Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, minutes, and consultations cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. The correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; the Government of India; Major Atkins Hamerton, British Consul and Agent in the Dominions of the Imam of Muscat; and Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Hennell, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf. It is the second in a series of five items.The item concerns money owed to British subjects on account of the actions of the Customs Master at Bunder Abbass [Bander-e ‘Abbas], and the settlement of this affair by the Imam of Muscat [Sayyid Sa‘īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa‘īd].The item contains a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft No 969-1852’ and ‘Collection No 5 of No 62’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 1044, and terminates at f 1056, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, an excerpt of a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 28 January 1854.The item relates to circular instructions sent by Lieutenant-Colonel Justin Sheil, HM Envoy at Tehran, to Captain Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Resident in the Persian Gulf, in 1852-53. The first circular discourages British merchants from selling their goods on credit to employees of the Persian [Iranian] Government because the employees are falling into debt. The second circular sets out the duties for which British merchants trading in Persia are liable.Kemball forwards the circulars, with his comments, to the Government of Bombay who in turn forward them on to the Government of India, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Acting Collector of Customs.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Bombay Political Department', Draft Number '420 1854', 'Collection No. 11 of No. 4 of 1854', and 'Examiner's Office'. Originally, the Collection number was given as '13' but this has been crossed out.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 997, and terminates at f 1004, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and memoranda cited in, or enclosed with, extracts from a Government of Bombay Political Consultation, 14 April 1847.The item contains a petition from merchants at Bombay [Mumbai] to the Governor of Bombay, dated 9 March 1847. The merchants request that the Resident at Bushire [Bushehr] extend his protection to their agent, Cojah Moorad Nussim [Khwājah Murād Nasīm(?), also rendered in text as Cojah Moorad Nusein], at Bushire as the Governor of that place keeps taking money from him whilst charging full customs duty. As well as a memorandum by the Persian Secretary, the item also includes the Government of Bombay’s response.The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Bombay Political Department’, ‘Draft No. 152/48, Collection No. 18 of No. 150’, and ‘Examiner’s Office’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 93, and terminates at f 96, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The item consists of copies and extracts of correspondence and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, an extract of a Political Letter from the Government of Bombay to the East India Company Court of Directors, 16 January 1856. The enclosures are dated 29 August 1854-12 January 1856.The item contains a letter from the Government of India to the Government of Bombay, relaying the Governor-General of India's opinions on the legitimacy of the Persian [Iranian] Consul at Bombay levying fees on ships from Bombay [Mumbai] trading in the Persian Gulf. The Government of Bombay forward the letter on to the Advocate General, the Commissioner of Customs, and the Court of Directors.The title page of the item contains the following references: 'Bombay Political Department', Draft Number '633 [18]56', 'Collection No. 2 of No. 3 of 1856.', and 'Examiner's Office'. Originally, the Collection number was given as '3' but this has been crossed out and replaced with '1'.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 607, and terminates at f 613, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, consultations, and resolutions cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. All the documents are from the Government of Bombay.The item briefly traces the development of the establishments in the Arabian Gulf, giving the starting points of the Residencies in Bussora [Basra], the Gulph of Persia [Arabian Gulf], and Bushire [Būshehr]. The discussion covers the merging of the Muscat Residency with Bushire, and the proposed position of Political Agent in the Gulph of Persia, to be filled by William Bruce, with Robert Taylor as the Assistant to the Agent, reflecting the change in East India Company roles in the Gulf from commercial to political. A dragoman will remain at Bagdad [Baghdad], a commanding officer at Kishm [Qeshm], and Native Agents elsewhere. The item also discusses the salaries to be paid to all the Agents and Residents, and the state of British trade with the Ottoman Empire including tariffs and duties paid.The item includes a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Political No. 855, Draft 106, P.C. 200, Season 24/5, Examiner’s Office March 1824’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description (used for referencing) commences at f 74, and terminates at f 97, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the file also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: The volume, stamped ‘Secret’ on the front cover and frontispiece, is part 1 (historical and political materials) of a précis of Persian Arabistan affairs. It was prepared by Judge Jerome Antony Saldanha of the Bombay Provincial Civil Service, and published in 1903 by the Government of India Foreign Department, Simla, India.The contents of the volume run as follows:Chapter 1, entitled
Internal affairs, 1876-1904, including: early history of the region, up until 1873; early history of the Kaab tribe; murder of Shaikh Lufti, Kaab chief; death of Haji Jabir Khan, Governor of Mohammerah [Khorramshahr], and Shaikh Mizal’s succession; local chiefs and governors between 1878 and 1883; Govenor-Generals of Arabistan; trouble in the Kaab districts, and release of Shaikh Mizal’s brother Mahomed; disturbances in Arabistan and Persian intrigues, 1888; narrative of events, 1891-97; murder of Shaikh Mizal [Maz’al bin Jabir bin Merdaw al-Ka’bi] and succession of his brother, Shaikh Khazal [Khaz’al bin Jabir bin Merdaw al-Ka’bi], 1897.2.
