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37. 'File 8/62 III PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES of OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman. The bulk of the file consists of an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (ff 9-33), which provides written summaries of each of the main tribes and tables with further details including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The correspondence, which mainly consists of letters from the Political Agent to the Political Residency in Bahrain, discusses rumours that the Imam of Oman, during a spell of ill health in 1948, recommended his successor to an assembled group of leading tribal chiefs. Also discussed is the Sultan of Muscat and Oman's [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] attempts to obtain the allegiance of the Omani tribal leaders, and his hope of persuading them to discard the Imamate altogether when the present Imam dies.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 35; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
38. 'File 8/62 IV PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES OF OMAN.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file relates to the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman, and also to the Imam of Oman's administration. It largely consists of copies of (and various amendments to) two reports. The first of these is an account by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat entitled 'Notes on the Tribes of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman' (full versions found at folios 11-37 and folios 90-116, the latter of which includes an enclosed map). This account provides written summaries of the main tribes, plus tables with further details, including principal settlements, estimated population, and estimated number of rifles.The second report is entitled 'A Note on the Imam's Administration in the interior of Oman' (ff 3-9 and ff 38-44). It includes details on the extent of the Imam's administration, a list of the tribes that currently support the Imam, and a list of walis appointed by the Imam.The correspondence, most of which is between the Political Agent and the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, mainly concerns details from, and revisions to, the Political Agent's aforementioned account on the tribes of Muscat and Oman.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 139; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence between ff 95-138, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
39. 'File 8/62 MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: PRINCIPAL SHAIKHS & TRIBES OF OMAN'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file consists of a list, sent by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, showing the names of the current shaikhs of the principal tribes of Oman. The list, which contains the names of around seventy individuals, is followed by an extensive index of tribes and sub-tribes in Oman. The page references in the index refer to John Gordon Lorimer's Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 25; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 3-24; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
40. 'File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns relations between the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] and the shaikhs of the Omani tribes. Much of the correspondence discusses the Sultan's ambition to secure the allegiance of the Omani shaikhs and consolidate his authority in the interior of Oman. The correspondence recounts meetings between British representatives and the Sultan, in which the Sultan discusses his intentions to assert control in the Omani interior once the Imam of Oman has died, and requests British assistance in order to do so.In addition, the file contains extensive discussion regarding British policy in relation to the internal affairs of Oman. Matters covered include whether the Sultan should be supplied with arms, ammunition, and RAF assistance, and whether the British should approach the Omani tribes directly, in order to smooth the way for oil exploitation in the interior. Also covered are exchanges of correspondence and meetings between certain Omani shaikhs and the British representatives at Muscat.As well as correspondence, the file contains compiled notes on the principal shaikhs and tribes of Oman (ff 5-9), and notes on the tribes of Buraimi and Trucial Oman (ff 118-135, including details of tribes beyond the limits of Trucial Oman and within the limits of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman), the latter being described by the Political Resident as 'scanty'.The Arabic language material consists of several items of correspondence, of which English translations are included.Physical description: Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 148; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-106; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
41. 'File 8/64 II SULTAN'S RELATIONS WITH HIS TRIBES.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file covers internal politics in and around the Sultanate of Muscat Oman. Much of the correspondence concerns the extent of control (or lack thereof) exercised by the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] in the Omani interior. Related matters of discussion include the following: the evidence for the boundaries claimed by the Sultan along the Rub al Khali, and the question of whether Buraimi [Al Buraymī] forms part of his territory; the Sultan's relations with various tribes based near the Trucial shaikhdoms and his claims of authority over them; the views of Wilfred Patrick Thesiger on the situation in the Omani interior and the risk of parts of it falling under Saudi influence; the course of action to be taken by the British authorities regarding the Sultan and the tribal shaikhs.The file features the following principal correspondents: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; the Political Agent, Bahrain; the Political Officer, Sharjah; officials of the Foreign Office.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 52; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
42. 'File 8/64 III SULTAN'S RELATIONS WITH HIS TRIBES'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file concerns relations between the Sultan of Muscat and Oman [Sa‘īd bin Taymūr Āl Bū Sa‘īd] and the Omani tribes. It includes accounts of meetings between the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant Colonel Sir William Rupert Hay) and the Sultan, discussing the Sultan's efforts to increase his influence among the shaikhs of the Omani tribes.Much of the correspondence discusses future British policy regarding the Trucial states and central Oman. Of particular note is a letter from Geoffrey Warren Furlonge of the Foreign Office's Eastern Department to the Political Resident (ff 30-35), discussing several policy issues, including the following: whether the Trucial shaikhs should be encouraged to extend their authority over those tribes that may be considered as owing them allegiance; whether the British should enter into direct relations with the shaikhs of central Oman; proposals from the Political Resident for the creation of a Council of Trucial Shaikhs and the establishment of a separate Political Agency on the Trucial Coast.Other related matters covered in the correspondence include the following: reports of Omani shaikhs asserting their allegiance to neighbouring states, such as Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia; the issuing of identity certificates by the Political Officer at Sharjah to Omani tribe members, following earlier accounts of tribe members travelling to Saudi Arabia without certificates and being issued with Saudi travel documents.The file also includes Arabic and English copies of letters received by the Sultan from various Omani shaikhs. Other notable correspondents include the following: the Political Agent and Consul, Muscat; the Political Agency, Bahrain; the Political Officer, Sharjah.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 75; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence between ff 53-74, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
43. 'File 8/67 MUSCAT STATE AFFAIRS: MUSCAT – OMAN TREATY.'
