commercial Treaty between Britain and Muscat. The original treaty of 1891 was given a term of twelve years, which was extended at regular intervals afterwards, initially for several years at a time and later on an annual basis. In 1939 a replacement treaty was signed between the two parties.The file concerns the impact on the new treaty of the recent constitutional changes in India and Pakistan. The correspondence covers the following: the appointment of consuls by the British Government on behalf of India (as stipulated in the 1939 treaty), and whether this arrangement will continue once India becomes a republic; the question of whether the new dominion of Pakistan automatically remains a party to the treaty; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] intention not to renew the treaty, which is due to expire in February 1951.The file features the following correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the United Kingdom's High Commissioner for India; officials of the Foreign Office and the Government of Pakistan.Included with the correspondence is a copy of an order issued by Governor-General Mountbatten of Burma [Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma] on 14 August 1947 – an agreement regarding the devolution of international rights and obligations upon the dominions of India and PakistanPhysical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 26; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
132. 'File 8/65 VII Renewal of Commercial Treaty 1939.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the termination and possible replacement of the 1939 Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The file documents preparations for the drafting of a new treaty between the two parties (eventually concluded in December 1951 and ratified in May 1952), following the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] notice of termination of the existing treaty in February 1950.Related matters of discussion include the following: the question of whether Britain should seek to enter into a separate consular convention with the Sultanate, in addition to negotiating a new commercial treaty; arrangements for the extension of the 1939 treaty.The file features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Sultan of Muscat and Oman; officials of the Foreign Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 70; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.