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37. 'File 35/86 III A. 74. Muscat Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of correspondence relating to the prolonging of the Muscat Commercial Treaty of 1891 for a further period of one year. The correspondence discusses issues of extra-territoriality; implications for Morocco and British rights; municipal taxes; tariff; taxation of British subjects; prolongation of the Treaty. Also discussed is the withdrawal from the Treaty by Australia, Canada, Irish Free State and South Africa. Correspondents include the Political Resident Persian Gulf; Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr], Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Secretary of State, Foreign Office, London; India Office, London; External Affairs Department, Government of India.Physical description: Foliation: this file has foliation numbers in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio.
38. 'File 35/86 IV Muscat Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and Sa'id bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman signed in 1937 to replace a treaty signed in 1891. The file includes correspondence on municipal tax; prolongation of 1891 treaty; the Sultan's draft with comments by the Major Watts (Political Agent, Muscat) Sir Trenchard Fowle (Political Resident Persian Gulf) and the Government of India. The file includes the signed note by Sa'id bin Taimur and Major Ralph Ponsonby Watts, Political Agent, Muscat.Correspondents include Major Ralph Ponsonby Watts, Political Agent, Muscat; Sa'id bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman; Sir Trenchard Fowle, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Government of India, Sir Aubrey Metcalf, Secretary, External Affairs Department, Government of India.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences on the first folio and terminates on the last folio, and uses pencil numbers in the top right hand corner of the recto of each folio. Circled index numbers in red crayon can also be found throughout the volume.Foliation errors: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 83, 83A, 133, 133A, 135, 135A, 142, 142A, 148, 148A, 149, 149A, 171, 171A, 188, 188A. Folios which fold-out are: 34-35, 39-42, 196.
39. 'File 35/86 V A. 77 Muscat Commercial Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: Correspondence relating to the negotiations in London with the Sultan of Muscat over articles for inclusion in a new treaty 'to replace the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation signed at Muscat on the 19th March, 1891, which terminates on the 11th February, 1939.' The file includes drafts of the articles 1 to 23 with notes in the margin where the Sultan proposed a different wording. Correspondents include the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; India Office, Whitehall; Secretary to the Government of India in the External Affairs Department; and the Colonial Office, London.Physical description: Foliation: This file has foliation numbers that begin on the front cover and end on the back cover.
40. 'File 35/86 VII (A 82) Muscat Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume contains correspondence relating to the signing of a new treaty between Great Britain and the Sultan of Muscat 'to replace the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation signed at Muscat on the 19th March, 1891, which terminates on the 11th February, 1939.' The new treaty consisted of twenty three articles relating to commerce and navigation. Topics discussed in the correspondence include:Signatures and seals (ff 7-12);Implications for South Africa and Government of India (f 130-131);Instruments and certificates of ratification (ff 35-38; 139-146);Speech by Said bin Taimur on signing the treaty (ff 93-97) with reply by the Political Resident Persian GulfThe drafting process (f 13) and translations of technical terms in Arabic and English (f149-150)List of British colonial territories to which the treaty applies in accordance with the provisions of article 19.The volume includes the full text of the final treaty in Arabic and English (folios 41-75) and the ratification by George the Sixth (folios 77-80). Correspondents include Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr], Sultan of Muscat; Trenchard Craven Fowle, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; Senior Naval Officer Persian Gulf; Secretary of State for India, London; Secretary to the Government of India in the External Affairs Department.Physical description: Foliation: The file has circled foliation numbers that begin on the front cover and end on the back cover.