Karun river[Rūd-e Kārūn]
navigation and irrigation schemes, 1871-79, including a history of the navigation and irrigation schemes, 1871-77; proposed railways from Rehst [Rasht] to Teheran, and from Teheran to the Karan river; question of navigation of the Karun, 1878-79.3.
Karun river navigation and irrigation schemes, 1881-83, including: an historical overview; navigability; trade routes; general remarks. Four appendices follow chapter 3: A) Reports by Colonel Edward Ross, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, on the Karun river navigation; reports by Captain Henry Wells on the Ahwaz canal; memoranda on the Karun river by Sir Henry Rawlinson; a report comparing routes from Ispahan [Eşfahān] to the sea, by Captain Wells; and Felix Vauvillier’s scheme for establishing water communication between Kermanshah [Khorramshahr] and Dizful [Dezfūl] (in French).4.
Opening of the Karun to navigation of all nations, 1888-89.5.
Obstacles in the way of the British enterprise on the Karan river, including: the erection of warehouses and business premises on the banks of the river; misunderstanding over tonnage dues and certification; charges against Mr John Gaskin over irregular conduct and his employment of private servants; navigation of the Upper Karun; rival enterprises and intrigues of the Shaikh of Mohammerah; embargo on grain; fanatical outbreaks of local tribes and Persian soldiers against British interest.6
. Karun river subsidy, 1890-1900.7.
Appointment of consular officers in Arabistan, including: the appointment of Mr William McDouall as Vice-Consul for Mohammerah, 1890; the appointment of Major Edmund Boteler Burton to act for McDouall; the appointment of Lieutenant David Lorimer as Vice-Consul for Arabistan; the appointment of a consular surgeon for Arabistan; headquarters and accommodation for the Vice-Consul and Consular Surgeon at Arabistan; attack on Lieutenant Lorimer and Colonel Douglas.8.
Construction of roads in aid of the Karun river trade.9.
Desire of Shaikh Khazal to place himself under British protection: interference of Belgian customs administration in Mohammerah Customs and British intervention, 1898-1904, including Shaikh Khazal seeks British protection, 1898-99; proposed establishment of Persian customs at Mohammerah and Shaikh Khazal’s appeal to the British 1900-04; presence of Belgian customs boats on the Shat el-Arab, 1904.10.
Attempted change in the system of collection of customs on the Karun river, 1902-03.11.
Disturbed state of Arabistan: attacks on the Shushan[
Sūsa]
: measures for its protection.12.
Restoration of Ancient Elam: projected irrigation works in Arabistan, 1903-04.The appendix at the end of the volume is a memorandum on the Kaab tribe and Mohammerah, dated 6 January 1844, and written by Sir Henry Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia.Physical description: Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence, with page numbers located top and centre of each page.
Abstract: The volume contains copies of letters sent in 1849 by Major Samuel Hennell, British Political Resident in the Persian Gulf at Bushire, mainly to Arthur Malet, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Political Department, Bombay Castle and to Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Farrant, British Chargé d’Affaires at the Court of the Shah of Persia, Tehran.In May and June 1849, Major Hennell undertook his annual tour of the Trucial Coast Sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf, aboard the Honourable Company (HC) sloop of war
Elphinstone(folios 90-91, 93, 25, 201). During Hennell’s absence from the British Political Residency at Bushire, his official correspondence was carried out by Lieutenant Arnold Burrowes Kemball, the Assistant Resident.The correspondence is predominantly political, discussing events in the Persian Gulf in terms of their significance for British foreign policy, relations and interests in the region. The main topics of discussion are: British suppression of piracy and slave trafficking in the Persian Gulf, relations between the Arab Maritime Chiefs of the Trucial Coast, the Imam of Muscat and the Ruler of Nedgd [Najd], relations between British and Persian authorities in Shiraz and Bushire.Many of the Resident’s letters to the Bombay Government refer to enclosures, the majority of which are present in the volume, including several documents dated 1848 and one document dated 1846 (folios 4-5). Among the enclosures are copies of the Resident’s Arabic and Persian correspondence with agents, officials and rulers. These are in the form of English translations only.MUSCAT: Khojeh Hiskael the British Government Native Agent at Muscat, Syed Soweynee [Sayyid Thuwayni bin Sa‘id Al Bu Sa‘id] the Governor of Muscat and the Imam of Muscat [Sa`id bin Sultan Al Sa‘id] correspond with the Resident about the importation of African slaves by sea from Zanzibar to Muscat; the contemplation of an attack on Bahrain by the Imam of Muscat at the request of Bahrain seceders; alleged aggressions against the territories of the Imam of Muscat by Sheikh Syf ben Humood [Sayyid Syf bin Ḥamūd Āl Bū Sa‘īd] and Sheikh Sultan ben Sugger [Sultan bin Saqr] of Rysulkhyma [Ras Al-Khaimah] (folios 131-135, 231-231).BAHRAIN: Hajee Jassem the British Government Native Agent at Bahrein and Sheikh Mahomed ben Khuleefa [Shaikh Muḥammed bin Khalīfah Āl Khalīfah] the Chief of Bahrein correspond with the Resident about piracy in Bahrein; the death in Muscat of ex-Chief of Bahrein Abdoollah ben Ahmed [‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad Āl Khalīfah] on 6 March 1849; the restoration of peace in Bahrain following the settlement of Sheikh Mahomed ben Khuleefa’s quarrel with Bahrain seceders and his reconciliation with rival tribal leaders; the plans of Ameer Fysul [Al Sa‘ud, Amir Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah] the Ruler of Nedgd [Najd] to recover possession of Brymee [Buraimi] and rebuild Adeed [Khor al-Udaid] (folios 6-9, 37-38, 48, 55-56, 60-61, 140-142, 170-171, 198-199, 260, 283-284).SHARJAH: Moollah Houssein the British Government Native Agent at Shargah forwards to the Resident a reply he has received from Sheikh Sultan ben Suggur of Rysulkhyma about the importation of African slaves into Shargah; he also sends several reports to the Resident about various matters, including the siege of Brymee and its eventual surrender by Sheikh Saeed ben Tahnoon [Said bin Tahnun Al Nahayan] the Chief of Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi] to the forces of Ameer Fysul the Ruler of Nedgd (folios 10-14, 19-21, 42-44, 52-53, 58, 154-157, 161-164, 166-168, 207-208).OMAN: Ameer Fysul the Ruler of Nedgd and the Shereef (Sharif) of Mecca correspond with the Resident about Sheikh Saeed Tahnoon's seizure and eventual surrender of Brymee (folios 27-28, 58-59, 164-165).SHIRAZ: Meerza (Mirza) Mahmood the British Government Native Agent at Shiraz sends several reports to the Resident about the gradual restoration of public order in Shiraz, following the arrival of Prince Bahram Meerza the new Governor of Fars, on 3 February 1848 (folios 14-17, 40-41, 89-90, 92).BUSHIRE: the Resident corresponds with Prince Bahram Meerza the Governor of Fars about excessive amounts of Persian import duty demanded from Bushire merchant Joseph Malcolm, for imported sugar landed at Bushire in a British merchant ship (folios 64-67, 78, 95-96, 227-228). The Resident also corresponds with Sheikh Nasir Khan the Governor of Bushire about a runaway slave belonging to a Persian subject, seeking refuge aboard a British merchant ship in the port of Bushire (folios 63-64, 193). There are also copies in English of petitions, hearing transcripts and witness statements, relating to two separate and formal investigations conducted by the Resident at Bushire into: the plundering of a shipwrecked Persian vessel in May 1848, including correspondence with Sheikh Syf ben Nubhan, Governor of Bunder Abbas [Bandar-e ʻAbbās] (folios 274-277); stolen goods passed to a Bushire merchant (folios 237-247).Physical description: The original volume cover and cover title no longer exist. The contents have been rebound in two volumes. An identical volume title, together with part number 1 or 2, is printed on the spine of both volumes.Foliation: the contents in the volume labelled Part 1, are numbered 1-67, 68, 68A, 69-148. The contents in the volume labelled Part 2, are numbered 149-300. Folio number 286 is blank. The numbering is written in pencil on the recto, in the top right corner and encircled. The cover and the two blank folios at the front and back of each volume are unnumbered. This is the main numbering system and should be used for referencing these two volumes.Pagination: the contents in the volume labelled Part 1 are also numbered 1-141, 142, 142a, 143-297. The contents in the volume labelled Part 2 are also numbered 298-570. The numbering is written in ink in the top right or left corner on the recto and verso respectively.