- Description:
- Abstract: This volume concerns relations between the Sultan of Muscat and Oman and the tribes of interior Oman. The volume contains multiple copies of notes produced in October 1920 by the Political Agent and Consul at Muscat, providing a British perspective on the history of political affairs in Muscat and Oman from the late 18th century to the present day (ff 6-22, ff 49-53 and ff 56-60). The notes attempt to summarise the underlying causes of the tense relations between the Sultan and the Omani tribes, before going on to document events during the period October 1919-October 1920, which culminated with the re-establishment of peaceful relations, following the conclusion of an agreement between the two parties (the Treaty of Sib, concluded on 25 September 1920). Related items include multiple copies of the English text of the 1920 agreement (ff 23-26, ff 53-55, and ff 60-62), and a Photostat copy of the Arabic text of the concluding part of the Treaty (f 154).The volume also documents the Sultan's relations with the Omani tribes in the years following the treaty. There is a series of letters written in 1924 between the Political Agent and Shaikh Isa bin Saleh [Shaikh ‘Īsá bin Ṣāliḥ al-Ḥārthī], who makes a request to import ammunition and protests against taxes that he claims contravene the Treaty of Sib. The correspondence dated 1932-1934 largely concerns the murder of a Muscat Government clerk at Sib, and the Sultan's frustration with the evasive response of Shaikh Isa bin Saleh on the matter. Also discussed in this part of the volume is the question of whether the Treaty of Sib will be renewed.In addition to the treaty text mentioned above, the Arabic language material mainly consists of correspondence between the British and Muscat authorities and various shaikhs and subjects of interior Oman (English translations are included).The volume includes copies of correspondence originally written in 1919. There is no material covering the periods 1922-1923, 1925-1931, and no material dated after 1934, with the exception of a note at the rear of the volume, which is dated 16 October 1961.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 156; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
44. Letter from Brigadier-General Arthur Wigram Money, General Headquarters, India Expeditionary Force "D", Basrah [Basra] to the Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign and Political Department, India Office
- Description:
- Abstract: The confidential letter reports on the tribal situation in Mesopotamia [Iraq], describing the various tribes located in the different listed geographic areas and noting whether they were friendly or hostile to British forces. The sections in the letter include:General - reporting on the check received by the British force at Ctesiphon, 22 November 1915, which had temporarily changed the progress of their advance, but that it had not appeared to have changed the tribes attitudes towards them;Euphrates Line, reporting on the tribes of the Nasirayah [al-Nāsirīyah] neighbourhood and of Ajaimi [al-‘Ajamī] of the Muntafik [al-Muntafiq] who was in the Samawa [al-Samāwah] neighbourhood;Shatt-al-Hai [Shaṭṭ al-Gharrāf], reporting that Khayun-el-Obeid, the Chief of Al Abudah had been stirred up by Turkish officers and had now abandoned his allegiance to Britain, detailing which other chiefs in the area were likely to follow him, and reporting on the Bani Rubiah who were now actively hostile towards them;Tigris Line, reporting that good relations had continued with some of the tribes along river, with the exception of the Zubaid [al-Zubayd] and Shammar Toqah Arabs as there had not been sufficient time to develop British relations with them;Karun [Kārūn], reporting that there were tribes in the area loyal to the Shaikh of Muhammareh (Shaikh Khaz‘al bin Jābir al-Ka‘bī) [Muhammarah, now Khorramshahr] , an ally of the British, and that Germany had attempted to gain influence around the oil-fields in the area, but had not succeeded;Persia, discussing the British-Persian alliance which was under negotiation, and the fact that the British would have sufficient warning should any force move towards Bushire;Arabia, reporting on the conclusion of a treaty with Ibn Saʻūd and relations with the new Shaikh of Kuwait (Jābir bin Mubārak Āl Sabāh).Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 28 and terminates at folio 29, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in the volume; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
45. Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel William George Grey, Indian Army, Political Agent, Kuwait to Sir Arthur Hirtzel, Secretary, Political Department, India Office
- Description:
- Abstract: The letter from Lieutenant-Colonel William George Grey to Sir Frederic Arthur Hirtzel encloses a copy of a letter No. C/8 of 1915 by Grey, as Political Agent in Kuwait, to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, dated 9 June 1915, regarding Arab co-operation with the Turks in the Shatt al-Arab [Shaṭṭ al-‘Arab] country.The letter refers to remarks made by Lord Curzon of Kedleston both in the House of Lords and in relation to an address given by Mr P Landon on Basrah and the Shatt al-Arab at the Society of Arts in April 1915. The remarks are regarding Arab tribes supporting the Turks, and further observations made by the Secretary of State for India on the Battle of Shaiba, at which it was reported that the Turkish troops had been joined by almost 10,000 Arab combatants. The letter also raises the question of why they were now siding with the Turks given their previous relations with Britain.Grey's response to these observations includes a detailed explanation of the composition of the tribes involved as being primarily from Arab communities in Iraq, and the Muntafiq [al-Muntafiq] tribe of the Euphrates and Shatt-ul-Gharaf [Shaṭṭ al-Gharrāf, also known as Shaṭṭ al-Ḥayy] regions. His response also notes that the tribes involved are not those of the Persian Gulf region as had previously been assumed by Lord Curzon.The letter goes on to explain these tribes' relations with the Turks and the reasons for their having sided with them. The letter concludes by providing information on some of the tribes of the Persian Gulf, in particular the Zaffir [al-Zafīr] who had declined Turkish invitations to take up arms; and the Yuarin, Bani Malik [Banī Mālik] and Shammar all of whom had chosen to remain neutral.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 26 and terminates at folio 26, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in the volume; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and can be found in the same position as the main sequence.
46. PZ 1217/1940 'Persia: Kurdistan tribal situation'
- Description:
- Abstract: This file contains papers relating to the tribal situation in Kurdistan in 1933, and an alleged increase in Kurdish nationalist feeling in 1940 in Iraq and Iran. The main correspondents are Alan Charles Trott (Military Attaché in Tehran) in 1933, and Reader William Bullard (HM Minister at Tehran) and Basil Cochrane Newton (British Ambassador at Baghdad) in 1940.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 9; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.
47. Aden Affairs
- Description:
- Abstract: This part of the volume consists of copies of enclosures to a despatch from the Government of Bombay Secret Department to the Secret Committee, Number 42 of 1853, dated 2 July 1853. The enclosures are numbered 4-6 and are dated 14 June-2 July 1853. A handwritten note in red ink states that enclosures 12-14 are missing.The papers relate to affairs in Aden and its vicinity including:The movement of a valuable ‘kafila’ [a travelling group with camels] with protection provided by the Sultan of Lahidge [Lahej] and 500 mounted menSome fatal illness in the Jewish community and its possible causes.The correspondents are the Political Agent at Aden and the Secretary to Government, Bombay.Physical description: 1 item (6 folios)
48. Curzon Collection: Curzon's first year as Viceroy
- Description:
- Abstract: Genre/Subject Matter:The album contains informal snapshots and work by professional photographers, showing views of various interiors, viceregal functions and events, together with landscape views of: Bombay, Lucknow, Calcutta, Barakpur, Mashobra, Bhopal, Benares, Narkanda, Delhi, Gwalior, Brindaban, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Bhopal, Benares (Varanasi) and Assam. Group portraits of Naga and other hill tribes complete the album. A final, loose print is a view in Buenos Aires: it is unclear how this image is related to the rest of the album.Elements:1 ‘Launch nearing the landing steps [Bombay]’2 ‘Crowd waiting at Bundar [Bombay]’3 ‘Going up the steps [Bombay]’4 ‘G. and M. V. C. on steps [Bombay]’5 ‘Procession in Bombay on day of arrival, barouche just leaving Bundar’6 ‘Being carried to the launch from the Residency, Aden’7 ‘Government House, Bombay, Jan 1, 1899.’8 Marble Hall in Government House, Calcutta9 Interior of Government House, Calcutta10 Marble Hall in Government House, Calcutta11 Drawing Room in Government House, Calcutta12 Council Room in Government House, Calcutta13 ‘Baillie Guard Gate, Lucknow’14 ‘Last jump in the paper chase, [Simla]’15 ‘The finish, paper chase, [Simla]’16 ‘Paper chase, [Simla]. Breakfast given by staff in tent. Victoria & body guard waiting.’17 ‘Xmas, Aden’18 ‘Irene on board Arabia’19 ‘Irene’20 Informal group portrait with the Curzons21 [Portrait of] Lord & Lady Lonsdale, Mr Meade [and a dog], Fluck22 ‘Fair at Sipi’23 ‘Fair at Sipi’24 ‘Staff luncheon at Annandale’25 ‘Black Heart luncheon at Annandale before the Horse Show, [Simla]’26 Viceregal group at Simla27 ‘My friend the Prince’28 ‘[Portrait of] Capt Adam [and] Capt Baker-Carr’29 Irene & her admirers, [Simla].30 ‘Howlah Brisge [Calcutta]’31 ‘Government House, Calcutta’32 ‘Gov. House, Calcutta’33 ‘Barrackpore’34 ‘Botanical Gardens, Calcutta’35 ‘The big Banian, Botanical Gardens, Calcutta’36 ‘Burning Ghat, Calcutta’37 ‘[Portrait of the three Leiter sisters] Daisy, Nancy and Mary [Curzon], Mashobra’38 ‘[Portrait of] Captain Baker-Carr [and] Captain Marker [Mashobra]’39 ‘[Portrait of] Captain Baker-Carr [and] Captain Adam’40 ‘Capt B.Carr, Irene [and] Nou Nou [the French nanny]’41 ‘The Retreat, Mashobra’42 ‘Narkanda’43 ‘Narkanda’44 ‘March from Baghi to Narkanda’45 ‘March from Baghi to Narkanda’46 ‘Daisy [Leiter, Matiana]’47 ‘MC [Matiana]’48 ‘Near Narkanda’49 ‘Beaters, [Narkanda]’50 ‘Back view of Nancy’51 ‘Delhi, Kutb’52 Blurred snapshot at the Qutb complex, Delhi53 ‘Cupola taken down from the top of the Kutb [Delhi]’54 ‘Kutb [Delhi]’55 ‘Mosque of Altamsh and Iron Pillar [Delhi]’56 ‘Mosque of Altamsh and Iron Pillar [Delhi]’57 ‘Gwalior’58 ‘Maharaja Scindia [and] Viceroy. Viceroy's first tiger, Dec 1, 1899, [Gwalior]’59 ‘Going to Tiger shoot, Gwalior’60 ‘Begum of Bhopal's Elephant’61 ‘Gwalior’62 ‘Brindabun’63 ‘[Group portrait at] Gwalior’64 ‘Camp at Agra’65 ‘Gwalior’66 ‘HE [Lord Curzon] shooting at Gwalior’67 ‘Bhopal’68 ‘Bhopal’69 ‘Bhopal, Sanchi Tope’70 ‘Where we shot the tiger at Gwalior’71 ‘Taj [Agra]’72 ‘Agra’73 ‘Tomb of Itmad-ud-dowlah [Agra]’74 ‘Fatepur Sikri’75 ‘Fatepur Sikri’76 ‘Lucknow. Viceroy [and] Sir A. MacDonnell in the Residency’77 ‘Lucknow. Viceroy [and] Mr Lawrence’78 ‘Fatepur Sikri , Diving Well’79 ‘Benares’80 ‘Benares’81 ‘Benares’82 ‘Maharaja's State Barge, [Benares/Varanasi]’83 ‘Benares’84 ‘Benares’85 ‘Benares’86 ‘Benares’87 ‘Benares’88 ‘Benares’89 ‘Pandal, landing stage & crowds at Gauhati, Assam’90 ‘On the "Buzzard", Brahmaputra River’91 ‘Fatehpur Sikri, Great Mosque’92 ‘Diving Well [Fatehpur Sikri]’93 Poor quality print with a view at Fatehpur Sikri superimposed on a view of the ghats at Varanasi94 ‘Naga Warrior, Assam’95 ‘Nagas & other hill tribes, Assam’96 ‘Nagas & other hill tribes, Assam’97 Hill tribes in Assam during Curzon's tour there in March 190098 A Buddhist monk and entourage, Assam99 ‘Maharaja Scindia returning with Viceroy's first tiger, Gwalior, Dec 2, 1899. Col Crofts behind’100 ‘Parque Palermo Laguna [Buenos Aires]’InscriptionsFirst fly leaf, in pencil: ‘Photo 430/75’Spine, gold embossing: ‘India 1898–1906’Spine, in white pen: ‘Photo 430/75’Throughout the album captions, location and date are hand-written in black ink and pencil.Physical description: Dimensions:Album: 280 x 386 x 40 mmFormat:Black full-leather album containing ninety-nine prints, pasted onto card pages, one loose.Materials:Card, black ink, albumen, collodio-chloride and platinum prints.Condition:The binding is crumbling but most card pages, though buckling, scuffed, stained and foxed are in stable condition. Leather cover is heavily scuffed at all edges.Many of the individual images are faded and some show signs of surface losses.Foliation:The images have been numbered 1–100 alongside each image in pencil.Process:Albumen, collodio-chloride and platinum printsBinding:The album is bound in black leather, featuring linen joints.