41. 'File 35/86 VIII Muscat Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of an envelope with a sealed document giving full powers to Lt Col Sir Trenchard Craven W Fowle to negotiate a new commercial treaty with Sultan Saiyid Said bin Taimur [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr], Sultan of Muscat and Oman. The document is signed by King George VI and has his royal seal.The envelope is inscribed: 'Full powers to Lieutenant Colonel Sir Trenchard C.W. Fowle, KCIE, CBE, to negotiate with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman and dependencies, in respect of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and also in respect of India.The document bears the Royal Seal and is signed 'George R.I.' The document starts: George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, &C., &C., &C., To all and singular to whom these presents shall come, greeting.'Physical description: 1 volume (5 folios)
42. 'File 5/C Boundary questions: attacks on Ikhwan; dispute between Shaikh Salim and Ibn Sa`ud'
- Description:
- Abstract: The volume comprises telegrams, despatches, correspondence, memoranda, and notes from February 1919 to August 1920, mainly relating to boundary questions between Ibn Sa'ud and the Ruler of Kuwait, Shaikh Salim [Shaikh Sālim al-Mubārak Āl Ṣabāḥ], as well as attacks on the Ikhwan and British relations with Ibn Sa'ud.The volume includes an index (folio 115) to topics and people discussed in the file. The principal correspondents in the volume include: the Political Agent, Kuwait (James Carmichael More); the Political Agent, Bahrain (Harold Richard Patrick Dickson); Ibn Sa'ud; the Ruler of Kuwait; and the Civil Commissioner, Baghdad.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 115; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 5-114; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
43. 'Treaties and Undertakings etc in force between the British Government and the Rulers of Bahrain, 1820-1914'
- Description:
- Abstract: Government of India Foreign and Political Department documents: three identical copies, one (volume three) enclosed in a red cover. Volume two is inscribed 'Received under Foreign and Political Department endorsement 147EA of 22.6.16'. The documents contain transcripts of fifteen treaties and undertakings between the British Government and the Rulers of Bahrain in English and (at the rear of the volumes) in Arabic. In addition to agreements dated by year only, the agreements relate to piracy, the slave trade, arms traffic, observance of treaties, jurisdiction over foreigners, pearl fisheries, post office, wireless telegraphy, and oil. A note at the start of the agreements states that in the event of doubt about the precise interpretation of any portion of the English and Arabic text, the English text was to be considered decisive.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at 1 on the front cover of volume one and terminates at 70 on the back cover of volume three. The foliation runs through all three volumes as a single continuous sequence, split between volume one (ff. 1-23); volume two (ff. 24-46); and volume three (ff. 47-70). These numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and can be found in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio. Each volume also has its own separate printed pagination sequence.
44. 'The British Position in the Persian Gulf'
- Description:
- Abstract: A summary of the British Position in the Persian Gulf detailing the rulership and ownership of the coastal territories and the agreements made between their rulers and Great Britain.The territories and areas described in the summary include:The Trucial Chiefs: Rasel Kheimah [Ras al-Khaimah], Umm al-Kawain [Umm al Qaywayn], Ajman, Shargah [Sharjah], Debai [Dubai], and Abu Dthabi [Abu Dhabi]; includes details of their treaties and agreements with Britain, and the inclusion of El Katr [Qatar] as a Trucial Chief from 1916 onwards.The Persian province of Arabistan, including details of the assurances given to him by both the Persian and British Governments.The Islands of the Gulf, in particular Kishm [Qeshm] and Henjam [Hengām].The coast of Persian Baluchistan, giving details of the overland wires of the Indo-European Telegraph Company that run through the area, and the agreements made for detachments of Indian troops to be stationed at Jask on that coastline.The Arab state of Muscat, detailing the recognition of its independence in 1862 and the British influence over the state.Koweit [Kuwait] including the agreements made with the Shaikh in 1899 and 1907, and the recognition of Kuwait as an independent principality under British protection in November 1914.Bahrein [Bahrain], including the steps taken there to protect British interests.The summary goes on to describe the British position and responsibilities with regards to the waters of the Gulf, including the Indian Marine's commitment against slavery in the nineteenth century; its struggles to prevent Piracy, which led to the establishment of treaty relations with the Arab Chiefs; the surveys of the waters and shorelines undertaken by Naval Officers of the Indian service; the development of British trade and foreign commerce; the protection of pear fisheries; and the maintenance of the submarine cables of the Indo-European Telegraph Company.The summary concludes with a brief description of the strategic importance of the Gulf, particularly in relation to threats to India; the threat to the British position by the Turkish Government in the years leading up to World War One, and the actions taken by the British Government to nullify it; and Great Britain's role as an arbiter and guardian of the Persian Gulf.There are two copies of the summary, the author of which is unknown.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence is circled in pencil, in the top right corner of the recto of both folios.
45. 'The situation in Turkey, 15th March, 1920'
- Description:
- Abstract: The file details the situation in Turkey as of 15 March 1920, and presents the potential consequences, for both the Turks and the Allies, of presenting Turkey with a peace treaty which is too severe. It is Written by the General Staff, War Office. It is broken down into two parts and 4 appendices as follows:'Part I – Information';'Part II – Operations';'Appendix A' – Table of Allied units and strength broken down by nation and location;'Appendix B' – Table of present personnel and equipment of the Armenian army;'Appendix C' – Table of the location of the Turkish army and armaments officially reported by the Turks;'Appendix D' – Report recording the impressions of a British lieutenant-colonel who, during December and January, 1919-20, made a tour of the Turkish side of the Greek Line around Smyrna.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 8; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
46. ‘Relative to certain inaccuracies in the Treaty negotiated with the Imaum of Senna in January 1821 – the stipulation which reduces the duty on imports & exports applied exclusively to English Merchants’
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, memoranda, and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. The principal correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; the Resident at Mocha, Captain Gilbert Hutchinson; and the Imaum of Senna [Imam of San'a, Yemen, al-Mahdī ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad bin ‘Alī].The item concerns the differences between the Arabic and English versions of the Treaty of 15 January 1821, which William Bruce, Resident at Bushire [Būshehr], negotiated with the Imaum of Senna. The differences are:Whether the reduction in customs duty to two and a quarter percent applies only to English merchants (as in the Arabic version) or to all merchants trading under the British flag (as in the English version)In the English version, the dependents of the British Factory are to be under the protection of the Resident (omitted in the Arabic version)In the English version, in the case of a dispute between dependents of the Resident and the Imaum, the Dola [Governor] of Mocha and the Resident are to adjudicate and the offender is to be punished by their own authority (all omitted in the Arabic version).The discussion primarily concerns the second difference, which the British are most eager for the Imaum to agree to. The East India Company Broker’s business transactions with the Americans and the Imaum’s debts owing to him are extensively discussed in this context. The Resident also reports on his visit to Aden with a view to moving the Residency there.The item includes a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Political No. 9, Draft 496, P.C. 154, [Season] 1823/4, Examiner’s Office ‘23’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 28, and terminates at f 201, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence.