Abstract: The volume records a dispute between the Ruler of Nejd [Najd] and dependencies and the Ruler of Bahrain [occasionally also referred to in the papers as Bahrein] over the imposition by the Ruler of Bahrain of a charge of 5% customs duty (previously 2.5%) on goods destined for Nejd and Hassa [Hasa] even when those goods did not leave the Customs House at Bahrain and find their way into Bahrain itself. The dispute resulted in intervention by British officials and the Government of India.The papers include correspondence from the Political Agent, Bahrain (Major Harold Richard Patrick Dickson), the Deputy Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Prescott Trevor), Bin Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd (Ibn Sa‘ūd)], Ruler of Nejd and dependencies, Sheikh Isa [Sheikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah, Hakim of Bahrain], Ruler of Bahrain, and other British officials. The correspondence between the two rulers and the Political Agent, Bahrain is in both Arabic and English.The papers include:correspondence concerning the dispute dated February - May 1920, including letter from the Political Agent, Bahrain to the Deputy Political Resident in the Persian Gulf dated 28 February 1920 setting out both sides of the dispute and commenting in favour of Bin Saud's claim;correspondence dated July - September 1920 concerning Sheikh Isa's acceptance of the British decision that only 2% duty should be charged on transit goods consigned to the mainland, provided that those goods were removed from the Bahrain Customs House within twenty days of landing;correspondence dated November 1920 - February 1921 concerning complaints by Bin Saud that the new customs regulations were not being administered in a friendly spirit, particularly in relation to piece-goods.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation system commences at 1 on the sixth folio after the front cover (the first bearing any text) and terminates at 127 on the sixth folio before the back cover (the last bearing any text). The numbers are written in blue crayon and appear in the top right hand corner of the recto page of each folio, except that the folios that need to be folded out to be read have their folio number in blue crayon on the fold, and again in pencil in the same place as the main sequence. The following folios need to be folded out to be read: ff. 11, 32, 68, 82, 84, 89, 92, 120, 121, 127.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of political letters from the Government of Bombay [Mumbai]. The enclosures to these letters are contained in the subsequent items. It is the first in a series of seven items on affairs of the Persian Gulf (the others are IOR/F/4/2077/95830, 95831, 95832, 95833, 95834, and 95835).The item concerns:Disturbances at Shiraz caused by an attempt to oust the current Governor of Fars, Ameer Mirza Nubbee Khan [Amīr Dīvān Mīrzā Nabī Khān Qazwīnī]A complaint by the Imam of Muscat [Sayyid Sa'īd bin Sulṭān Āl Bū Sa'īd] that his vessels were paying higher duty at Mauritius than previouslyReports of vessels from Bombay and Cutch [Kachchh] trading under British colours without the appropriate passesThe military success of Ameer Fysul [Amīr Fayṣal bin Turkī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Sa‘ūd] and possible British reactions to thisThe aborted Persian attack against Bunder Abbas [Bandar-e ʻAbbas]Disputes over customs duties at Bunder AbbasA complaint by Josiah Row Chowdry [Josiah Rao Chaudhari] against the British merchant brig
Mary Alicethat he was owed wages by the ship’s masterA violent dispute between the Joasmees [Qāsimīs, i.e. al-Qawāsim] and subjects of Debaye [Dubai]The murder of Beebee Aseeloo [Bibi ‘Asilu], widow of the late Native Agent at MuscatThe English burial ground at Karrack [Jazireh-ye Khark]The item contains a contents page, and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Collection 8, Draft 78, P.C. [Previous Communication] 4624, [Season 18]45’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 125 and terminates at f 156, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original pagination sequence
Abstract: Enclosures nos. 2-106 to dispatch no. 107 from the Secret Department, Bombay Castle, dated 31 December 1841. The enclosures are dated 9 March-31 December 1841.The enclosures consist of copies of correspondence relating to affairs in the Persian Gulf, including:A proposed extension to a British-enforced Maritime Truce between the Gulf chiefs by between two and five years, and a complaint from Shaik Sultan been Suggar [Sultan bin Saqr] of the Joasmee [Al-Qasimi] that the truce hampers his ability to retaliate against land attacks from Shaik Kaleefa bin Shakhboot [Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan] of Aboothebee [Abu Dhabi]Alleged acts of piracy in the GulfA tour of Gulf ports by HMS
EndymionA disagreement with Shaikh Nasir, Governor of Bushire, over a customs payment and his ensuing refusal to allow the Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf to land at Bushire [Bushehr]A shipwreck on the Island of Karrack [Kharg] of a boat carrying the widow and two sons of the late Firman Firma [Husayn Ali Mirza Farmanfarma, Prince-Governor of Fars]A proposed survey of the Karoon [Karun] riverThe intention of Ameer Khaled [Khalid ibn Saud ibn Abd al Aziz, Emir of Nejd] to invade Oman, the despatch of a British officer to dissuade him, and a proposal to supply arms to chiefs willing to resist his advanceThe temporary retirement of Captain Samuel Hennell as Political Resident in the Persian Gulf because of ill health and appointment of an Acting ResidentA commercial treaty between Persia [Iran] and the UK and the effects of the agreement, including the return of a British Ambassador to Tehran and the withdrawal of the Political Residency from KarrackArrangements for withdrawing from Karrack and considerations of the effect the withdrawal will have on the island’s residentsDiscussions of the need for a permanent Assistant Resident position.The primary correspondents are: the Political Resident; the Government of India; the Senior Naval Officer; and HM Ambassador, Tehran.The item contains a single enclosure in French, a letter from the Russian Ambassador in Tehran.Physical description: 1 item (309 folios)
Abstract: This item consists of copies of political letters from the Government of Bombay to the Court of Directors of the East India Company. The enclosures to these letters are contained in the subsequent items. It is the first in a series of fifteen items on the Persian Gulf.The item concerns letters about the following events:Customs difficulties of a merchant under British protection in Bushire [Bushehr]Despatch of East India Company ships to convey officials connected with the commission for settling the boundary between Turkey [the Ottoman Empire] and Persia [Iran]The visit of Commodore John Porter, Senior Naval Officer in the Persian Gulf, to the Arabian CoastThe recent appearance of Suheil bin Ateish [Suhayl bin ‘Uṭaysh] near Bahrein [Bahrain], after he had allegedly captured a vessel from Bahrein with valuable cargoThe intention of Ameer Fysul [Amīr Fayṣal bin Turkī bin ‘Abdullāh Āl Sa‘ūd] to rebuild the town and fort of Adeed [Khawr al ‘Udayd]A dispute over the property of a deceased merchant and banker of MuscatAggression between Debaye [Dubai] and Aboothabee [Abu Dhabi]Rumours of a planned attack by Muscat on Rasel Khyma [Ra’s al-Khaymah] and Debaye, and a planned expedition by Ameer Fysul against OmanThe recovery of Sohar [Suhar] by Syud Humood bin Azan [Sayyid Hamūd bin ‘Azzan al-Bu Sa‘idi] from his sonMoney taken from ‘piratical’ vessels which had plundered ships sailing under British colours being credited to the public treasury in IndiaA complaint to Hennell by Alla Rukhee, a woman from Lucknow, concerning her being defrauded at Kerballa [Karbala].The title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft no 745 of 1850’, and ‘Collection No 5 in 15 volumes’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 4, and terminates at f 10 as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.
Abstract: This item consists of copies of correspondence, consultations, and minutes cited in, or enclosed with, political letters from the Government of Bombay. The main correspondents are: the Government of Bombay; Lieutenant Adams, commanding the East India Company sloop of war
Constance; Alexander Ogilvie, British Vice-Consul at Judda [Jeddah]; Captain Stafford Bettesworth Haines, Political Agent at Aden; and Khawaja Thoma Mercalachi [Khawājā Tūmā Mekalakki], a British Indian merchant at Judda.The item concerns complaints by merchants at Judda, who are British subjects, that they are being treated unjustly in the absence of the British Vice-Consul at Judda, and the investigation of Adams into these incidents, which include:Requests for excessive customs duty, contrary to treatiesRequests for additional feesThreats of violence against merchantsTheft of items from customs housesRefusal to allow the merchants to unload rum or ganja.Adams also complains of a salute from a British ship not being returned by the shore battery at Judda.The item contains a contents page and the title page of the item contains the following references: ‘Draft no 334 of 1850’, and ‘Coll[ection] 5’.Physical description: Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the first folio with f 423, and terminates at f 455 as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the bottom right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the item also contains an original pagination sequence.