47. ‘Captain Hart’s Mission to the Imaum of Muscat. His report, and a Copy of the Treaty concluded between His Highness and the Americans. Arrival of a French Frigate at Zanzibar for the purpose of negociating New Treaties with the Imaum.’
- Description:
- Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence, minutes and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, letters from the governments of Bombay [Mumbai], Madras [Chennai] and Bengal. The item is principally concerned with the news that Syed Syeed bin Sultan [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd], the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat, has signed a Treaty with the United States of America. In particular the item relates to:Discussions by the above governments as to whether the Imaum has broken existing treaties with the British by signing this new treatyThe Imaum's offer to amend or break the treaty with the Americans if the British are displeased, and his offer of a vessel, the Liverpool, to the King of England [King of the United Kingdom] as a presentThe Imaum's 'complaints' that the British take a long time to reply to his correspondence and also do not support him against his enemiesFurther news that a French frigate has arrived at Zanzibar with the object of negotiating new treaties with the Imaum.The item includes a report (folios 34-52) by Captain Henry Hart, commanding HMS Imogene, on his dealings with the Imaum at Zanzibar. The report contains information on the Imaum's power, influence and trade in his dominions and neighbouring territories (notably Madagascar), as well as details of the treaty with the USA.As well as a copy of the treaty with the USA (folios 52-55), the item also includes copies of treaties between the Imaum of Muscat's predecessor, Syeed Sultan [Sayyid Sulṭān bin Ahmad Āl Bū Sa‘īd], and the East India Company signed in 1798 (folios 16-17) and 1800 (folio 18).In addition to numerous secretaries to the above governments, other correspondents include: William Henry Wathen and A N Shaw, successive Persian Secretaries to the Government of Bombay; Vice Admiral Sir John Gore, Naval Commander in Chief; Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, Governor General; Captain Henry Hart, HMS Imogene; and Captain Hanway Plumbridge, HMS Magicienne.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Bombay Political Department’, ‘P.C. [Previous Communication] 1453 Draft 267. 1835.’ and 'Examiner's Office 1835'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 4, and terminates at f 83, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
48. 'Exchange of Ratifications of Captain Cogan's Treaty'
- Description:
- Abstract: This item consists primarily of copies of correspondence cited in, or enclosed with, secret letters from the Government of Bombay. The correspondents are the Government of Bombay and the Resident in the Persian Gulf, Captain Samuel Hennell.The subject of the item is the ratification of the Treaty of Commerce agreed between Captain Robert Cogan and Hassan bin Ebrihim [Ḥasan bin Ibrāhīm] and Alli bin Naser [‘Alī bin Nāṣir] 31 May 1839 in Zanzibar. The treaty was ratified on 22 July 1840 by Hennell and Syed Mahomed bin Syed Shurruf [Sayyid Muḥammad bin Sa’īd Shurruf] on behalf of the Imaum [Imam] of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd]. The item contains a copy of the treaty and certificate of ratification in English and Arabic.The treaty concerns:Rights and privileges of merchants of both countries to enter either countryRights of citizens of both countries to own property in either countryRights of consuls in both countriesProtection of servants of British subjects in the dominions of the ImaumSettling disputes involving British subjectsDisposal of property of subjects of either country who die in the otherTreatment of bankrupt subjects of either country living in the otherPayment of debts owed to subjects of the other countryDuties levied on goods entering ports and limitation of monopoliesRegulations for importing goodsProvisions in case of war between Britain and MuscatHelping vessels in distressThe renewal of the treaty of 1822 to suppress the slave trade.The item contains a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Collection No. 6, Draft 431, P.C. [Previous Communication] 3075, [Season] 1841’ and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 4 and terminates at f 32, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence.